Gyustav Eyfel: Biography, mapikicha. Bridges Gustave Eiffel

Mugumo XIX remakore zvachose chakakodzera akawana mamiriro yendarama nguva munhoroondo engineering. It chikwereti munhu vagadziri makuru ane zvivakwa vachiri kumirira chimwe chinhu nyaya. Alexander Gyustav Eyfel nyore vagari kunzi musiki yakakurumbira shongwe kuParis. vanhu vashoma vanoziva kuti akararama ari mupfumi kwazvo upenyu uye zvakasikwa vakawanda kunoshamisa zvakagadzirwa. Ngatidzidzei zvakawanda nezvazvo kwazvo mainjiniya uye vagadziri.

Childhood uye Education

Gyustav Eyfel akaberekwa muna 1832 muna Dijon, riri mu Burgundy. baba vake chaizvo zvinobudirira kukura namazambiringa yazvo rabha. Asi Gustave aisada vanozvipira zvokurima uye post-kurovedzwa yeko chesekondari akapinda Paris Ecole Polytechnique. Ndadzidza ikoko kwemakore matatu, remangwana mugadziri akaenda Central School of Arts uye Crafts. Muna 1855, Gyustav Eyfel chikoro.

Early basa

Panguva iyoyo, injiniya kwainzi zvokuwedzera makosi, saka muduku mugadziri akatora basa pane imwe kambani kuti mubasa kukura uye kuvakwa mabhiriji. Muna 1858, Gyustav Eyfel akagadzira zambuko yake yokutanga. Chirongwa ichi asingagoni kunzi nezvekumwe, kufanana navamwe vake wakachenjera basa. Rikaunganidza masimba akasimba, murume akauya navo pasi chifonyedzo achishandisa munhu hydraulic venhau. To musi, nzira iri kashoma kushandiswa, sezvo vanoda zvikuru unyanzvi kudzidziswa.

Kuti zvakarurama Akagadzawo inoungana ari kudzika 25 metres, Eiffel aifanira vagoronga mudziyo unokosha. Kana zambuko yakanga yabudirira kuvakwa, Gustave zvakazivikanwa sainjiniya zambuko muvaki. Mumakore akatevera makore makumi maviri, ave rakagadzirirwa zvakagadzirwa dzakawanda siyana uye mukuru mapurani pazvivako, kusanganisira zambuko bir Akeym, Pont Alexandre III, ari Eiffel Tower uye zvakawanda.

An asina maonero

In basa rayo, asi Eifel nguva dzose yakaedza kukwira chinhu itsva kuti aizorega chete kuderedza nhamo vagadziri navavaki, asi kuitawo mupiro chinobatsira kuti indasitiri. Kusika zambuko yake yokutanga, Gyustav Eyfel akasarudza kusiya kuvakwa kura rwemichinjiko. Huge simbi Arch zambuko yakavakwa pachine pamahombekombe. Uye kuti vakaiisa panzvimbo, akagadzira aida imwe chete simbi muhuro akatambanudza pakati pemahombekombe maviri murwizi. Nzira iyi yakatanga kushandiswa kwose, asi makore chete 50 pashure pokunge afunga pamusoro Eifel.

Bridge pamusoro Tyuyer

Mabhiriji vagara vakamira Gustave Eiffel, asi pakati pavo pane uye akaita kupenga zvirongwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira viaduct yakavakwa Tyuyer rwizi. Kunzwisisa kwakaita chirongwa akarara pakuti aifanira kumira panzvimbo kwegomo kuzvimbirwa 165 metres yakadzika. Kusvikira Eiffel zvakataurwa kuvaka pamusoro viaduct vacho mainjiniya mashomanana, asi vose vakaramba. Akapa kufukidza hombe kuzvimbirwa chematenga rutsigiro izvo vaizoshandira kongiri pylons maviri.

Arch yaiva sezvikamu zviviri izvo yakagadzirirwa mumwe ane kururama chezvegumi ane millimeter. The zambuko yakava kwazvo chikoro Eifel. Akawana kunokosha ruzivo uye aronga upenyu hwavo uye kutungamirirwa nenyanzvi.

Pamwe chikwata mainjiniya Gustave muitiro rakasiyana runovabvumira kuverenga esimbi maumbirwo anenge chero configuration. Kuvaka zambuko mhiri Tyuyer, gamba nyaya yedu vakatora maindasitiri design inoratidzirwa muParis, waiva raizoitirwa 1878.

"Hall kuti Machines"

Pamwe yakakurumbira injiniya French of Dion Eiffel akagadzira chivako huru, iyo anonzi "Hall michina." patani pakureba zvakaita 420, nohupamhi - 115, uye kukwirira - 45 mamita. Building furemu anoumbwa simbi nematanda openwork chimiro, vanochengeta girazi rinofukidza zvinofadza configuration.

Kana vatungamiriri rakasimba, waiva zvichiberekana ari Eiffel chirongwa muupenyu, akaziva pfungwa yake, vaikutora sezvo chinhu hazviiti. Chinhu chokutanga chakashamisa kwavari, - kuti mumazuva iwayo zvivako kukura ichi hariko. Kunyange zvakadaro, mashoko "Hall Michini" achiri yakavakwa, vakauya ushingiwo mugadziri paakavapa kuGold menduru kuti hunoshamisa hwokuvaka zvingaitwa. Zvinosuruvarisa, iwe uye handigoni kuona mufananidzo uyu dzinonakidza kuvakwa, sezvo muna 1910 zvakanzi namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara.

Magadzirirwo "muchina kamuri" akavimba zvachose chesamende ikanyanya iri zviduku. Nzira iyi zvakabatsira kudzivisa deformations kuti vaizongoguma kuitika nokuda dzinongoitika pasi misha. The akangwara nzira akagadzira guru kushandiswa mabasa avo zvakare uye zvakare.

Neshongwe, aigona izvo kuva

Muna 1898, munyika kutarisira inotevera Paris Exhibition, Gyustav Eyfel uye akavaka shongwe yakakwirira 300 metres. Maererano injiniya pfungwa, kwaiva kuva mapurani unonyanyoshandiswa pashoo muguta. Panguva iyoyo, kunyange akagadzira kugona kufungidzira shongwe iyi ichava chimwe kiyi zviratidzo Paris uye nokukudza zambuko muvaki kwemazana emakore pashure pokufa kwake. Munyika dzichiri zvakagadzirwa ichi, kuti Eifel zvakare akashandisa tarenda rake uye akaita zvakawanda kupfuura Unoshamisa. Neshongwe ine marata zvikamu, izvo kuda mumwe nokuda rivets. Translucent siluetti reshongwe sezvo Rinoengerera pamusoro peguta.

Zvakaoma kufungidzira, asi zvino kuti arege kuva mukuru Parisian zvinokwezva. Pakutanga 1888, mwedzi atanga basa rokuvaka pakuvaka, kuti sachigaro zita pashoo komiti racho rakanyorwa. Ratidzira Raiva boka nenyanzvi uye vanyori. Vakabvunzwa kuti kurega kuvakwa shongwe, sezvo zvingaita Anotadzira vanoziva serakavakwa guru French.

Uye zvadaro akakurumbira mapurani T. Alphand credibly akataura kuti Eiffel chirongwa rine kwaniso uye anogona asangova anokosha pashoo, asi chikuru Kukwezva Paris. Naizvozvo zvakaitika emakore asingasviki maviri pashure pokuvakwa mi- guta yakava nechokuita basa mugadziri, uyo akatora tsika kufunga sawanikwa uye Musatya zvisarudzo vakashinga. Anozviita injiniya akadana zvisikwa zvake "300-mutinhimira shongwe", asi nzanga paakavapa kwaari rukudzo kuti nhoroondo pamusoro zvavo, akatumidza shongwe zita rayo.

Statue of Liberty

vanhu vashoma vanoziva, asi aiva Gyustav Eyfel, vane Biography tine nemi nhasi vanofarira, akapa hurefu the American chiratidzo - Statue of Liberty.

Zvakatanga aine chokwadi chokuti constructor French panguva kuvaka shongwe dzaro akasangana ake American ishamwari - murongedzeri T. Bartholdi. Last mubasa vanyorwa American metende panguva pashoo. Exhibition centre kwaiva kuva duku chifananidzo ndarira, waimirira rusununguko.

Mushure pashoo, French vakawedzera chifananidzo kuti nekukwirira 93 metres uye akamupa America. Zvisinei, apo remangwana Monument vasvika panzvimbo naro, zvakava pachena kuti installation anoda yakasimba simbi puranga. The chete injiniya vainzwisisa kukarukureta isapinda design, aiva Gyustav Eyfel.

Akakwanisa kusika urongwa hwakanaka kuitira kuti chifananidzo unokosha kupfuura makore zana, uye mhepo yakasimba gungwa kwaari tsamwa. Kana makore mashoma apfuura, chiratidzo American rakadzorerwa, kwakasarudzwa kutarisa Eiffel Masvomhu vachishandisa ano ekombiyuta. Chakatishamisa yaida kuumbwa injiniya chaizvo rakaenderana womuenzaniso, iyo yakataurwa muchina.

rabhoritari

Pashure incredible kubudirira pamusoro kuratidzira maviri gamba redu akasarudza kutaura zvakadzama kutsvakurudza. Mutaundi Auteuil, akatanga kusika kubva chinhu panyika murabhoritari kudzidza kushanda remhepo nemishonga zvivako zvakasiyana. Eiffel aiva injiniya yokutanga yenyika, uyo anoshandiswa mhepo tanera zvidzidzo. Zvakabuda basa rake inobudiswa mugadziri dzinotevedzana dzinokosha mabasa. To nhasi vaiona kukura enisaikoropidhiya engineering.

mhedziso

Saka, isu tichati chavanoziva kunze Paris shongwe, inozivikanwa Gyustav Eyfel. Photo zvisikwa ake dazzle uye kuti unofunga pamusoro kwevanhu ukuru uye dzakafara yaibvira pfungwa dzedu. Asi panguva pakutanga Eifel kwaingova Mugadziri mabhiriji, vane pfungwa akamutsa nokuvhiringidzika navo. Chokwadi anoshamisa nyaya.