Chii mberi? Types, zvimiro, mienzaniso mberi. Kubudirira uye kupokanidzana mberi

Pfungwa kufambira mberi akapinda zvesayenzi sechinhu dzisinganamati (enyika) shanduro kutenda vaKristu Providence. Vision Nezveramangwana iri zvebhaibheri nyaya iri kusingarapiki, akagadzwa uye chitsvene nedanho vanhu kukura, achitungamirwa naMwari. Zvisinei, kunobva pfungwa iyi inowanika zvikuru adarika. Next, ongorora, chii mberi, chii chiri chinangwa chacho uye kukosha.

Wokutanga kutaurwa

Usati kuti mberi ichi vanofanira kupa pfupi nhoroondo nhoroondo chidzoke uye kupararira pfungwa iyi. Kunyanya, Greek tsika kwouzivi pane nharo pamusoro Kusimudzira raivapo evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika ezvirevo ichishanduka kubva chinyakare munharaunda uye mhuri yekare polis, t. E. The guta-mamiriro (Aristotle, "Politics," Plato "Mitemo"). Papera chinguva, panguva yeMiddle Ages, Bacon akaedza kushandisa pfungwa uye pfungwa mberi Pfungwa mumunda. Maererano naye, zivo akazviunganidzira nokufamba kwenguva dzakawanda yemwoyo uye akavandudzika. Saka, chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe anokwanisa kuona kure uye nani pane ayo vamutangira.

Chii mberi?

Shoko iri rine midzi Latin uye rinoreva "kubudirira", "kuchienderera mberi." Progress ndiko kukura kutungamirirwa mberi hunhu. Izvi zviri dzinoratidzwa achichinja kubva rezasi kusvikira dzakakwirira, kubva zvishoma kuti dzimwe akakwana. The mberi munzanga - yose, nyika-nhoroondo chaiyo. Izvi zvinosanganisira pamukwidzwa kuwadzana kwevanhu kubva noutsinye pamusoro chinyakare inoti kune dzakakwirira yebudiriro. Kuchinja uku inobva enyika, zvemitemo, tsika uye zvetsika zvine chokuita nedzimwe, zvesayenzi uye michina nokubudirira.

chikuru zvinoriumba

Zvataurwa pamusoro apa, zviri mberi, uye pandakatanga kutaura pfungwa iyi. Next, isu ongorora yenhengo dzayo. Nokufamba kuvandudza zvinotevera ruoko yakatanga:

• Material. Muchiitiko ichi tiri kutaura pamusoro kupfuura kwakakwana kugutsikana kuti vanhu vose uye kubviswa chero michina mitemo iyi.
• The Social zvinoriumba. Pano tiri kutaura pamusoro nedanho rakada kwenzanga kuti kururamisira uye rusununguko.
• Science. chikamu ichi inoratidza muitiro chinoenderera, kudzamisa uye anokudza ruzivo rwenyika, kukura kwayo zvose micro- uye macrospheres; kusunungurwa kubva miganhu ruzivo zvoupfumi feasibility.

nguva itsva

Panguva iyi, takatanga kuona kufambisa mauto yokufambira mberi mune zvesayenzi. maonero avo pamusoro muitiro dzinoratidzwa G. Spencer. Maererano naye, mberi - zvose zvakasikwa uye munzanga - kuteerera waifarirwa shanduka musimboti dzose kuwedzera kunzwisisa uye dzomunyika kushanda sangano. Nokufamba kwenguva, kufambira mberi vakatanga kuonekwa muchimiro mabhuku, vakawanda kare. Hazvina rwakaonekwa uye unyanzvi. The akasiyana dzomunyika kwave dzakasiyana-siyana evanhu mabasa. akarayira, izvo zvaizoitawo kwakakonzera mhando dzakasiyana mberi. vanonzi "manera" yakaumbwa. At pamusoro ayo kupfuura dzakabudirira uye yakabudirira nzanga kuWest. Next, panguva dzakasiyana-siyana dzaiva zvimwe zvirimwa. Distribution zvaitsamira padanho pakukura. An "westernization" mafungiro. Somugumisiro, kune marudzi mberi se "amerikotsentrizm" uye "Eurocentrism" akadaro.

Contemporary

Panguva iyi, inokosha basa akumbirwa munhu. Weber akasimbisa zvinoitwa rationalization pose hunhu iri kurapa dzakasiyana-siyana evanhu kwendangariro. Durkheim anotaura mimwe mienzaniso mberi. Akataura pamusoro evanhu kusangana yokurera kuburikidza "makemikari yokubatana". It kwaibva complementarity uye mupiro nhengo dzose vanhu vashanduri kunobatsira.

The venguva Pfungwa

19-20 emakore kunzi "yakunda pfungwa." Nepo vakawanda kutenda ndechokuti mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira mberi anokwanisa kupa munhu akavimbisa kuramba kuvandudzika yokurarama, achiperekedzwa nomudzimu uchidanana kutarisira. Kazhinji, munzanga ikoko chaiwo pfungwa. Yaiva tariro pfungwa zvishoma nezvishoma kusunungurwa kwevanhu nokutya uye kusaziva inoenda zvikuru ndarama uye yakakwirira siyana yebudiriro. The venguva pfungwa inobva papfungwa yokuti Linear kusingarapiki nguva. Pane zvakanaka mberi dzinoratidzwa musiyano chipo uye ramangwana kana kuti kare uye chipo.

Zvinangwa uye Zvinangwa

Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti anotsanangurwa sangano icharamba kuenda mberi, kwete chete aripo asi munguva yemberi, pasinei anongoitika zvakasiyana. akanga chaizvo kuparadzira pakati vakawanda chokwadi kuti mberi ingangodaro rokuponesa mumatanho zvose, mune imwe neimwe huru maumbirwo vanhu. Somugumisiro, vose vaifanira kuzadzisa vabudirire zvizere.

Huru zvinodiwa

Pakati pavo vane aichimbosanganamo:

• Religious kuvandudzika (J. Buse, Augustine).
• Kuwedzera zivo yesayenzi (Comte, D. Vico, Zh. A. Kondorse).
• Kuenzana uye kururamisira (Marx, T. Campanella, T. Moore).
• Kuwedzera rusununguko nomumwe pamwe netsika kukura (Durkheim, Kant).
• Urbanization, maindasitiri, Michina kuvandudza (KA Saint-Simon).
• Pakudzorwa pamusoro masimba (Herbert Spencer).

dzinopesana mberi

Yokutanga chokwadi pamusoro Kururama pfungwa akatanga kutaura mushure World War First. Dzinopikisana mberi kwaisanganisira chidzoke pfungwa pamusoro kunaka divi migumisiro panguva kukura vanhu. Mumwe wokutanga kutsoropodza chakaitwa F. Tennis. Aidavira kuti munzanga kukura kubva chetsika kuna ano, maindasitiri, kwete chete haana kuvandudza, asi hwakawedzera kuderera mararamiro evanhu. Primary, nokukurumidza, pachake network tsika kusakarongeka vanhu vakanga yakatsiviwa isina kunanga, chisiri munhu, chesekondari, evasingatombonamati paku vokukurukura kuri munyika yanhasi. Izvi, maererano tenesi, aiva dambudziko chikuru mberi.

nokuwedzera tsoropodzo

Pashure peHondo Yenyika II vazhinji zvava pachena kuti kukura mune imwe nzvimbo ine Migumisiro mune imwe. Kwemaindasitiri, urbanization, zvesayenzi uye rwokugadzira zvinhu pamwe kushatiswa kwezvakatipoteredza. Izvi zvaizoitawo, vakakuvadza ane zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza dambudziko. Pane matsva. Chivimbo kuti vanhu inoda kuramba mukufambira mberi, chikatsiviwa imwe nzira pfungwa "pakunogumira kukura".

mataridzikiro

Vaongorori dzaona kuti rava kusvika kunyika dzakasiyana manwiro Western zvinodiwa, nyika inogona putika zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza zadzisa. Pfungwa yacho "yendarama bhiriyoni", maererano yakachengeteka kuvapo munyika anosimbiswa chete kuwana mabhiriyoni 1 vanhu kubva munyika dzakapfuma, zvachose vasanyanya musimboti tenet pamusoro izvo dzekare pfungwa mberi - zvevhiki kuti ramangwana riri nani kurarama zvose pasina chaakasiya. Kutotenda ukuru mirayiridzo okukura, iyo yaiva Budiriro Western, izvo vakatonga kwenguva refu kwenguva, ne mwoyo.

utopian chiratidzo

Mafungiro aya anoratidzwa idealized chaizvo kumiririrwa yakanakisisa vanhu. On ichi mafungiro utopian, ndinofunga, sezvo airwadza. Wokupedzisira kuedza kushandisa ichi mhando kuona nyika kwazova nyika mugovanisi hurongwa. Panguva iyoyo vanhu Panguva iyi hazvisi aripo muzvirongwa, "vanokwanisa achikurudzira munhu seboka, nokudenga chiito, akatora vanhu fungidziro," izvo aigona dzokumabvazuva nzanga kuti ramangwana yakajeka (basa ichi zvinobudirira kwazvo vaurayiwa pfungwa gutsaruzhinji). Asi, nhasi pane kana nyore extrapolation kuti zviri kuitika, kana uprofita nemafashamo.

Kufunga nezveramangwana

Pokumuka pfungwa pamusoro kuuya zviitiko pari nenzira mbiri. Muchiitiko chokutanga zvikaonekwa kusava netariro akaita akagadzikana, umo mifananidzo vanoonekwa rima kuchembera, kuparadza uye degeneration. Nokuda kukangaidzika mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira zvinhu rationalism akatanga kuparadzira zvitendwa uye irrationality. Kufunga izvi kana kuti nzvimbo dziri kuramba ichingoshora manzwiro, kunzwisisa, subconscious maonero. Zvichipomerwa kukuru postmodernist Dzidziso akanyangarika yakavimbika nzira mutsika ano umo ngano rakanga rakasiyana chokwadi, akaipa kubva yakaisvonaka, simba kubva dzezvakaipa. izvi zvose anotaura chokwadi chokuti nguva "kunonyanyisa rusununguko" kubva dzetsika, tsika, mberi pakupedzisira. Yakananga maonero vanoshingaira kutsvaka pfungwa itsva okukura kuti anogona kupa vanhu nhungamiro yakanaka kuuya nguva, kuti aponese vanhu kubva padzakavakirwa zvinonyengera wechipiri. pfungwa Postmodern yakakurumbira akarambwa dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka mune zvetsika shanduro finalism, fatalism uye mupi werutemo. Vazhinji vavo vaida dzimwe mienzaniso mberi - dzimwe probabilistic nzira kuti kukura kwenzanga uye tsika. Vamwe theorists (Buckley, Archer, Etzioni, Wallerstein, Nisbet) mu pfungwa dzavo vanodudzira pfungwa sechinhu zvichibvira mukana Kutanga kuvandudza kuti anogona kuva neumwe mukana kuitika kana kungava asinei.

constructivism musimboti

Kubva kusiyana nzira ndiyo pfungwa akashanda se yokungotaura nheyo postmodernism. Dambudziko iri kuti hwezuva nezuva zvinoitika muupenyu vanhu kuwana kufambisa mauto mberi. Maererano K. kupopotera, Puzzles mhinduro rinopa vimbiso yokuti chete nokuonga nokuedza kwevanhu kunogona kuitika kuvandudzika. Zvikasadaro, basa racho rinongova aripo sokuti asingagadzirisiki.

dzimwe pfungwa

Vose kwakaonekwa dzidziso kwebasa, ndingadaro chaihwoihwo. Alternative Pfungwa zvinokumbira "munhu wose" pasina kuratidza chaizvo tsika uye civilizational kusiyana. Muchiitiko chino, chokwadi, vaona itsva mhando evanhu utopias. Zviri cybernetic Modelling evanhu tsika yakanaka kurongeka, aiona kuburikidza prism mabasa evanhu. Izvi pfungwa dziri vakadzokera zvakanaka nhungamiro, mumwe kudavira mukana wokuti kufambira mberi. Uyezve, vachadana (kunyange panguva zvikuru yokungotaura pamwero) zvinyorwa uye kukura ezvinhu. Zvichakadai, dzimwe pfungwa hamupinduri inokosha mubvunzo: sei vanhu, "vakasununguka kubva" uye "rusununguko nokuda", mune zvimwe zviitiko anosarudza mberi uye anoedza kuti "mutsva, vanoshingaira nzanga", asi kazhinji Munongedzo ndiko decadence uye kuparadzwa naye kuti uyewo, zvinotungamirira kurega kunotanga uye regression. Inobva dzidziso basa, izvozvo haringanzi nharo kuti vanhu anofanira mberi. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nokuti hazvibviri kuti kuratidza kana asingadi vanhu kuziva zvayo yezvaakasika mune ramangwana. Mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi hapana uye cybernetics uye nehurongwa dzidziso. Zvisinei, havana munyaya muudzame chitendero uye tsika. Panyaya iyi, sezvo imwe nzira kune constructivist dzidziso modernism iri mberi nhasi vanogona kuita sociocultural etikotsentrizm.

In mhedziso

Vazivi Modern Russian vari kuramba vodzokera "Silver Age". Achitaura nhaka ichi, vari kuedza zvakare kunzwa chepakutanga National tsika mutinhimira, kutamira navo mumwe mutauro zvakaoma nesayenzi. Maererano Panarin, biomorphic ruzivo mamiriro inoratidza munhu mufananidzo pezvakasikwa sechinhu chipenyu, makemikari kuvimbika. nzvimbo yake unondimutsa muvanhu wakakwirira kurongeka chido hakupindirani nemitemo ratyama nevatengi udyire. Nhasi, zvakajeka zviri pachena kuti ano evanhu sayenzi zvinoda kwakakomba Shanduro aivapo nhungamiro, zvaunokoshesa uye tsika. It Angataura mirayiridzo mitsva munhu, kana iye, zvaizoitawo kuwana simba zvokugona kuzvishandisa.