Kwemaindasitiri

Zvakaoma kunyora zvose zvinobatsira kuti anotipa muzvigadzirwa mberi: magetsi, dunhu kudziyisa, motokari, makombiyuta, neindaneti - zvawanyora mberi ... Asi, Amenities izvi zvose vangadai zvisingabviri pasina yose kuchinja vakatanga mashomanana zana apfuura uye ainzi kwemaindasitiri.

Matangiro uye zvinoreva izwi

Izvi izwi rinorevei uye zita rakadaro chikuru akaita kupi? Rakanyorwa ndohwaJehovha musayendisiti French Jerome Blanks, vaigara yokutanga yezana remakore rapfuura. Mariri, uye ano pfungwa kwemaindasitiri - iri kuchinja kubva pakuva agrarian muvanhu kune muindasitiri mumwe, umo kutungamirira basa vaitambira upfumi , maindasitiri kugadzirwa.

Conventionally, zveupfumi rakakamurwa matatu nzendo. Pasi pane zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja kubva remaoko kuti michina. Michina aya rinosundwa tsandanyama kwevanhu, asi zvakakomba mhanyisa kurimwa rikurumidze. In chechipiri Danho injini anooneka zvigadziriswe izvi - the hwemvura injini, iro vakabudirira kushandiswa maindasitiri kugadzira kusvikira mukutanga ramakumi remakore. In wechitatu Danho muchini kugadzirwa anova kwakapararira uye pane indasitiri itsva - zvokuimba mapurani.

Nzendo kwemaindasitiri

nyika yokutanga umo kwemaindasitiri, yava England. Nei? Maererano neimwe shanduro, izvi akwanise nokuvapo nyuchi. mashandiro avo akabvumira British Entrepreneurs kuunganidza mari yakakwana kukudziridza maindasitiri kugadzirwa. Imwe shanduro inoti kuti hazvisi chete mapoka. Vakanga vasiri chete muEngland - korona Spanish vakatapa hapana zvishoma ndima, asi hapana mberi asina kuratidzwa indasitiri. Icho chinhu chimwe - kuguma XVIII remakore (panguva ino anotanga zveupfumi muEngland) munzanga Chirungu akasika zvakanaka mamiriro ezvinhu kukura indasitiri. Chokutanga, hurumende yakanga kudzivirira chaiyo uye bourgeoisie aigona Musatya pfari. Chechipiri, yakakwirira pamwero wezvokutengeserana asvika, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuti kutengesa maindasitiri zvigadzirwa. Chechitatu, paiva nhamba yevashandi zvakakwana kana rokumanikidzirwa akanyangarika (hapana serfs muEngland panguva iyoyo akanga asisiri). Mune zvokurima, ari dzakabudirira musika hukama: Nyika rava chinhu chaiita, uye chinokosha upfumi pakupedzisira vakazodzingwa dzinongoitika. mapurazi Large aisafanira vakawanda vashandi, uye pakudaro kupa zvakachipa vabatire indasitiri.

Saka danho rokutanga Industrial Revolution kuBritain vakanga vakagadzirira. It chete akasara kuwana akakodzera motokari. Sezvo mukuru kudiwa panguva iyoyo ainakidzwa mbatya, uye kwemaindasitiri akatanga chaiyo iri Whitehead Textile indasitiri. Weaver Dzheyms Hargrivs kamwe vakatarira somunhu chokurukisa, kutsvedza pamaoko mwanasikana wake, kubudikidza inertia anoramba kuruka. Akasvika wakareruka pfungwa: chii kana tikaita Kukosa vhiri, iro chokurukisa kuda kuruka pachayo? "Jenny" - saka yokutanga zvokuimba Kukosa vhiri akaonekwa 1765. It chokurukisa yakanga yakaiswa chaiwo ngoro, zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope pamusoro njanji. Panguva imwe chete sangano wenhumbi iri zvayaitenderera paguyo uye muchikuvadza shinda. Izvi Kukosa vhiri rave kushanda nokukurumidza kupfuura dzose nokuti ngoro aigona kuisa spindles shoma. Nokukurumidza nokugadzirwa Hargreaves akava rukova. Papera chinguva, zvake mugeri Richard Arkwright akasika Kukosa mumuchina anosundwa mvura vhiri. Izvi akawedzera kugadzirwa mutsvuku. Akazviratidza uye zvokuimba pachirukiso. Saka tanga pavaipfuura Industrial Revolution.

Nokuti wechipiri Danho asina zvakasikwa injini aigona kumhanya gore rose. Uye mvura Makumbo mahwindimiri zvakashandiswa kwese, asi vakanga chaizvo wokusavimbika nokuda okunze. Zvino zvikazooneka pagungano yakafanira chakatangwa James Watt - the hwemvura injini. Kutaura zvazviri, vakaroorana uye akaedza kupingudza naye, asi zvigadzirwa izvi zvave uneconomical. Muna 1781, basa rake vakanga korona kubudirira. Akakwanisa kusika gadzirirwa kuti anobvumira nemotokari kuti ishande akasiyana-siyana zvenhengo uye saka zvinoitika zvakachipa wayo. Nokukurumidza pashure nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa Watt akatanga guta kukunda kuna England, uye ipapo dzimwe nyika munyika. Akakwanisa kuenda mhiri fekitari madziro ukunde yokufambisa uye kwemaindasitiri nokubudirira akapinda wechipiri padariro ayo pakukura.

Uyewo kwakapararira kushandiswa chiutsi injini chamuita kuti wechitatu pavaipfuura Industrial Revolution, izvo zvakabatsira jana England mu muindasitiri mamiriro. Car kufukidza zvakawanda maindasitiri uye kudiwa kwaiwedzera. Somugumisiro, bazi idzva okuwana - zvokuimba mapurani.