Umambo zvinomera: mienzaniso, dzinokosha enderana Mapato uye maitiro mamiriro avo

Enzanisa enderana Mapoka chirimwa umambo, zvinopa mienzaniso zvipenyu izvi, kutaridzwa zvinhu zvezvivako dzavo ... Kana unonetseka pamwe Implementation mabasa aya, nyaya yedu ichakubatsira kunzwisisa nyaya iyi.

Nezviratidzo chirimwa umambo

Utachiona vose vagere pasi redu, masayendisiti akabatana muumambo zvakasikwa. Plants, mienzaniso izvo tichakurukura munyaya ino, vane zvavo nevamwe zvinhu. Kutanga, zviri autotrophic nzira kudya. zvirimwa chete vanokwanisa kugadzira Organic zvinhu uye okisijeni nemvura uye carbon dioxide pamberi chezuva. Nzvimbo photochemical kunzwisisa ichi muinonzi photosynthesis, muri minyoro sero organelles - chloroplasts.

The maitiro zviri nhengo umambo uhwu wanamatira mararamiro, risina parinogumira kukura, inoramba hwose, uye kuvapo carbohydrate starch sezvo wakatora inotonhorera.

chirimwa systematics

Enderana kutsvaka ushe zvinomera, mienzaniso iyo ichakurukurwa nesu mberi, dzinobva mukuru nemamiriro zviratidzo. Pakutanga, vakanga ikashandiswa muzvikwata zviviri: yakaderera uye yakakwirira. muviri rokutanga rinoumbwa unyanzvi masero akawanda, izvo hatuzoumbiki munyama, anonzi thallus. A yakakwirira vane kunzwisisa maumbirwo mashizha uye hunde.

dzikisa miti

Ndiwo zvinenge kupfuura nyore kuti dzinomirira umambo zvinomera. Mienzaniso yayo anozivikanwa zvose. kelp ichi, kana matope, sorgassum, chlamydomonas, ulothrix, Volvox, Spirogyra. Pakati pavo vane kuroorwa, zvipuka zvine masero akawanda uye ichitongwa zvinenge. Vose vanogara mvura. Kunze thallus kuti undifferentiated mutumbi algae, vane rhizoids. zvivako izvi vari pamwe pedzisai mashandiro kumidzi, asi regai kuumba nyama pane, uye vakasiyana navo. Sezvo mvura pachayo anotsigira muchimiro thallus, algae hazvina zvokuimba tishu.

yepamusoro miti

Plants hunoumba munyama chaivo uye nhengo, vanonzi yepamusorosoro. Vamiririri vavo vekutanga vakabuda mvura panyika, ndivo vamiririri spore. It mosses, tsvimbo mosses, horsetails uye ferns. Pane rhizoids vamwe vavo kuonekwa fibrous midzi, iyo anowedzera danda riri dzakachinjwa pachivande retsono. Ivo bereka pachishandiswa asexual kubereka masero - spores. Chimwe chinhu chiri alternation zvizvarwa zvavo upenyu yatinofema. More zvakaoma kuwana mbeu miti, izvozvo akavapa mukana zvakazadza nyika.

Umambo zvinomera: mienzaniso uye kupatsanura

Propagation achishandisa mbeu anopa miriwo kazhinji kurarama mu kwakaomarara ezvinhu dzinogarisana. Funga nezvomuenzaniso kunyanya Conifers. Ndivo vamiririri weDhipatimendi Gymnosperms. Dzavo maitiro chinhu ndiyo pamberi dzakatetepa mashizha uye tsono kubva nebwe ducts vari hunde. Unoshamisa - nzvimbo mbeu iri cône anorwisa pachena kana rakashama. Saka zita pavo. Chokwadi, kuva pasi tembiricha kana kushaya mvura, havasi vose imere. Asi, mukusiyana nenharo, mbeu zviri zvipuka zvine masero akawanda hurongwa uye vane kupembedza zvinovaka muviri - endosperm.

Mune zvimwe zvinobetsera nzvimbo dziri angiosperms. Vanoumba ruva uye michero, inova kukura uye kuibvisa mbeu. mamiriro Izvi zvinoshanda wokuwedzera kudzivirirwa, tsime kupisa uye simba. Angiosperms dhipatimendi rinobatanidza makirasi maviri: Mumwe-uye Dicotyledons. Aimbova vane chete cotyledon ari mudumbu, fibrous midzi, zviri nyore Linear mashizha. Izvi zvinosanganisira mhuri ezviyo, hanyanisi uye Liliaceae. Vose herbaceous miti nokuda kwokushayiwa cambium - parutivi rejira edzidzo. More siyana uye vakawanda bipartite. Kunze uwandu cotyledons chinosiyanisa vavo Taproot ezvinhu, vose kunzwisisa uye iri nyore mashizha, pamberi cambium. Pakati pavo pane wo makwenzi nemiti, uye nemiti. Ndivo yainyanya Plant Kingdom. Mienzaniso rakajairika - ndiye Rosaceae, Cabbage, Solanaceae, Asteraceae, Bean.

Kukosha vamiririri chirimwa umambo

Kukosha ose vamiririri chirimwa zvakaoma kuona, nokuti anopa zvipenyu zvose zvakafanira mugariro kuti upenyu - okisijeni. Algae ndivo kutanga mashoko kugadzirwa zvinhu pakugadzira kushingaira, zvinodhaka, zvokudya yokuvirisa uye madhayi. Gymnosperms inozivikanwa kuvapo akadaro kugadzirwa uye matanda anokosha. Man anodya zvibereko uye zvikamu maruva zvinomera.

Saka, umambo zvinomera, mienzaniso uye hurongwa zviri izvo munyaya ino, akasiyana zvinonyatsochengeta akanyatsorongwa okukura, kusiyana-siyana uye rinoita basa rinokosha muupenyu panyika.