Chii chinonzi palindrome? Palindromes - mienzaniso. palindromes Chirungu

Sezvo chikazozikamwa, mutauro wokuRussia ndiyo vhoriyamu zvakakwana kuti dzakasiyana-siyana muchichinjana uye mashoko. Imwe siyana lexical zvinhu zviri palindromes. Mienzaniso vana, vakawanda zvakarurama kuenzanisira pfungwa iyi, unogona kutarira Classics. Somuenzaniso, Fet: "A rozi dzakawira gumbo Azori." Kana kunyatsotarisa nemashoko, tinogona kuona kuti pfungwa inogona kuverenga zvose kumativi: kubva pakutanga (kuruboshwe) uye kuguma (kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe). Zvino chimwe nechimwe, mashoko kuti kuridza chete. Ichi - inopa, asi pane mashoko, palindromes. Mienzaniso zvikuru zvakajeka zvinoratidza pfungwa zvichabviswa kusimuka.

tsananguro

Chii chinonzi palindrome? Pfungwa iyi rinobva muchiGiriki uye chaizvoizvo rinoshandurwa se "achimhanya shure" kana "kumhanya zvakare." Mune zvimwe zvinoitika, nokuti palindromes, mienzaniso zvinopiwa pazasi, tora chero symmetric panyaya pakati yakatarwa ayo vatambi. The chakarebesa Tikafunga tsamba iyi mhando anonzi saippuakauppias (Finnish - mutengesi sipo). Pane zvimwe Chirungu palindromes zvinonakidza:

«Madam, ndiri Adam» - kumiririrwa varume mudzimai (madam, ndiri Adam).

mudzimai uyu anogona mwero kutaura "shifter»: «Eve» (Eve).

Pane zvakafanana, ichibata kwete chete kupa kana kuva tsamba. palindromes-ndima zvikuru tose:

Uncommon ruoko abate garo ...
Ndinoita zvikuru pano ndigere,
Jaro ari yakanyarara rakasikwa,
Zarzhu umpteenth nguva
rombo rakanaka vari daze,
Zarzhu umpteenth nguva -
Zvikuru!

Unogona kuverenga sei kutanga uye kubva kumagumo.

Brief Historical Background

Kunze kwokuti kwakadaro palindrome, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti anozivikanwa "turncoats" kubva kupfuura kare. Kazhinji, yakapiwa revo mashiripiti dzvene. Paiva palindromes, mienzaniso rinogona kuwanikwa akasiyana-siyana mumitauro, zvimwe kuMiddle Ages. In mabhuku dzenhoroondo Russian pane mashoko akavimbika pamusoro Copyright, "Changeling", rakanyorwa Derzhavin: "Ndiri kuenda kuna mechem mutongi." The kuedza kutanga kusika munhu refu, multi-mutsetse rhymed palindromic chigadzirwa mhando yakaitwa Velimir Khlebnikov ( "Razin" Poem). Asi ichatonga zvine mbiri ichi uri kufamba yasvika chete 1970-1990-fung gore. Palindromes, mienzaniso rinogona kuwanikwa mabasa Vladimir Gershoni, Nicholas Ladygina, Dmitry Avalini naHelen Katsyuba kuva akadzidza muudzame muna chaiko uye mabhuku mirayiridzo kuma1990. The zveBhaibheri yaiitwa achishingaira, kunyanya German uye Lukomnikovym Aleksandrom Bubnovym. Theoreticians uye vanoita zvakasiyana siyana muganhu yoga chimiro. Somuenzaniso, imwe "werewolf". chinyorwa ichi ari kuverenga kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi mumwe kupfuura shure: "The World zviri nyore" (munyori Sergey Fedin.). Kunze kwokuti kwakadaro palindrome kunofanira kutaura zvisingawanzoitiki siyana unyanzvi mirayiridzo: mabhii, mitauro miviri "turncoats". Ekupedzisira ndiwo rugwaro kuti imwe nzira unogona kuverenga mutauro mumwe, uye kutsigira - panorumwe. Ndezvipi zvimwe hadziwanzowaniki palindromes? Mienzaniso siyana zvinoita mugumisiro. Chero "symmetric" mubatanidzwa umo hapana kuverenga rinoitwa zvisizvo, sokunge ari kubereka muchimiro tsokoltsokol, kabankaban uye nevamwe.

Kufarira nenzira

Zvinofanira akati kuti palindromes, mienzaniso izvo kuti zvijeke vari nemhepo mberi kupinda nyaya, aifarira mutauro vatsvakurudzi, vanyori, vananyanduri, vanyori panguva dzakasiyana pamwero yakasiyana. Zvinokosha kuona kuti mune manonwe wekupedzisira remakore zvakanga zvisingaiti kubudisa mabasa uku. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuchitendero ndechokuti kumhanyisana "zvetsika" panguva iyoyo akanga asina akagamuchira mabhuku. Panguva chaipo kukura mifananidzo mirayiridzo yose wevanyori "turncoats" vaiziva mumwe, vakaziva, ungati, mukutarisana mumwe. To musi, mabasa mazhinji zvakatobudiswa anthologies. Asi vakawanda vavo vakaramba unpublished.

Genres

Palindromes aiva akakurumbira chaizvo mashoko, kana "aphorisms." Vamwe vavo kuti kunyange kukonzera kunyemwerera (nokuti ayo romubati zvinhu). Muzviitiko zvakawanda, mubatanidzwa mukati changeling haana pfungwa kwete chete nokuda kwayo dzisiri mwero chimiro, asi imwe chinosetsa kugutsikana. mitsetse nomumwe anogona kunyange nokuunganidza enhetembo basa. Zvisinei, kana mubatanidzwa vanoti nhetembo pashure zvose, kuti varege kubvumira chero discounts kuti kujairika zvitarisiko. Nemamwe mashoko, zvinhu zvose zvinofanira kuchengetedzwa - tinakidzwe, iyo senhetembo, kukura - zvose mureza, kwakajairika enhetembo mabasa. "Symmetry" Muzviitiko zvakadaro chete akawedzera mutinhimira uye sonic mutambo. Vazhinji saka kuwana pane "anenge palindromic" chimiro. Siyana vanyori tichimhanya kwakadaro akasika runako inzwi. Kunze kwokuti kwakadaro palindrome, hatigoni funga lyric nhetembo, achishandisa unyanzvi siyana mashoko. Vakawanda vavo ane mugove zvinosetsa, asi pasinei ichi inogona kutorwa zvikuru zvakakomba. Vamwe symmetric mashoko huenderane zvakanaka mumhanzi. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, enhetembo basa anogona kuva munhu "changeling", akakamurwa nemitsetse. Muchiitiko ichi tinotaura monopalindrome.

nhetembo

Kufarira nechekumashure kuongorora kuti palindromes ndiyo okugadzira zvinhu Bloc. Sezvinoita Symbolist nyanduri, iye akateerera zvikuru kuti mutinhimira uye ruzha sangano anoshanda. In detembo rake "The gumi" zvinonyatsooneka munyika nebudiriro Alexander Blok inzwi uye mutinhimira nzira. Goldstein akaita rakashandurwa zvose basa iri chairema pamusoro mutauro palindromes. Munyori anoti pakuitika zvaigoneka chokuchengetedza senhetembo, mutinhimira, Kuronga detembo iri rinenge kwose kwose. Remake "Gumi namaviri," Goldstein anoti, muna maonero ake, vamwe chaishanda kusimbisa kusvikira pamwero kuwedzera inzwi.

Symmetry nemifananidzo

Kune, kuwedzera mubatanidzwa tsamba, mashoko nemabasa yose uye uwandu palindromes. Tsanangudzo iri kushandiswa pakunyora rinooneka symmetry. The dzinongoitika nhamba iyi nyaya achaverengwa kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi ndiEzekieri chete. Symmetrically zvinogona riri kana Zvinoshamisa kana kunyange nhamba pazvinhu. Kusanganiswa palindromes rwakavapo siyana enyika, vane mazita avo. Saka, pane category "rakamonana" zviratidzo: 1001, 676, uye vamwe. Kwakadaro "palindromic" siyana anowanikwa pakati Fibonacci nhamba, nhamba, Smith.

masvomhu

Kusanganiswa palindromes zvingaguma nei remapazi pane vamwe vanhu. Martin Gardner, munyori webhuku rinonzi "Ndine imwe pfungwa!", Somunhu nokururamisira rinozivikanwa popularizer sayenzi, rinounza imwe pfungwa. Kana kutora integer (chero), uye ngaawedzere pazviri kurapa (kureva zvakafanana digits, asi nekwekupedzesera), uye ipapo kudzokorora chiito, asi pamwe mari kugamuchira, imwe matanho kuwana palindrome. Mune zvimwe zviitiko zviri zvakakwana kuita kuwedzera kamwe: 213 + 312 = 525. Asi kazhinji zvakakodzera kuti akavhiyiwa dzinenge mbiri. Somuenzaniso, kana iwe utore nhamba 96, ipapo, vakati anotevedzana Uyezve, palindrome kunogona kuwanikwa chete panguva wechina chechetere:

96 + 69 = 165
165 + 651 = 726
726 + 627 = 1353
1353 + 3531 = 4884

Musimboti pfungwa iri kuti kana iwe tora chero nhamba, pashure imwe nhamba nezviito vachava nechokwadi kuwana palindrome. Mienzaniso anogona kuwanikwa kwete kuwedzera, asiwo kuvaka kusvika papi kuti dzokubudisa kuti midzi uye mamwe mashandiro.

dzinonakidza vakaroorana

In mapoka of times zvinogona kuonekwa muenzaniso anonakidza zvikuru, kana varipo nezvedzimwe nhamba, somuenzaniso, nyore - 1 uye 3. Somuenzaniso, zviri nyore miviri-digit mari akarayira nomwe: 31-13 uye 13-31, matanhatu-digit vatatu shanu nyore, pakati pavo 2 "shifter": 313 uye 131, peya shifters: 113-311 uye 311-113. The zvichiguma maviri dzose nyaya kutaurwa yakanyatsotsanangura inoratidzwa kusanganiswa fomu dzinoungana. Kazhinji, yakawanda masvomhu anogona kuwanikwa digitaalinen mapatani.

Palindromes dzimwe pazvinoitwa kwevanhu. bhayoroji

Maumbirwo nucleic acids inopa kwenguva pfupi wezvikamu nopindirana kumatunhu. Havana vanonzi "girazi sequences" pamusoro nucleotides anokwanisa rokuumba duplexes. In vanhu genome, uwandu "turncoats" inofungidzirwa kuti siyana chimwe namazana miriyoni. Saka, maererano zvakawanika, riparadzirwe DNA mamiriro iri gogonera. Palindromes nezvinhu zvipenyu mupfungwa vanokwanisa kupa yakawedzera mashoko pasina kuwedzera nucleotides. Zvikuru kukosha "zvakafanana, ichibata zvitarisiko" ndiwo paumbwe dzimwe mhando nucleic acids - RNA chokufambisa, somuenzaniso.

mumhanzi

Palindromic mimhanzi "senguva dzose", maererano nemitemo. Mushure kuvakwa kutamba harikunguruswi pamusoro manotsi. Zvadaro kushanda kutamba zvakare, asi rwiyo panguva imwe chete hakuzochinji. Iterations vangave sezvinongoitawo zvakakodzera, haisi kuzivikanwa panguva ino, chii pasi, uye kuti - mabhiza. zvidimbu izvi mimhanzi anogona kuridzwa oga, ukuwo kuverenga manotsi kubva kumativi panguva imwe chete. Semienzaniso mabasa akadai anogona kutungamirira palindromic "nzira yorugare", rakanyorwa Moscheles, uye "kunwa nziyo dzokurumbidza maviri", rakanyorwa Mozart.