Kukura kwechizvarwa chekutanga chemakombiyuta. Kubudirira kwekombiyuta yekombiyuta uye chizvarwa chemakombiyuta

Computerization chinhu chinoratidzwa zvino, zvichida, munyika dzose dzenyika. Kufamba kwaro kunoshamisa. Zvinonakidza kutsvaga mamiriro ezvinhu ayo akaitwa kare kare. Zvinokwanisika here kutaura kuti kombiyuta ndeyo mugumisiro wekugadziriswa kwekugadzirwa kwekombiyuta yekugadzirwa kwekombiyuta uye software yei? Ndezvipi zvikamu zvekare zvekugadzirwa kwekombiyuta kwemakombiyuta?

Chii chaiva pamberi pemakombiyuta?

Zvinonakidza kuziva kuti ndechipi chigadzirwa chemakombiyuta kare kare. Nokudaro, zvinogona kucherechedza kuti muzana remakore rechi17 musayendisiti wechiFrench anonzi Pascal akagadzira, sezvazvinotendwa, mhando yekutanga yekuverenga, iyo yakashanda pamagetsi. Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, muongorori weBritish Babbage akagadzira yekutanga kuongorora mishonga. Makumi mashoma emakore gare gare injinjini yekuAmerica Hollerith yakagadzira tabulator - mishonga yemagetsi, iyo yaive yakakwanisa kuverenga nhamba ye data. Nokudaro, kukura kwemairaira ekutungamirira munyika munyika yekutsvaga zvigadziri pedyo nemakombiyuta mumutauro wemazuva ano, zvakaramba zvichienderera mberi.

Kutanga makombiyuta

Imwe yemakombiyuta okutanga munyika yose yakagadzirwa neumwe muongorori weAmerica, Bush, muna 1930. Nhoroondo yemakombiyuta, inomiririra chigadzirwa chakazara chechidimbu, yakaverengwa nenyanzvi dzakawanda kubva muna 1944, apo purofesa weAmerica Iknem akagadzira kombiyuta "Mark-1". Chaizvoizvo, chaive chigadzirwa chekombiyuta yezera rokutanga. Ndezvipi zvayo zvinogona kuonekwa? Chokutanga pane zvose, zvichida, kuenzana kwechimiro. Izvo zviyero zvechizvarwa chekutanga chemakombiyuta zvaive zvakakosha. Nokudaro, Marko-1 aiva nemamita anenge makumi maviri pakureba, anenge mamita maviri mamita akakwirira.Ukushanda kwekombiyuta yekutanga yekombiyuta kwairemekedzwa nemazuva ano, asi basa rayo munhoroondo yekombiyuta yekombiyuta yepasi rese haigoni kuve yakanyanya kusimbiswa. Muna 1946, mauto eUnited States akavaka kombiyuta "Eniak". Kukura kwechizvarwa chekutanga chemakombiyuta pamuenzaniso weiyo chipangama kunogona kutarisa kunyanya kufadza. Iyo kombiyuta "Eniac" yakanga yakareba mamita 30 uye yakarema matani makumi matatu.

Tichava nehanya, hongu, kwete chete kuenzana kwechizvarwa chekutanga chemakombiyuta, asiwo mamwe maitiro emhando yemhando yemichina. Funga nezvazvo, pamwe chete nehupenyu hunotevera hwemakombiyuta mune zvakawanda.

Zviratidzo zvekombiyuta yechizvarwa chekutanga

Makombiyuta emakore ekutanga akavakwa pamusana pe electron tubes, chigadzirwa chinoshanda nekushandura kubuda kwezvikamu zvichifamba kubva kumakati kusvika kune anode. Nheyo huru yekushandura yakakodzana is thermionic emission. Kubvira pakutanga, makombiyuta akatanga kuumbwa maererano nemirairo yekuparidzirwa kwemirairo inonzwisisika kune 0 uye 1. Iri chirongwa ichiri kushandiswa. Yakashanda sei apo mwenje yakashandiswa sechinhu chikuru chePC? Zviri nyore chaizvo. Pakuvhenekera mwenje, gasi rakaumbwa, somuenzaniso 2 V. Kwakanga kusina kudhura, somuenzaniso 1 V. Nyika yekutanga yemwenje yakagadziriswa se1, yechipiri se 0. Kubatanidzwa kwematunhu aya zvichienderana necheti yemakumi makumi ezviuru zvemwenje yakagadzirirwa kadhi yemichina.

Lampu makombiyuta, ndiko kuti, avo vari vezera rechikutanga, vanogona kuita masvondo anenge makumi maviri nemazana matanhatu. Izvi zvakanyanya here kana kwete? Kuenzanisa, chiratidzo chemaPC emazuva ano mabhiriyoni ekushanda kwechipiri. Asi mabasa ekutanga emakore iwayo, kusanganisira muuto rehondo, maitiro emakombiyuta emakore ekutanga aigona chaizvo kuita.

Makombiyuta emhando iyi haazivikanwi nekuvimbika kwakasimba. Zvichida nokuti mwenje yaiwanzopiswa, vaifanira kuchinjwa. Iyo mikuru yakawanda yemakombiyuta yatatotaura pamusoro apa. Izvi zvakagara zvagadzirisa matambudziko makuru nekutakura kwavo, nekugadzirisa kwekugara kwavo muchivako. Mari yekombiyuta yekutanga yepamusoro yakanyanya kwazvo - mabhizimusi makuru makuru uye zvivako zvehurumende zvine bhajeti guru raigona kutenga. Uyewo, makombiyuta emwenje aizivikanwa nepamusoro-soro mari yekushandisa-kunyanya maererano nemashandisi emvura. Kushanda pavari kwakada kukokwa kwevanhu vakanyatsokwanisa, kuteverwa nekubhadhara kwehomwe huru. Munhu anoziva kunyanya kombiyuta yekombiyuta, asingatauri kukwanisa kuronga kombiyuta, aive anozivikanwa uye anodhura nyanzvi.

Izvo zvakanyanya zvekombiyuta yekutanga yekutanga uyewo zvakare kuti mapurogiramu epurogiramu akaparadzana akashandiswa pamichina iyi. Mukuwedzera, sarudzo yemirayiridzo yemichina yakanga iri nyore. Sezvo zvirongwa izvi - mumutauro unowanzonzi - pakushanda nekombiyuta yemhando yakakodzera haina kushandiswa. Izvi zvainge zvakakodzera kwete kungoita zvishoma zvishoma zvemakombiyuta, asiwo kune yakaderera kushandiswa kwemagadziri emakemikari ekuyeuka - kazhinji idzi dzaiva mapadhi makadhi uye maginheti matepi, asingatenderwi zvachose nekufambisa kwekushanda nemataikisi akagara.

Zvisinei, kune zvakakanganisika, vaongorori vakatanga kushandura nekushingaira - kunyanya kuburikidza nokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugadzirisa basa nemichina yemichina. Pasinei nekushanda kwakanyanya kwekombiyuta yemakore ekutanga, kubudirira kwebasa ravo kwaikura zvishoma nezvishoma.

2nd generation computers

Indasitiri yekombiyuta yenyika mushure mokunge zvinyorwa zvataurwa zvakaramba zvichiwedzera. Kubudiswa kwaMark-1, Eniaka nemamwe mishonga kwaingova kutanga. Zvizvarwa zviviri zvemakombiyuta zvakaonekwa mumavambo ekuma1960. Nhengo dzavo huru-dzakashandisa zvigadzirisheni panzvimbo yemwenje. Somugumisiro, kubereka kwemichina yakakura. Mukuwedzera, tinoyeuka kuti zviyero zvechizvarwa chekutanga chemakombiyuta zvaishamisa. Machinisi emagetsi, uyewo, zvakaderera zvikuru. Zvakanyatsojeka sei kubatsirwa kwekushandisa shanduro dzakagadzirwa nekodzero mumagadziro emakombiyuta? Zvinokwanisika kutaura kuti 1 transistor yakakwanisa kutora marara anenge makumi mana. Mashoko anotakura mashoko anowedzerawo . Chigadzirwa chechipiri chemakombiyuta chinogona kushandisa kushandisa magnetic disks pedyo nehutano uye pfungwa kune izvozvi zvidzidzo zvinozivikanwa kumushandi wemazuva ano.

Kubva pakuona kwekushandiswa kwemapurogiramu, makambani emakombiyuta epasi rose akatorawo danho mberi, nekuda kwekodzero yemhando yakasiyana yemichina. Ikoko kwakaratidzwa mitauro yakarongwa sepamusoro. Vagadziri vakagadzira vashanduri - iyo nzira iyo maitiro ekufananidza akashandurirwa mumutauro wakashandiswa mumakombiyuta emakombiyuta emakombiyuta. Pakave zvakare kushandiswa mitemo yekufambisa mberi kwezvimwe zviitiko zvemapurogiramu emakombiyuta. Kutanga kuonekwa mahofisi ekuraibhurari, maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekucherechedza, ayo akazova maitiro ekushandiswa kwemazuva ano OS.

Panguva imwecheteyo, pasinei nekuedza kumwe kubatanidza kushandiswa kwemashandisirwo emashandisirwo emashandisi akasiyana-siyana, makombiyuta akasiyana akange asinganzwisisiki. Kuzvibatanidza, kunyanya kutaura, mune imwe nhandare uye kuvaka pamusoro payo sangano rehutano hwemagariro rakanga rakaoma zvikuru.

3rd generation computers

Nhoroondo yekombiyuta yechizvarwa chechitatu inotanga nemichina, mumagadzirirwo ayo akabatanidzwa matikiti akashandiswa , imwe neimwe iyo, sezvakazoitika, inogona kushandura vanenge 1000 transistors. Kuitwa kwemakombiyuta kwakakura zvikuru. Paiva nemukana wekumhanya pamakombiyuta akawanda maitiro ekushandura kwepurogiramu panguva imwe chete. Chii chinonzi integrated circuit? Iyo i-silicon crystal, iyo ine nzvimbo inenge anenge 10 mita mamita. Mm. Maererano nehutano hwekushanda, sezvakaverengwa, imwe IP yakanyatsoenzana nekombiyuta "Eniak". Pakati pemakombiyuta anozivikanwa zvikuru ezera rechitatu makombiyuta akagadzirwa neBM - System 360 machines.

Makombiyuta emhando iyi anozivikanwa nehuwandu hwakawanda hwekubatanidza kupfuura humbo hwakarongedzerwa pamusoro apa, kusanganisira mune zvimwe zve software. Mumakombiyuta ezvizvarwa zvitatu, sangano rekutanga rekushanda rakashandiswa, rinokwanisa kuita mabasa akawanda panguva imwe chete. Mabasa mazhinji ehurumende yakatanga kuendeswa kune software software.

4th Generation Computer

Muma1970, iyo inonzi yakakura masangano akabatanidzwa akaendeswa mukugadzirwa kwemahombekombe. Ndezvipi zvinokosha zvavo? Chokutanga, kuti maitiro avo akaenzana nemakiromita anenge 1000 akasiyana-siyana akabatanidzwa. Somugumisiro, makambani emakombiyuta epanyika akwanisa kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvinofananidzwa nehukuru nekushanda kune avo tagara tichijaira kushandisa nhasi.

Kutenda nekuwedzera kwekubudirira kwemichina yefekitari yekugadzirwa kwemaseri makuru akabatanidzwa uye zvimwe zvikamu zvakakosha zvemakombiyuta, makombiyuta anenge zvishoma nezvishoma anodhura. Kana yekutanga uye yechipiri (mumakore makumi mashanu nemakumi matanhatu) emakombiyuta emakombiyuta akange aripo, sezvatakataurwa pamusoro apa, kunyanya chete kumabhizimisi makuru uye masangano ehurumende, zvino muma1970, vagari venyika dzakawanda vakatanga kutengesa makombiyuta.

Zvikonzero zvekombiyuta

Computerization yava chinhu chakakura, kunyanya nekuuya kweInternet muma1980. Maitirwo ayo ainyanya kuwedzera, iyo yakaderera mutengo wezvigadzirwa wakava uye muduku kuduku kwahwo. Nokudaro, maPC okutanga, muzvinhu zvakawanda uye shanduro yehutano yakafanana neyaanozivikanwa nhasi, yakaonekwa pakati pe70s uye kutanga kwema80s. Pakati pezvigadzirwa izvi - IBM PC, iyo yakava mufananidzo wehurukuro yakawanda yepakombiyuta nhasi. Vakava ndivo vakakwikwidzana zvikuru kuPcs, iyo yakanga yatotanga kubudiswa neApple. Kusiyana kukuru pakati pavo ndiko kusununguka kwemuongorori weBB uye chivako chakavharwa kubva kuApple. Kubva pakuona kwe software uye hardware sangano, musiyano pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dzePC inowanzoita shoma. Muchitarisiko cheBI-platform pane dzakakosha zvikamu seprojekor, RAM, hard disk, video uye kadhi rakanaka, motherboard. Munyaya iyi, vanogona kushandiswa nevamwe - sechisarudzo, zvinobudirira.

Chizvarwa chemazuva ano chemakombiyuta

Izvo zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi, izvo zvakaiswa nevanjiniya muma1970, zvakazova zvakakosha chaizvo zvokuti nyanzvi uye vaongorori vanoratidza kufambira mberi kwekombiyuta sekupfuura mukati mezvizvarwa 4 zvakafanana. Ikozvino, mapurogiramu emazuva ano ekugadzirwa kwepamusoro, kazhinji, anoshandisa pamitemo imwechete sezvigadzirwa zvemakore makumi mana adarika. Mune zvimwe zvinhu, zvakadai, semuenzaniso, masikirini emazuva ano, makombiyuta emazuva ano anoonekwa seakanyanya kunyanya kufanana nehupfumi. Mune chigadzirwa chiyero chekodhadhi kaduku chinokwanisa kukodzera simba rekushandisa, rinopfuura kudarika avo vakamira, somuenzaniso, muPC yekutanga kubva kuAlma mumakore makumi manomwe.

Kuenderera kwemashoko

Asi kunyengera, maPC atinoshandisa mazuva ano anoshanda maererano nezvirongwa zvinotanga kushandiswa mumakombiyuta emakore mana. Hapana mitsara yakajeka iyo inogona kutitendera kuti titaure izvozvo, kutaura zvishoma, yekutanga IBM PC uye yeMac laptop yezuva ranhasi makombiyuta ezvizvarwa zvakasiyana. Basa rinoshanduka zvakasiyana, asi pfungwa yacho inowanzofanana.

Kubva pachikuva chinopiwa neBMM, mapepa akawanda emazuva ano, laptops, monoblocks zvinoshandiswa. Maererano nemitemo yakawanda, zvigadzirwa zvefoni, zvakadai sefoni uye mahwendefa, zvinowirirana neBurmas platform yakaonekwa muma1970. Saka, mune rimwe nerimwe ravo, sePC, kune protosa, RAM, chigadziro chekuchengetedza deta - analog ye hard disk.

Zvakaoma kutaura kuti kunyange iyo yehutano yekushandisa makombiyuta yakakura mumutemo, kana tikaenzanisa zviyero zvekutanga zvechizvarwa chechina chePC uye zvemazuva ano. Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvekombiyuta zvekombiyuta - keyboard, mouse - mumitemo, kwemakore akawanda haana kuchinja. Zvechokwadi, pakaonekwa marudzi ose e touchscreens, maziso asingabatsiri uye mamwe matanho akadai. Asi kwete vese vashandisi vanovabata zvakakwana zvakanaka.

Shanduro dzeSofisi, zvechokwadi, dzakagadziridzwawo, zvechokwadi (OS (pazvokutanga 4 zvizvarwa zvemakombiyuta pane zviyero zvakachengetwa kubva mumutsetse wemirairo, nhasi maitiro anoshanda anosanganisira functional graphical interfaces), maitiro ekushandura kwema software. Mhando dzekutanga dzemapurogiramu anowirirana mumakore ekuma1970 aive nyore nyore mukugadzirisa.

Mazuva ano, izvi zvishandiso zvine simba zvekuita mabasa ekugadzira. Kana tichitaura nezvemitambo, musiyano unoonekwa zvakare. Mumakore makumi manomwe, idzi dzaiva dzakajeka masikati, nhasi vanokubvumira kuita zviitiko zvinonakidza munzvimbo. Zvisinei, mitambo, OS uye shanduro yepurogiramu zvakasikwa vachishandura magadzirirwo akafanana sekugadzirisa kwakatarisana mumakore ekutanga ekugadzirwa kwekombiyuta yechina, kakawanda mumitauro yakafanana yezvirongwa.

Kuenzaniswa kwezvizvarwa zvemakombiyuta

Ngatitii kuedza kuratidzira kuenzanisa maitiro ezvizvarwa zvemakombiyuta. Izvi zvingaitwa sei? Chinhu chakanaka chakanaka ndiyo tafura inofananidzwa yemakombiyuta. Inogona kuiswa mune chimiro chinoratidza hukuru hunhu hwekombiyuta - kushanda, pamwe chete nehutengi hwehutaneti huri kuverenga huripo.

Ndivo okufananidza zvechadenga chizvarwa kombiyuta. Tinoona sei nokukurumidza kuva noruzivo rwemakombiyuta. Computers zvizvarwa dzakasiyana - mienzaniso chidzoke uye akabudirira sumo iri kugadzirwa kupfuura nzira itsva uye yepamusorosoro ouinjiniya pfungwa yakajeka - zvose pamusoro Hardware chinoumba pamwero, uyewo mune software.

Kudivi rimwe, tinogona kugumisa kuti computerization - kutanga kuti anenge yakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma, ane correlative kuwedzera PC waivako, ivo isingadhuri uye nyore kushandisa. Asi pane pfungwa, umo kwacho mubvunzo kunoratidzwa nguva 2, wakati chaizvoizvo kumhanya kana kunonoka, uye zvakanga pashure pakuonekwa kombiyuta 4 zvizvarwa, uye pashure Kushandurwa Internet kupinda munyika network. Izvi zviviri, uye akava, maererano nedzimwe vatsvakurudzi, kiyi vatyairi kuti computerization.