Kuumba ndiye kuRussia uye mhando yayo

Shoko rokuti "chindingindingi" kunoreva predominance mumusika sole mutengesi kana mugadziri yacho chigadzirwa. Kwakadaro sangano iri rose indasitiri, uye anosarudza mumusika mutengo zvibereko zvayo, uye ayo bhuku vazvo kuti vatengi. Nevhu rakawandisa ndiwo zvibereko kukura capitalist ukama. Uyezve, kuvapo kwavo chaizvo chinoumba chipingamupinyi kuita mamiriro chero zvoupfumi zvinhu.

Rega kupa zvizere kukura musika ukama nemarudzi akasiyana nevhu rakawandisa mu Russia. Uye ichi ndicho chakakomba basa, izvo kuedza kuwana akakodzera hurumende miviri.

nhoroondo mashoko

Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19. emakore-refu kuvandudzika kumisika kwave kuchiita kuchinja. Uye vave yakabatana kutyisidzira chaiye makwikwi. Zvisinei, nzira yakadaro inodiwa chokufunga kumusika paiva chinokosha chipingamupinyi, izvo zvakasiyana kwesangano siyana nevhu rakawandisa.

Nhoroondo dzakadaro zvoupfumi masangano vakatanga kare. Siyana nevhu rakawandisa uye avo shanduka Akaperekedzwa anenge zvose nzendo kukura musika ukama. Zvisinei, nhoroondo dzavo achangopfuura akatanga chete okupedzisira rechitatu rechi19 c., Yanga kunyanya kuoneka panguva dambudziko muna 1873

Chiratidzo chindingindingi dzidzo

Chii chinoita izvi? Somuenzaniso, rudzi maindasitiri nevhu rakawandisa - kunze sezvo kuparadzana mabhizimisi uye yeshamwari, uyewo zvebhizimisi kudyidzana, inobereka zvinokosha kwazvo zvimwe zvigadzirwa. Izvi zvinoita kuti masangano kutora hukuru chinzvimbo mutengi pamusika uye kuisa yakakwirira mitengo kuti vauye kubatsira mukurusa.

Ndokusaka chikuru chikabviswa raro oga chindingindingi chinzvimbo. The makambani yakafanana idzodzo yekudyidzana kukurambidza yemakwikwi ichibudira mumusika imwe chigadzirwa. Chokwadi, chido chindingindingi nerimwe mugadziri. Zvechokwadi, kana ichi mumaoko ake naro ichanyanya imwe simba zvoupfumi izvo aizorega zvinetso zvakawanda uye ngozi.

rwokuzvarwa chindingindingi

Sostoyanie hune nezvetsika kumisika iri Classified maererano mhando dzakasiyana. Pane yakadaro ndiye, sezvo dzinongoitika, uyewo administrative uye zvoupfumi. Funga rokutanga pavo.

The chidzoke dzinongoitika chindingindingi kunobatsira zvinoverengeka chinangwa zvikonzero. Panguva iyoyowo dzidzo yakadaro kunoratidza musika mamiriro ezvinhu umo kudiwa chimwe chinhu chaiita anogona kugutsa rimwe boka kana, muzviitiko, vashoma. At mumwoyo ndiye akadaro zvakakurumbira okuwana, kana yokusiyana vatengi. Muzviitiko zvakadaro, kuti makwikwi hazvitomboiti kana zvikuru kunaka. Masangano akadai zvinopa simba nemushonga, ichipa rubatsiro runhare, uye zvichingodaro .. In maindasitiri mabasa akadai kana mumwe kana vashoma makambani.

Administrative chindingindingi

Dzimwe nguva rimwe kana rimwe sangano iri kutanga kutora hukuru chinzvimbo pamusika nekuvongwa zvimwe zviito paruzhinji miviri. Ichi chinhu administrative chindingindingi. A chinodiwa kuti ayo chiitiko ndiko kupa mamiriro oga kodzero kuita mamwe marudzi basa. Uyezve, zvivako dzakadaro kazhinji ine emakambani ehurumende, akaisa youshamwari siyana, shumiro uye nechepakati mapuranga.

The administrative chindingindingi rinosanganisira boka zvoupfumi masangano chete indasitiri, kushumira pamusoro pamusika yose. idzodzo Similar vakanga hune mune yaimbova Soviet Union.

upfumi chindingindingi

Nzira iyi yokudzidzisa ndicho. Iye anozviratidza pamusoro panowanikwa vamwe zvikonzero zvoupfumi uye rakavakwa maererano nemitemo zvoupfumi.

Saka, upfumi chindingindingi anogona kutaura idzodzo zviitiko apo mabhizimisi kuwedzera hukuru musika chinzvimbo nenzira mbiri:

• wevasungwa kuti guta pamwe vachiwana kuwedzera rapanzvimbo zvebhizimisi;
• centralization kuti guta pamwe Kuwedzera kana Absorção de Água kuti kusauka yemakambani.

Kuenda ne wokutanga kana yechipiri, boka rinosvika kukura zvokuti anobvumira kuti kudzora pamusika.

dzakawanda chindingindingi

dzidzo yakadaro inoreva chinokosha mhando. It kunoitika apo mukuru mwero socialization ose capitalist kugadzirwa uye kukura dzinotsanagura interpolation upenyu zvoupfumi.

Ndezvipi nevhu rakawandisa kunogona kunzi dzomunyika mhando? Wokutanga wavo - transnational. chindingindingi kwakadaro ndiko National chezvinonhuwira rayo guru uye anoridzora, asi zviri munyika yaro zvoupenyu basa. Kwakadaro siyana capitalist nevhu rakawandisa, kufanana Makambani, muri muenzaniso. Somuenzaniso:

1. Hanya "Standard Oil New Jersey." Ndiro boka American mafuta, vane mabhizimisi dziri anopfuura makumi mana munyika. Uye kunze, kufunga akaisa 56% yayo yesangano, tichiziva pane 68% wokutengesa, nokugamuchira 52% of purofiti.
2. "Nestle" zvokudya Swiss hanya. Unorema ayo kugadzirwa zvivako uye rokutengesa masangano iri dzimwe nyika. In Switzerland akaitawo chete chidimbu chiduku nhumbi turnover (2-3%).

Isolated uye chaizvoizvo dzomunyika nevhu rakawandisa. Makambani All nokuchengetesa, izvo zvinogona kunzi iri izwi, vane nhamba zvinhu.

kusiyana dzavo kunyanya vavete chokwadi kuti aiva mugove guru aine dzakawanda kuparadzira. The chikuru chinoumba mudonzvo - ndivo vanhu vemarudzi akasiyana. Muenzaniso nokuwadzana uyu:

• Britain-Dutch hanya, "Unilever", kushanda mumunda kwemakemikari uye zvokudya;
• ZveBelgium-German kuvimba "Agfa-Gevert" zvibereko photochemical zvigadzirwa.

Kuwanda masangano monopolistic kwakadaro duku, nokuda akaoma guru nokuwadzana, kwakasiyana-National mavambo - kuti kusiyana mitemo uye kaviri mitero uye vairwisana vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye zvakawanda.

chimiro nevhu rakawandisa

Pane chaicho kupatsanura masangano achitora hune nechinzvimbo pamusoro pamusika. The Pamazita zvinosanganisira dzinoverengeka zvinokosha siyana, izvo dzinogona kubatanidzwa monopolistic mabhizimisi. The nyore vavo dzakatangira nokure wokufambisa. Pakati pavo:

1. Cartel - mufananidzo chindingindingi, iyo rinobatanidza makambani akawanda kushanda chete maindasitiri zvekutepfenyura. Nhengo yakadaro ino vane zvokutenga rusununguko, vanorichengeta vaiva nzira uye zvokushandisa, uyewo akabudiswa vakazvimirira kurasa chigadzirwa. Vechikamu pamusoro cartel chete kubvumirana pane kukosha mugove waro iri zvachose kugadzirwa, pakati misika uye akagadza chinokosha mitengo.
2. Syndicate - mufananidzo chindingindingi, inova mubatanidzwa anoverengeka makambani mukati chete indasitiri, uyo rakaramba vaiva zvokurarama kugadzirwa, asi hapana kuzvimirira pasina kodzero kutengeswa nhumbi zvebhizimisi. Kutengesa zvigadzirwa iyi nyaya inotaura zvinonakisa okutengesa hofisi.

Panewo zvimwe kunzwisisa mhando chindingindingi. emakambani aya kufukidza zvakananga kugadzirwa zvekutepfenyura. Chimwe chikuru siyana chindingindingi iri mhando - Trust. Mukusonganira kwakadaro kunosanganisira makambani kana mumwe kana akawanda pamatavi maindasitiri kugadzirwa. Trust nhengo vasina zvarinoroora nzira inoshandiswa kana chigadzirwa kugadzirwa navo. Kubva kwavari uye vezvokutengeserana kuzvitonga. Nemamwe mashoko, pane mubatanidzwa wenyika anovimba kugadzirwa, yokutengesa, mari uye kutarisirwa. Kunakisa Kubatana uku kuti mumwe nomumwe nhengo dzayo ine migove aifarira rata mugove guru paakapiwa. pasuru kwakadaro kodzero here kuita basa iri vanovimba uye kuwana kubva kwaari mugove wake purofiti.

Pane imwe chimiro kunzwisisa kuti nevhu rakawandisa - a-siyana boka. Chine dzakawanda kana kuti kunyange mazana makambani kuva namatavi siyana pamusoro maindasitiri, zvokutengeserana uye zvifambiso. Nhengo nevhu rakawandisa dzakadaro vanorasikirwa nekodzero yavo vaiva achishandisa kugadzirwa, uyewo chigadzirwa kugadzirwa navo. Uyezve, pamusoro zvose emakambani kunze chidhiraivho zvemari kuitwa nomubereki kambani.

The kwaita nevhu rakawandisa muRussia

Education, rine makambani kudzora pamusika, yakabuda munyika yedu. Uye kokutanga musi nevhu rakawandisa kuRussia akataura pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19. Nzanga idzi kunge wakashanduka-shanduka pachangu nzira, iyo inozivikanwa nokuva zvakananga kupindira muzvinhu dzavo miviri mamiriro. simba rayo riri kukura eHurumende kwakaitika mumunda simbi, zvokuimba engineering, zvekufambisa, shuga uye maindasitiri mafuta. Ndokusaka marudzi chindingindingi kuRussia, somunhu mutemo, hakugumiri kuti administrative mhando. Zvisinei, kusvikira pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. basa nemasangano rakanga mumeso upfumi.

Russia achichinja kuti wokudzora

Muna 1900-1903 gg. nokutambudzika yose zvoupfumi. Akava kurudziro huru kuti zvakazoita kuti nokukurumidza uremu uye paumbwe nevhu rakawandisa mu Russia. Kuziva nzira kubva dambudziko vagadziri vakatanga kuungana indasitiri kokorodzano. Nokudaro rakavambwa inokosha yokuwana nayo kugadzirisa dambudziko. It kwaisanganisira pakagadzwa dzaishandiswa Masangano kwemajoini pakutevedzera kugadzirwa zvinhu. Nokudaro, kwaiva ezasi siyana chindingindingi muRussia raimiririra Syndication. Masangano aya wakaitwa pasi pokudzora pamisika mutengo.

Syndicates, sezvo muchimiro chindingindingi rokutanga, vavapo nokuda mamiriro anodzivirira tariffs, kudzivirira epamba pamusika Russia. Chitarisiko remasangano zvakonzerawo hurumende makondirakiti kana hurumende kuronga makwikwi, achisarudza boka rinoratidza rakadzika mutengo.

Saka, pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. chero syndicates akadai "Prodamet", "Prodvagon", "Produgol", "Roof".

Parallel pamwe kutengeserana mibatanidzwa akatanga kuumba chimiro chindingindingi yakadai, sezvo Trust. Zvishoma nezvishoma akazviratidza uye dzidzo "mhando yepamusoro", kuti ndiye hanya. Songaniro Similar vave muhurukuro donje indasitiri. Uye Entrepreneurs, kuunganidza mazakwatira pakutanga Yakabata mabhanga, uye akatanga kushandisa mari dzavo zvinowanikwa mune underdeveloped zvekutepfenyura. Panguva iyoyo vakanga mabhora ose indasitiri, motokari, zvemagetsi uye makemikari.

International siyana chindingindingi muRussia uchishanda mumafuta indasitiri. Vakasvika nyika yedu iri muchimiro anovimba, vakagovana pamisika nyika. The Russian chaimbova three vamiriri anotambura akadaro. Pakati pavo:

• "Ndakapa Royal Shell" - the Anglo-Dutch kuvimba.
• "The Kudyidzana Nobel", guta guru chikuru iyo vaiva ne maindasitiri German.
• "Russian General Petroleum Corporation", akasikwa pachishandiswa ari Anglo-French upfumi dzemari.

Vakawanda monopolists kuunza pachena kukuvara national upfumi munyika. Vaiita matunhu mitengo kuti zvigadzirwa zvavo, dzimwe nguva Kuderedza dzokubudisa peturu uye simba zvinhu. Ndokusaka hurumende yeRussia rave anomanikidzwa kubata chinonakidza kuti chindingindingi. Types uye mhando dzidzo kwakadaro vakaedza kutirambidza siyana kwemitemo mabasa. Asi zvose zvaiva pasina, sezvo vakawanda vehurumende vari kufanana vanhu mabasa Bhindaukai zvikuru akabhadhara zvepamusoro mumapoka akasiyana-siyana.

maindasitiri kwokushanda

Vamwe zvomunharaunda chindingindingi Russia vakadzivira mabasa ayo maererano nokutambudzika World War First. Asi vose, panguva ruvengo kuwanda remasangano anenge chakawedzera. Vamwe zvinokunetsa, sezvo soro chimiro chindingindingi, vava simba zvikuru. Uye vazhinji vavo yekudyidzana vakawedzera ravo guru yakabudisa bhuku rainzi zvigadzirwa uto nemunhu.

Mushure October Revolution aiva nationalization kuti mabhanga nemaindasitiri. Somugumisiro izvi Kwakabvisa chindingindingi kuRussia. Pakuonekwa remasangano vakatanga zvakare mushure '90s, apo nyika yakatanga kutamira musika upfumi.

The ano Danho

To musi, vakachena chindingindingi kuRussia. Kune makambani mashomanana ane zvigadzirwa kuchikosha pakuita musika (65 muzana kana kupfuura). The chikuru chimiro chindingindingi mu Russia ndiyo shamwari yakakura. Uye vose ndezvaJehovha mhando dzinongoitika idzodzo. anotambura kwakadaro akasikwa nehurumende panguva specialization mutemo, kudzamisa uye yevasungwa okuwana. Zvisinei, zvinetso zvemari vakaratidza pachena kuti zvivako dzakadaro zvikuru kugadzikana.

Mukuwedzera, muRussia kunewo mhando chindingindingi, somunhu munharaunda. It unovapo nokuda kumusika unsaturation, kana munhu Makambani kurwisa achatanga kutora hukuru chinzvimbo. Pamazita ichi vanowanzotaura masangano zvinobatanidzwa kugadzirisa zvinhu zvokurimwa, uyewo hwekutengeserana, utano uye voruzhinji mabasa.

The guru nevhu rakawandisa muRussia dziri nhatu chete:

• Rao "UES", mubasa simba pazera uye inopa mabasa pakukurukura ayo mutengi.
• "Gazprom", mutakuri gasi kuburikidza mapaipi ndokuhutengesera nevoruzhinji.
• IPU inotungamirira njanji chokufambisa.

"Rostelecom" uye rinogona kushandiswa chete pasi. Sangano iri rinopa mabasa dzemarudzi uye refu-daro kukurukurirana. Maduku monopolists, kuronga mabasa avo mumaguta, muri emakambani Vodokanal, Metro uye saizvozvo. D. Vose vanokwanisa waidzora mutengo chigadzirwa raro mutengi nokusanyanya kwake chaiko.

Dzimwe nguva chindingindingi zvisizvo simba pamaoko avo. Vakagadza mutengo kukwirira, akafukidza dzavo hapana musoro mari. Uyezve, upfumi Russian akamborara discriminatory kurapwa pamusoro chikamu nevhu rakawandisa kuti vakwikwidzi ayo. Muenzaniso chisarudzo kwokubatsira ari Kirov nharaunda, kusika ezvinhu zvebhizimisi, chaisanganisira kare kuzviitira basa chemishonga, fekitari inogadzira mishonga, mishonga Database uye Analytical murabhoritari. Yakadaro sangano kwapera kwayakaita nemijenya State Antimonopoly Committee.