Individualism - ndiko kuti pfungwa? Ndezvipi zvinotaurwa yokuti munhu?

vanhu havana chavanomboziva mu pre-capitalist munzanga zviri individualism. Yaiva imwe mazwi zvakarambidzwa kusenza uye chitendero, vanhu vose kuzviisa pasi hurongwa, uye vanoona vamwe wacho hakumbofi kufungwa nezvazvo. aigona zvadzinofunga nomumwe vanhu chete nokuuya pamusoro Renaissance, pazvakava muzinda nyika vanhu. Ipapo vanhu vakaziva kuti individualism - ndiyo nzira kuzvinzwira kuvandudza, kukwanisa kurarama vakazvimiririra, zvakakwana maererano pacharo. Nhasi iyi chinzvimbo kwouzivi kupfuura zvakajairika munyika, nekuti kwayo kudzidza tatanga ikozvino.

Izvi izwi rinorevei?

Mu "pakaoma" pfungwa yokuti munhu - chiri muchimiro uzivi, iyo inosimbisa rusununguko nomumwe munzanga uye kubva mugadziriro, izvo zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuunza yakatsviriridza zvinofarirwa uye kuita zvakananga Implementation kwavo, pane voruzhinji zvido. Kujekesa kuti rinomiririra, tarisa huru zviri yokuti munhu:

• Ndiro rine chokwadi nezvinangwa uye zvido. Kazhinji, vaya dzinopesana paruzhinji kana boka. Murume omunhu oga nguva dzose kupa kupfuura zvavo zvavanoda.
• Independence nemuzviito nemabasa. Kunyange kana munhu chinhu chinokosha pamusoro seboka (boka paYunivhesiti nomudonzvo, etc.), zvingaita zvakanaka aite yayo, kwakavakirwa chavo, uye nokudaro mukana wokuti mabasa ayo achava akabudirira chaizvo.

Chii anochengeta ino?

Zvino kuteerera chokwadi kuti zvinomirira huru musimboti yokuti munhu, pasina iyo iri kosi kwouzivi kungadai kusipo. Saka, individualism kunobva pakuti mumwe munhu anogona, uye chaizvoizvo - vanofanira kurarama zvizere maererano nezvido zvavo - mumuviri uye mupfungwa. Ose chiito inofanira kuvakirwa kurota kwake, zvavanoda, kuchiva nezvakadaro. Izvi zvinoshanda zvose yokufaranuka uye basa. Nemamwe mashoko, omunhu oga nguva dzose kusarudza basa kuti achamudzosa chete mafaro uye mubereko, asi kwete hakunakidzi, zvichava kufadza kubatsira uye kudzokera kupedza vakasununguka nguva, zvose zvaaiita vachava yakati noudyire hunhu. Zvisinei, pane imwe kutonga chinokosha chaizvo - izvi zvose hazvifaniri kutadzisa kuratidzwa yokuti munhu pakati vamwe, vanhu vanoverengeka vari.

Ideals uye nezvifananidzo

Zvisinei, munhoroondo yose yevanhu akaumbwa tsika dzakasiyana yokuti munhu, izvo kunge wakashanduka-shanduka uye mberi, takapona. Tinogona kutaura kuti kana tichienzanisa nzanga remakore rechi19, iye zvino kwava zvikuru kwakapararira nemaonero kubva pasocial nemaonero - vanhu norusununguko uye kodzero. Pahwaro chii vatigere yava saka sei tasvika pfungwa iyi kukura? Zviri zvakakwana kutarisa zvekumashure voratidza kuti madzitateguru vakakurumbira. Munyika yekare yaiva Maverick ngano achilles of rinonzi Iliad. Pasinei akarwa kuti simba, akanga zvose ake mutongo pachake uye akaita akaona zvakakodzera. Munguva yeMiddle Ages akadana vapanduki individualists vakatenda chikuru ngozi kwenzanga - zvakakwana kuyeuka Joan pakati Arc. Sezvo Renaissance, tinoona kuti individualism - zviri kunyanya mabhuku. Daniel Defoe, Dzhek London, Dostoevsky, zvose vanyanduri ose Silver Age , uye vamwe vakawanda. The huru kukosha muupenyu zvataurwa pamusoro apa vanhu vaiva mukana kuzvisarudzira zvavanoda uye kuti upenyu hwako akasiyana nemamwe.

The nemagariro chinotaurwa

A basa rinokosha pacharo rine tsika yokuti munhu, izvo, chokwadi, inotsigira maonero ichi yerera. Nokuti kuti kwemazana emakore vanhu yedu rinova seboka ramakwai, mufudzi Anodzorwa, zviri nani.

Izvi zvinoonekwa hwezuva nezuva (uvandudze kuti mararamiro nokugadzirwa iri mifananidzo), uye tsika (somuenzaniso, murume ano haasi vachamutswa kuti kuseka nekuti YAISAPEMBERERWA pamusoro Vernal rinenge riine, kana mukova haisi nokuachenesa tara, kana iye vanyengedzwa pamusoro wake). Kutanga yokuti munhu tsika runoita kuti "kuputsa" vemifananidzo zhinji uye vanyori. vatigere tsika iri kutanga kubuda kubva renguva nepfungwa vanhu vanogona kuwana nekuyanana nemumwe, vachisiya mitemo yavo pachavo.

Tichienzanisa nevakomana izwi

Nokuti Asi, edza kuenzanisa collectivism uye individualism, uye kuti vaone sei vamwe vanhu vanowanzotevedzera mumwe uye imwe - mumwe. Collectivism - ndiwo muitiro wacho kuti ishande uye funga mune guru muvanhu. Kazhinji, mune zviitiko zvakadaro, vanhu kuvimba mumwe, kana kubva musoro boka. chikwata chokutanga, umo murume - ndiko mhuri. Kana zviri hombe (yakawanda nevana, kana vanasekuru, vanatete, vanababamunini), mwana anokurira ndiye seboka maonero. Mune remangwana, zvakakosha zvinofungwa nevamwe iye ruchigona kuwana basa pane imwe kambani netsvimbo guru, vachitsvaka yakawanda neshamwari. Kana mwana mumwe mhuri, zviri kuva chinhu individualistic maonero, izvo zvatataura pamusoro.

methodological individualism

Izwi iri inonzi yokungotaura nzvimbo. Zvinofungirwa kuti ive yakakwana Sociological tinyatsonzwisisa kutanga kana chinhu, unofanira kushandisa kuti munhu, ndiko kuti kumunhu. Pano tine pfungwa yevanhu chinhu, uye kusagadzikana kwezvinhu bhokisi. Nemamwe mashoko, kana muzana remakore rapfuura, vasungwa hwatinopiwa kururamisira pamusana mitemo yakanyorwa, dzimwe nguva chisimba chaizvo, pasina kodzero kuregerera, asi nhasi kwemhosva dzose kunoonekwa kuburikidza prisms siyana, apo kuwana nokuchenjera uye humán nzwisisa. Nheyo methodological individualism iri pakuti zvinokufadza hapana "chikonzero tsitsi" (Hazvina basa kuti munhu mupenyu vanokumbira mazano, kana mwari) anogona kuitwa senzira nyore mugari wenyika, uyewo mumiririri hurumende. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anofanira kutsvaka inogutsa pakugadzirisa chero nyaya yairema vose ezvinhu.