Chii naturalism mune?

Mubvunzo "chii naturalism" - imwe sainzi yakaomesesa, nekuti kazhinji mirayiridzo iyi kuvhiringidzwa realism mune vakawanda uye mifananidzo zvikuru. Naizvozvo, unofanira kuva akajeka pamusoro kusiyana izvi dzenzvimbo maviri uye zvakajeka musiyano, nokuti zvinokanganisawo kunzwisisa kukura tsika yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19. Chinhu chokutanga kuyeuka pamusoro ezvinhu uye dzaiva kuwedzera pfungwa itsva nezvematambudziko womufananidzo, munyori uye mutungamiriri.

Terms of chiitiko

Kunzwisisa chii naturalism hazvibviri pasina kufungisisa evanhu mamiriro yechipiri yezana ichi remakore. Panguva acho nguva mave dzinokosha kuchinja mune zvesayenzi, izvo vanofurirwa zvakasimba okusika intelligentsia kweEurope uye America. Panguva ino, chikuru muitiro wakanga positivism, unosanganisira kudzidza hunhu uye vanhu haibvi pane tiivistelmä mupfungwa zvakagadzirwa, asi kongiri chokwadi. Naizvozvo, masayendisiti akawanda akaramba yokungotaura zvidzidzo uye akatamira uwane kuongorora dzakananga mananara. Pfungwa iyi nokukurumidza vakanonga nenzira dzinoverengeka vemifananidzo, zvikurukuru, zviri kushingaira mune mabasa ake, yakakurumbira munyori Emile Zola. Under itsva pfungwa, yokudhirowa zvino aifanira chinoreva chokwadi sezvazviri, pasina embellishment uye kokorodzano, kutevedzera mitemo yakachena, yakanaka, experimental sainzi.

zvidzidzo

Kudzidza dambudziko "chii naturalism" kuramba ari kuongorora pfungwa itsva, iyo rwaiitwa nevamiririri itsva muitiro. Vakatanga kurondedzera uye tsanangura hunhu kwepfungwa dzevanhu uye peculiarities kwayo physiology, rudzi, uye zvimwewo zvinhu kuvapo. Kuziviswa nyika wacho, pakunamata ake kunzwisisa uye dzinopikisana hunhu, tsika nokutsvaka Hazvichaiti kufarira itsva vateveri muitiro. Zvikuru vaitofarira zvokurwara kwevanhu, nemagakava evanhu, dzemakwiringwindi kurwisa vapone. Nokuti dzimwe nguva, pfungwa ava vakapinza aitungamirira basa iri mifananidzo uye mabhuku. Naturalism ndiwo kuzivikanwa upenyu kugutsikana uye kusada kuchinja chinhu. Kana romanticism anotsvaka zvinetso ikabva chokwadi, realism anopa zvakawanda kana zvishoma kongiri matanho kuvandudza nharaunda yevanhu, Genre itsva kwamira panguva unoratidza zviri zvayo chinetso. Kunyange zvakadaro, vanyori yaiitisa zvakasikwa vaifunga kuti vane zvose zvavanokanganisa, nyika ichiri zvikuru kana zvishoma kugadzikana, uye saka, zvose zviri mauri wakafanira, kunyange yakaipa mashoko.

Features

Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani zviri naturalism, tinofanira kuyeuka zvinhu nguva iyo akasimuka. Romanticism uye realism havachinei nenyaya iri yokusika intelligentsia, yakanga vachitsvaka itsva siyana kuratidzwa ndangariro dzavo. Revolution, pamagariro evanhu, hondo, kusiyaniswa zvikurukuru utsinye kuti vanozvisanangurira yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19, asingagoni asi kukanganisa upenyu vanhu pakunamata. The vamiririri itsva Kuwanzoda mapfumo ose magungano, kazhinji younyanzvi mifananidzo kubva dzemakwiringwindi upenyu. A maitiro kuchiitwa mirayiridzo akava deestetizatsiya unyanzvi. Artists nevanyori uye zvinorondedzerwa uye kuburitswa zvinhu zvisina kunaka zviri kuvapo kwevanhu, muchitenda kuti nenzira iyi anoratidza chinangwa chaichoicho. Zvinosuruvarisa, muitiro uyu kakawanda zvakatungamirira chimiro zvigadzirwa, zviri nyore kuti titi kusango ounyanzvi, sezvo vari kuzivikanwa zvikurukuru tsika uye dziine tsvina, dzisingatarisiki zvaiitika uye zvitarisiko. Great kukosha akanga dzakabatanidzwa mufananidzo munhu munyika chaiyo. Artists kuteerera chitarisiko chake, uye vanyori - pamusoro physiology uye zvaisazogona.

pfungwa hwaro

A Muitiro chitsva unyanzvi uye netsika haana kubuda nazvo. Akanga uzivi yake, iyo akafuridzirwa nevatsigiri vake. Achiratidza kuti kuonekwa wokutanga ndeyemunguva dzekare, kana vamwe vanofunga tsanangura ose mananara chokwadi, kusanganisira vanhu chaizvo unhu, ayo dzinongoitika nharaunda (Epicurus, vamiririri Stoicism). Munguva dzazvino, dzematongerwe ichi yakazokudziridzwa mubasa vazivi vakawanda uye rokudzidzisa mabhuku vanyori. Vakataura kuti musimboti naturalism ipfupi kuti kubviswa zvose zviitiko chaizvo zvinhu zvakasikwa. Vamwe vanyori akaedza kunyange kufunga chokuita pfungwa muchiedza yomunhu kutamburira kuvapo. nevafungi izvi ndakadana hanya aite zvaisazogona vanhu vanotamburira kurarama.

In prose

Naturalism anoisa chinhu mumabhuku kwevanhu mutambi mufananidzo chokuita rondedzero mhuri uye zvinhu mamiriro ezvinhu aripo. Writers vakanga vachida kutsanangura unhu unhu ayo nhodzera uye vasiri maitiro. Pakuva okugadzira zvinhu vamwe vanyori aiva kutevedzera nzira yesayenzi, izvo, zvinosuruvarisa kwakatungamirira impoverishment pamusoro unyanzvi zvivako uye nemikana. Chimwe zvakaipira Genre ichi chaiva kushaya dzematongerwe uye yakaoma atinoitwa chero mhando dzematongerwe chero muchimiro rinozivikanwa kuumba musimboti romanticism uye realism.

Naturalism mumabhuku kunobatanidzwa kutaura zita munyori French Zola. Musoro basa rake raiva mufananidzo wenyonganyonga upenyu nepakati-kirasi. Akanyanyofunga mutengi parutivi kuvapo magamba. Zvisinei, mabasa ake, pasinei pachena roughness mifananidzo uye nyaya, pane uzivi, iyo chinosiyanisa munyori ichi pakati dzedu nevamwe.

Mienzaniso mumabhuku

Vamiririri naturalism akaita rakakura mabhuku nyika. GI De Mopassan aiva mumiririri akakurumbira izvi muitiro. Aiva mwene pfupi prose uye musiki munhevedzano nomukurumbira enganonyorwa. Zvinokosha kuti munyori vakaramba vakachena naturalism, asi panguva imwe chete, akatsvaka vabudirire zvinenge muvhidhiyo zvakarurama nemufananidzo zviitiko. Akabudisa Kuongororwa wepfungwa dzevanhu uye vakanovharirwa pachake zvinhu izvi kubva upenyu vacho. Panguva iyoyowo, iye zvakasiyana chaizvo kuti zvose paari, izvo zvinoratidzwa nemabasa ake, mauri yokupedzisira vawana pani-European mbiri.

In kupenda

Muna 1870 zvaida chimiro ari ziso musekiwa Naturalism. Photography sokuti vamwe muenzaniso vemifananidzo uyo kubudirira mufananidzo yakarurama kwazvo. Panguva iyoyowo, vanoedza nepavanogona napo kuti kusateerera vanoratidzwa chinhu uye vakaedza kudzivisa nokupfuuridzirwa manzwiro, izvo, chokwadi, hapasi kushanda. Landscape Painters uye portraitists vakaedza sezvo kwawakarerekera sezvinobvira kuratidza Fafitera imwe chakajairika pasina embellishment uye aesthetic kokorodzano. Mumwe akakurumbira vamiririri nekutaura pakutevedzera itsva yaiva French rokupenda Manet.

Zvinonzi kuonekwa muvambi Impressionism, izvo akakurumidza kuribvisa nhungamiro pasi kukurukurwa iri tsika, asi iye akatanga, pamwe Photographic yakarurama kuburitswa mufananidzo chinhu. Mumwe ake mifananidzo yakakurumbira, iyo unoratidza mushandi ari nemizariro, iri zvinoorora chaizvo ayo uye zvizere.

Zvakanga chaizvo aida naturalism. Photography rava vateveri vake basa iri mureza.

vamwe vamiririri

Mumwe zvipi mirayiridzo pasi kukurukurwa kwaiva kushaya romubati uye pfungwa kunanga. Plots hadzina pasi kufungisisa kwouzivi uye kutsoropodza wakatarwa uye kurapwa, izvo aiita realism. Zvisinei, imwe itsva kuitika kwave dzinoverengeka zvakanakira: akatendeka kubereka chaicho, zvakarurama uye zvizere.

Kuwedzera Artist iyi manyorero Degas akashanda. Mifananidzo yake vari zvakazadza nyore uye zvinoenderana chinosiyanisa mifananidzo nemunyori basa nevaya vaifarira chinoreva mifananidzo kubva dzemakwiringwindi upenyu huri nyore. Degas vaifarira kushanda pastels, chii amire pakati vepanguva yake. Features naturalism kunyanya kuoneka mabasa Lautrec.

mapepa ake uye mifananidzo mimwe eccentric uye kunyange kudana kwake nguva rusununguko.

At mabhaisikopu

The naturalism remakore rechi19 kukanganiswa kusikwa mafirimu. Nechekare vaitungamirira mabhaisikopo okutanga yakatanga chete akatanga kushandisa nzira yake tsika. Mumwe emifananidzo ava kwadzakabva pamusoro Romana Zolya "murume-chikara" wokutanga. In mafirimu ano vanogona kazhinji kusangana zvezvidzidzo manyorerwo ichi, kunyanya chiito mumafirimu uye anotyisa mafirimu. Somuenzaniso, firimu "Kurwisana Club", umo yakawanda zvikamu zvinoratidza chisimba uye utsinye. Recent premieres dzinoratidza kuti ichi Muitiro ichiri vatungamiriri vanofarira.

Somuenzaniso, richangobva kubudiswa mu dzemitambo hondo firimu "chehana", izere nechisimba mifananidzo. Saka, nyaya yokuti kunoshamisa kukanganisa nyika cinema.

Tichienzanisa rapfuura mirayiridzo

Mubvunzo chii ndiwo musiyano pakati naturalism realism kazhinji kunokonzera zvinetso zvakakomba vana kuchikoro, sezvo vose dzinoyerera Pakutanga, vane zvakawanda zvakafanana. Chinangwa chavo - zvichiberekana zvinokonzerwa kurarama vaine chinangwa chokwadi uye zvakarurama. Vatsigiri mirayiridzo vakaedza kupa mufananidzo yakapoteredza chokwadi wechokwadi, asi kubudirira chinangwa chacho nenzira dzakasiyana. Realists vakatsvaka mu zvinhu vanoratidzwa anowanzoramba husina kuti harina, akapfupikisa uye akapa mune munhu zvichienderana nenzira. Zvakasikwa uyewo pakutanga vakakumbira chinangwa nokukopa ari kuchengetwa Fani uye nemaune vakaramba uzivi. Zvichida, ichi ndicho chinokosha musiyano pakati naturalism realism.

Kusiyana nyaya

Both mirayiridzo vanotsvaka kuti nokutendeka bereka ari mananara mumagariro chokwadi. Panyaya iyi, vanogona kuva rinosiyaniswa romanticism, izvo Kusiyana neizvi, rinobvisa muverengi munyika hope uye kufunga yakanaka. Zvisinei, vatsigiri vose nezvemaitiro tsika yakasiyana dzawaona ichi chete chokwadi. Realists vari kuratidzwa muupenyu kunge akasimbisa nyika yomudzimu, vaitofarira unhu Zvinotambudza pakati-kirasi mararamiro. Vainyanya kusimbirira sei vanhu vari mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma rambirira pakunamata. Zvakasikwa, Ukuwo, kufarira physiology uye magariro evanhu, izvo, mu pfungwa dzavo, akanga akatsunga kuvapo nomunhu. Nokuda kusiyana izvi, realism uye naturalism vanoshandisa zvakasiyana zvinoyevedza uye kwakajeka nzira. Vaya vanotsigira weboka rokutanga, dzakasiyana-siyana maitiro ari asagadzirazve zvinhu mubereko, ukuwo vamiririri itsva kuitika yokurambidza pachavo mitauro, tichidzivisa madimikira, epithets, nekuti vaitenda kuti zviite vaverengi kubva chaizvo chokwadi.

vatsva zvinhu

Kana totaura chii chiri dzinonetsa naturalism pfungwa kazhinji kunobva muenzaniso realism. Izvi Muitiro harisi chete kutsvaka zvechokwadi chinoreva chokwadi, asi kuti kutsoropodza zvikanganiso ayo. Authors kazhinji vanomutswa chakasimba evanhu kukanganisa kuitika panguva dzinotaura. Muchiitiko chino, vanowanzoororwa vaishora zvakaipa munzanga, uchishandisa unyanzvi satire. The chete zvinogona kutaurwa naturalism. Zvisinei, kana vanyori-realists vakaedza kunzwisisa zvinhu zvinokonzera zveupfumi matambudziko uye akatovapa zvinogadzirisa, vanyori zvakanga kungogumira uchinyora vanoratidzwa chinhu zvainovhiringidzawo Tingangoti dzakananga chokwadi, izvo, chokwadi, ndizvo hadzikwani nokuda zvizere uye chinangwa mufananidzo rokuronga nguva dzose . Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti naturalism - pakutevedzera haazviti kufungisisa kwouzivi uye zvavo. Iye chete Photographic, anenge muvhidhiyo nemazvo reproduces ayo chinhu mhindu. Zvichida ichi ndicho chikonzero nei nzvimbo iyi ndeimwe dzichipesana ari mutsika kuti haana kugara kwenguva refu.

Mudzimai hwemashiripiti

In nyika yedu isu vakayambuka chete nzendo kukura romanticism, realism. Naturalism nekusiyana, haana kugamuchira paupamhi kuparadzira muRussia. Vamwe vanyori vanoti izvi peculiarities wokuRussia tsika uye mafungiro, achinongedza yemadzitateguru uye yakakwirira mwero zvokunamata. Zvisinei, zvimwe zvinhu zviri vaiona kuyerera uchiri kunoratidzwa anoverengeka mabasa mabhuku uye zvimwe mafirimu. Saka, bhuku munyori D. N. Mamina-Sibiryak zvakanyorwa pasi pachena pesvedzero zvidavado ichi. Munyori anoratidzwa upenyu chavagari pakati Urals, vakarondedzera kuti kuchinja yaitonga kwakaita kuti vachinje munzanga kuziva, nokuputsa zvatinosiita dzemitemo uye tsika.

Mumwe munyori - PD Bobrykin - akanga pachena copycat okugadzira zvinhu Zola. Mune rimwe ake nemabasa yakakurumbira, iye zvakarurama akapotsa kwesayenzi zvichiberekana nezvokuzadziswa zvomutengesi upenyu, upenyu vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata, akarondedzera redzimba yavo. Munguva Soviet, naturalism aionekwa sezvo chinopesana realism, saka vatsoropodzi vakawanda mafungiro kune unyanzvi uye nzira vamiririri vayo. Mupfungwa dzavo, ivo vanyori nezvezvandaifanira rima divi chokuvapo kwevanhu, apo mashoko Soviet kurima pfungwa dzinovaka basa evanhu pakuvaka communism.

Asi, pasinei mafungiro asina kunaka kune naturalism, vaiona mirayiridzo kunooneka mabhaisikopu yeSoviet. Somuenzaniso, mufananidzo yakakura A. Konchalovsky "Sibiriada" filmed pasi simba zvaiitwa naturalism. Tepi iyi kwave kuchizivikanwa kuMadokero. In Firimu iri, mutungamiriri akaratidza kwete priglyadnye muupenyu mune kure kure Siberian musha pakupera kwezana yaitonga.

ukoshi

Naturalism mune akaita basa rinokosha kukura tsika yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19 - mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Chido wevanyori uye Artists kuenda kure vamwe wevakadzidza magungano uye nemirau, pamwe kushingaira kutsvaka zvitsva siyana kutaura pfungwa uye chido bereka zvakarurama sezvingakwanisika Chiitiko chaicho, kwakaita kuti zvitsva kugadzirisa zviri unyanzvi matauriro uye wokufananidzira yepakutanga. Vamwe vamiririri kuitika vachiri kuramba mamwe uzivi pamabasa ake, iyo, pamwe kurondedzera inogutsa upenyu zvavo vanhu akabvumira kuti kusika asingakanganwiki mabasa mabhuku, kupenda uye cinema.