Chii kambani wehurumende-anazvo: features, makomborero. Russia guru ehurumende-vaiva makambani: List, Ratings

Upfumi chero nyika inobva pokumuka mabhizimisi akasiyana-siyana kuti kuburikidza kwavo kubhadhara kuti nyika coffers vari aumba somugumisiro zvakanaka nemwero. Kuwanikwa mari musimba, akavapindurawo, - kiyi abudirire chipenyu, runovimbisa kuchengeteka, kuvimbika nyika, ayo yakagadzikana kukura. Chimwe chikuru zvinopa mari nguva dzose dzakabudirira vaionekwa ehurumende-vaiva makambani, pakarongwa iyo takakurukura zvizere nemi munyaya ino. Makambani aya kuita basa rinokosha mune National upfumi, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange kugara munhu kutungamirira zvepamusoro kwayo niche.

Pakusarudza mamiriro wekambani

Izvi masangano zvemari kunogona zvakasiyana chaizvo mune nezvaanogona dzavo, asi kazhinji, vane zvimwe zvakafanana. Saka, mamiriro ezvinhu-vaiva kambani - sangano izvo zvinogona upi chimiro yesangano-pamutemo. Uyezve, ayo ngadzirambe pfuma muridzi neHurumende, zvakananga kana Municipality. Mamaneja vanogadzwa nomumbiru dzawo (basa iri chibvumirano) pachena zviremera. Zvinokosha kucherechedza zvinotevera chokwadi: kambani wehurumende nguva dzose runotungamirirwa kwete chete nokuda kutsvaka kumukuru zvinopa mari, asi anoedza zvinodiwa munzanga, sezvo zita pachayo rinotsanangura sangano rinoti hurumende chinhu chinokosha yokuita basa musiki uye nevatengi.

Huru mbuva

Chero mamiriro-anazvo kambani:

• It vanosungirwa kuva chisimbiso pamusoro riri nezveaiuya State Emblem of Russian Federation. Uyewo, kuti tema chinofanira akanyudzwa zita sangano zvizere.
• Ane akazaruka nyaya pamwe Federal Treasury uye kodzero kuvhura kutira nhoroondo mune mabhanga kana zvimwe zvikwereti pakuchengetedzwa dzakasiyana-siyana kwema zvemari.
• It hazvina kurambidzwa rokuti zvinhu zvayo.
• Vanosungirwa kubudisa hwakadzama mishumo ravo pasi pemurairo.
• It anekodzero ushande nechinangwa kuwana mari kubva basa iro zvakanzi zvakasikwa. Pashure kubhadhara mari dzose nemitero nomutemo zvinoshanda, kuti Company anogona kushandisa zvinhu yasara kunoreva kuita zvinangwa raanotaura nokuda Federal mutemo.
• Hazvina vanosungirwa kusangana nokubatira rakatorwa Russian Federation. Uyewo Russian Federation haasi iye anokonzera munataisireva eungano.

kodzero

kambani State-vaiva pasi mutemo gona:

• Usvinudze mamwe mahofisi avo nokusika matavi siyana.
• Iva nhengo neshamwari uye dzimwe shamwari.
• Pinda zvepamutemo.
• Vane zviratidzo zvavo (pennants, mireza, zviratidzo, uye zvimwe zviratidzo) uye waidzora nzira nokuda placement uye kushandisa zvivako zvavo uye nemotokari.

Huru zvakwakanakira nokuti mushandi

Kazhinji kambani ehurumende-anazvo, izvo zvinotaurwa pasi apa, havana kukwanisa kupa yepamusoro mibairo kuti vashandi vayo chikwata (kunze anogona chete kuti mukuru mamaneja). Panguva iyoyo basa iri nesangano akadaro achava oga chotkom sezvakatenderanwa Labor Code. Uyewo, izvi zvingareva kuti paavhareji munhu, kuti:

• It inosimbiswa kuti kupinda yako workbook. Uyewo chete nebasa kondirakiti achapiwa akasaina pasina kukundikana.
• Ane mari kuchava kugara akaramba zvose zvaidiwa nemitero uye fanira mipiro kuti hurumende bhajeti, izvo zvinoreva kuti hapana kugunun'una kubva kuhofisi mutero.
• Iye achava kuzoshanda fanira anobhadharwa pagore ngavabude, maternity ngavabude, vanorwara pazororo.
• Harizovhurwi vanogumurwa pasina zvaidiwa mirayiro yose mitemo uye zvinodiwa (mangwanani vakamuka, severance kubhadhara, uye zvichingodaro).
• Kushanda zuva achapiwa normalized, zvichava kuriritira abhadhare ovhataimu uye pakupera kwevhiki basa maererano nomutemo.

Zvinokoshawo kuti kambani ehurumende-anazvo kuti basa vanotsvaka anoisa zvishoma inoomesera zvinodiwa nezera, pane chero private sangano. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya vanhu pamusoro mana kwemakore, izvo maererano vanhasi vari pangozi tichitarisa basa.

Western kuitikawo

In dzakawanda capitalist kunyika kumadokero venyika kwenguva yakati pane maitiro chepfungwa mudanga, riri sezvinotevera: pakutanga vechiduku kuvaka mabasa avo uye nechokwadi pachako akanaka zvinhu umbowo ramangwana mudzimba yemakambani uye mabhizimisi. Pashure paizvozvo, kumativi makore 40-45 Makore, yochinja mabasa uye kutamira nemakambani ehurumende-anazvo, zvinhu izvo, akavapindurawo, kubvumira munhu kuzorora zvishoma, nokuti masangano akadaro zvishoma simba mushandi uye mudyandigere akanaka uye munzanga kuchengeteka, izvo zvakanaka kunokanganisa unhu uye nguva upenyu. Uyezve, makambani ehurumende-anazvo kashoma kuisa shambadzo pamusoro basa ravo rakakura nyika Indaneti, uye kazhinji kacho richishanda pamwe siyana basa exchanges matunhu neminisiparati mabasa.

mitemo zvisikwa

Kutanga kambani ehurumende anazvo anodzorwa nomutemo. Muchiitiko chino, iva nechokwadi kuti aumbe weboard of directors (supervisory bhodhi) wekambani (zvose - mukuru mutumbi bhodhi).

The kuronga mutumbi sangano anogona kugadzirisa zvinotevera nyaya:

• Dzinobvumira purogiramu mabasa kwenguva refu kwenguva. Gwaro iri zvinofanira kusanganisira Implementation okuwana, zvemari, mari kuita, kana chinosimbiswa mutemo batana.
• Kutaura nheyo vashandi mubayiro, izvo zvinofanira yakabva kutsamira pamusoro muhoro nenhanho kubudirira pakati kiyi unongotaura zviratidzo.
• Kuona kushandiswa nekambani purofiti.
• Sarudzai kuchinjwa zvokunyama enzvimbo sangano kusvika mamiriro chefuma Russian Federation.

Sezvo mukuru muviri achava simba yokuumba inokosha makomiti uye anotuma kugadzirisa siyana nyaya. The anodawo nzira pakati hwakagadzwa zvivako zvavo pachavo uye quantitative sezvamunoita ndakatsunga neboka yoga Mutongo Supervisory Board.

State-vaiva makambani ari upfumi

Russian Makambani ehurumende-anazvo vane zvinzvimbo kutungamirira munzvimbo dzakawanda zvoupfumi sectors Federation. Zvisinei, pane sectors apo kuvapo paruzhinji masangano yakaderera chaizvo (somuenzaniso, marasha migodhi, chiedza uye zvokudya Mazinga).

9 chete% ndohwaJehovha hurumende hurongwa kweShanduro doro zvigadzirwa. Izvi zvakanga chete nokuonga zvinogoneka kune "Tatspirtprom" uye "Bashspirt".

Same zvakakwana pasi mufananidzo - 9% - kwese kuti ehurumende makambani uye kuvakwa.

The kupinda wehurumende maturo ari pulp uye bepa indasitiri anenge 12%. Mari chete kambani ehurumende-anazvo donates kuna Treasury - Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Gosznak". The huru yesangano chete munzvimbo ino kwemakore akawanda vaiva ne private makambani uye yemakambani.

The foni kwemauto zvinokonzerwa neHurumende 14 chete%. sangano mukuru hurumende pano ndiyo "Rostelecom". April 1, 2011 vari kuda dzaiva masere Regional makambani "Svyazinvest" uye vakawanda yeUnited mamiriro unitary mabhizimisi.

State kuita kugadzirwa imotokari, Trailers uye Semi-Trailers ndiyo 17%, uye pakusika midziyo uye michina - 15%.

Zvikuru kusimba chinzvimbo ehurumende simba iri dzokubudisa pakati ores chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi dzakasiyana-siyana uye simbi. Pano, makambani ehurumende-anazvo vane 3 chete% muna dzisiri ferrous simbi. Panguva iyoyo simbi indasitiri zvizere anazvo oga vanhu.

Oil. The nyika anotonga 23% of indasitiri. NeHurumende imhaka kuti yesangano raJehovha "Rosneft" uye "Gazprom Neft".

Electrical simba ndohwaJehovha hurumende hurongwa kubudikidza 35%. The huru mugove muna Moscow munharaunda ( "Mosenergo" MOESK) uye batana marongerwo.

Kwakapiwa kuti hurumende muridzi inopfuura hafu "Gazprom" migove, kudzora gasi indasitiri nyika 48%.

57% - kuti sei ndorwevaya makambani ehurumende-nazvo kugadzirwa zvakasiyana midziyo, nzvimbo uye ndege. nzvimbo hurumende iri chaizvo vakasimba Ufa Engine Industrial Association, Kazan Helicopter Plant, imwe ndege fekitari muna Ulan-Ude, United Shipbuilding Company.

The simba chakasimba makuru makambani ehurumende-muridzi vari zvokufambisa indasitiri - 73%. Pano tinozviona njanji, mafuta uye gasi mapaipi. Rail senga iri neKomisheni JSC "Russian Railways", iro zvakazara muridzi neHurumende. Mapaipi vari pasi "Transneft" kuzvidzora, uye gasi mapaipi -. "Gazprom"

mugwagwa chindingindingi

State Company "migwagwa Russian" hwakasikwa uye anoshanda chete chinangwa kuita mashandiro anoita mutengi mubishi zvakagadzirwa, kuvakwa, rokuvakazve, overhaul uye kugadzira migwagwa. The kambani iri mubasa sangano kokushambadzira (kusanganisira nokuyerera kudzora chokufambisa), achivimbisa anodiwa nenhanho basa (akurumidze, kunyaradzwa, kuchengeteka), kuti muripo kushandiswa yemutero migwagwa, rinotarisira urongwa mugwagwa yokuchengeteka, anoyera motokari anodawo zvechadenga migwagwa . Mukuwedzera, hurumende sangano rinopa Consulting, engineering mamwe mabasa avo akasarudzwa zvoupenyu basa. Pakati mabasa ayo anosanganisira kudhinda uye zvainanga pakusikwa Atlas of Russian Federation mikuru. The kambani zvakare anosika, zvokushandisa uye rinoshanda itsva zvigadziriswe waidzora motokari aibuda, akachengeta zvinyorwa tsaona prices mumigwagwa. Panguva iyo sangano anekodzero kuzviisa pasi pehurumende mibayiro vashandi vayo, kushanda munzira zvekutepfenyura.

Gadzira kambani ehurumende anazvo, kwakasarudzwa July 17, 2009. Hwaro basa racho chasainwa Dmitry Medvedev, Federal Mutemo.

Muna 2014, hurumende kambani "Migwagwa Russian" kwasvika sungano Russian Direct Investment Fund pamusoro pejoinhi kukwezva makambani siyana mabasa nokure pakufamba kwezvivako. chibvumirano ichi kuchawedzera uwandu kuvakwa migwagwa vatsva munyika rinotungamirirwa ehurumende. The chibvumirano vakabvumirwa kuzochera kubva vaitungamirira vatorwa vanoita kwete asingasviki 25% nechirongwa mari.

June 24, 2016 mu Beijing wakaitwa kwakadzama pakati neIntergovernmental Russian-Chinese basa iri mari pamwe, iyo wakapindwa sachigaro "Avtodor" Sergei Kelbakh. Mubayiro musangano kuti dzinobvumira ndandanda kukosha mugwagwa kwezvivako muzvirongwa. Zvikurukuru, vainyatsotarisirwa rwakabhadharwa kuna pakuvaka nzira "Europe - Western China". The chirongwa chikamu nomuzongoza mukuru-nokukurumidza mikuru. In kuvakwa Russian kambani iyi yose mamiriro ndiye executor, uyo uchava kuvaka zvuru 2,3 makiromita migwagwa. Basa racho rinosanganisira mumatanho maviri. Rokutanga 567 makiromita mukuru-nokukurumidza penzira M-11 (Moscow - Saint-Petersburg). The danho rechipiri - kubva Central Ring Road kusvikira kumuganhu pamwe Republic of Kazakhstan.

Hofori expanses Russian

Makambani Russia guru ehurumende-anazvo, Chokwadi, masangano avo, izvo zvikuru kuona oupfumi yose nyika. Saka kungava kubatsira chaizvo kufunga pamazita titans izvi. Pakati pavo ngapaonekwe;

• "Technologies Russian".
• "Rosatom".
• "RusHydro".
• Federal Grid Company yakabatana Energy System.
• "Rosneft".
• "Gazprom".
• "Transneft".
• Rao "Energy Systems of East".
• "Aeroflot".
• "United Aircraft Corporation".
• "Railways Russian".
• "Almaz-Antey".
• "United Shipbuilding Corporation".
• Corporation "Tactical Missiles".
• "AvtoVAZ".
• Military Industrial Corporation "Scientific-Mukudhinda Association of zvokuimba okugadzira."
• Rocket uye Space Corporation "puhti" zita pashure S. P. Koroleva.
• Joint Stock Company "ALROSA".
• "Vega".
• Hanya "Gungwa pemvura zvombo - Gidropribor".
• Center of Shipbuilding uye Ship Repair Technology.
• "Roskhimzaschita".
• "Research and Production Corporation" Uralvagonzavod "Dzerzhinsky".
• "Okeanpribor" Kunetseka.
• "Information Satellite Systems" Academician M. F. Reshetneva.
• United Industrial Corporation "Oboronprom".
• "Microgen".
• Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Russian Satellite Communications Company".
• FSUE "Mail kweRussia".
• Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Russian Terevhizheni uye Radio Broadcasting Network".
• Irkutsk nesimba uye magetsi.
• System Operator of Yakabatana Energy System.
• Sheremetyevo International Airport.
• Koltsovo Airport.

zvikuru Russian Makambani zvose izvi ehurumende-muridzi vari pasi pesimba nevarikutonga yeUnited miviri uye Commission pamusoro High Technology uye Innovation. Izvi zvinoitwa nechinangwa okukura uye Implementation pamusoro itsva pakukura zvirongwa.

Kudeuka Chikamu ehurumende

Zvimiso yavose sezvavakatarirwa makambani ehurumende-anazvo, izvo chikonzero kupfuura mugove wenyika, uchava sezvinotevera:

1. United Aircraft Corporation (UAC). The kambani wehurumende rwuripowo zvokuimba ouinjiniya zvekutepfenyura. Hurumende muridzi 93,4% kuti migove. Corporation raivapo muna 2006. Pakutanga, zvose 100% of migove vaiva nhaka hurumende masangano, asi muna 2009 migove zvakatengeserwa oga vanhu.
2. "Alrosa" - chikuru Mugadziri nengoda munyika. Hurumende muridzi 90,9% kuti migove.
3. "Tattelecom". Power haina muridzi ne kambani zvakananga uye kuburikidza nokuramba "Svyazinvestneftekhim". Panyaya iyi, hurumende yaitonga iri 87,2% of mugove.
4. "Rosneft" riri pasi pedyo hurumende kufunga. The State akabata 82% kuti migove.
5. Power Company "UES" riri vakawanda basa iri Federal Property Agency (79.55%).
6. "Transneft". 78,11% of iripo guru mvumo - pfuma ehurumende.
7. Bank "VTB". "Federal Property Management Agency" vakatengwa 75,5% kuti migove.
8. "Kubanenergo" The simba kambani iri basa kupa magetsi kune Olympic Zvivako Sochi, ndowenyika nezviripo 70%.
9. "RusHydro". Mugove Federal Property Management Agency mune kambani yaiva 60,5%.
10. "Inter Rao". The nyika ane 60% rokutambudzikira.
11. "Aeroflot" - munhu dzakazara nhengo yendege kwomubatanidzwa SkyTeam, 51,17% kuti vane migove ndezvaJehovha hurumende.

In mhedziso: tinovimba kuti nyaya ino ichiri kukwanisa kukubatsira kunzwisisa chii mamiriro boka nhasi, chii akanaka dzavo pazvina uye chii chikamu kuita kukura Russia.