Mabasa uye mhando zvinyama (Biology)

Muviri zhinji zvipenyu rinoumbwa munyama. Kunze vose unicellular uye zvipuka zvine masero akawanda, vamwe Somuenzaniso, zvinomera yakaderera, izvo zvinosanganisira algae, uye lichens. Munyaya ino tichakurukura marudzi micheka. Biology kudzidza nyaya, kureva chikamu chayo - histology. Zita munda uyu rinobva echiGiriki okuti "jira" uye "zivo." Kune marudzi machira zhinji kudaro. Biology zvidzidzo, uye chirimwa uye mhuka. Vane Misiyano. Rinenge zvinyama mhando zvipenyu zvidzidzo kwenguva refu. Vakanga zvinorondedzerwa kokutanga, kunyange nyanzvi ivavo vekare vakadai Aristotle uye Avicenna. Rinenge zvinyama mhando zvipenyu kuramba kuongorora zvakare - negore regumi namapfumbamwe remakore, ivo nezvokumwe anozivikanwa masayendisiti akadai Moldengauer, Mirbel, Hartig nevamwe. With dzavo kupindura, mhando itsva muchitokisi vanhu vakadzidza mabasa avo pachena.

Mhando micheka - Biology

Chokutanga, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti munyama kuti vari kuri mumashoko zvirimwa, havasi zvakafanana mhuka. Naizvozvo, mhando zvinyama zvipenyu zvinogona mapoka mapoka maviri: zvinomera uye mhuka. Vose sangana vakawanda mhando. Izvi isu uchabva kukurukura.

Marudzi munyama mhuka

Chokutanga, zviri pedyo nesu. Sezvo tiri mhuka umambo, muviri wedu rinoumbwa chaiyo pamusoro rinenge iyo nemarudzi zvino richabatwa kurondedzerwa. Animal rinenge mhando anogona kuiswa rwakafara mapoka mana: epithelial, tsandanyama, connective uye huta. nhatu dzokutanga akakamurwa mhando dzakawanda. wokupedzisira boka chete chinomiririrwa mumwe chete mhando. Next, funga mhando dzose akamendwa mamiriro uye mashandiro kuti yo kwavari kuitira.

huta tishu

Sezvo mumwe chete siyana, kutanga naye. Mumasero zvinyama rinonzi Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu. Mumwe nomumwe wavo une muviri, ane axon uye dendrites. Wokupedzisira - nayo kurongedza izvo ane zvemagetsi zvairatidza iri chakasvitswa muchitokisi nechitokisi. The axon pamusoro dzouropi imwe - chinhu refu muitiro, dendrites akawanda, ndivo duku pane wokutanga. Sero wemuviri core. Uyezve, muna cytoplasm dziri kunzi saka Nissl masero - analogue endoplasmic retikulluma, mitochondria kuti pave simba, uye neyrotrubochki kuti mubasa conduction ane KUDA kubva muchitokisi chimwe. Zvichienderana mabasa avo, kuti Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu akakamurwa marudzi anoverengeka. The mhando rokutanga - kutsinga dzinouya, kana afferent. Ivo kuitisa nomunhu kubva mupfungwa neduku muuropi. The mhando chechipiri dzouropi - associative, kana nokuchinja. Ivo ongorora mashoko awanika kubva pfungwa uye tanga kudzokera kufamba kweropa. Mhando dzakadaro Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu zvinowanikwa uropi uye musana. Ekupedzisira-siyana - injini kana afferent. Vanotakura muriwo kubva associative dzouropi kuti nhengo. Uyewo ari huta zvinyama vane intercellular fuma. It anoita inokosha zvikuru basa, sezvo rinotipa yakamisirwa nzvimbo iri inosvika Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu rinobatanidzwa kubviswa masero kubva vasingadiwi zvinhu.

epithelial

Ndivo mhando munyama vane masero kunyatsotevera yakabatana mumwe. Vanogona kuva zvitarisiko zvakasiyana, asi nguva dzose zviri pedyo. All rakasiyana-siyana micheka veboka iri akafanana uye kuti intercellular fuma mavari haina kukwana. Zvinonzi ainyanya anomirirwa ari muchimiro emura, mune zvimwe zviitiko zvingasava. Izvi mhando munyama muviri, izvo zvinopa anodzivirira, uye mashandiro secretory chaitika. boka iri zvinosanganisira mhando dzakawanda. Iri sandara, cylindrical, cubic, murove, ciliated uye glandular epithelium. Kubva zita nomumwe anogona kunzwisisa kubva chii chimiro vari rinoumbwa masero. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana epithelial munyama akasiyana uye ayo nzvimbo mumuviri. Saka, flat mitsetse yacho mhango rokumusoro zvomudumbu turakiti - muromo uye yegurokuro. Columnar epithelium mudumbu uye ura. Cubic anogona kuwanikwa renal tubules. Musabata mitsetse yacho nasal mhango, pamusoro payo pane chinokosha villi, ichipa omumwe kunhuwirira. Ciliated epithelium masero, sezvo zviri pachena kubva ayo rokuremekedza, nhaka cytoplasmic cilia. mhando iyi zvinyama lining ari Airways kuti vari pasi nasal mhango. The cilia, iyo ine sero rimwe kuita yokuchenesa basa - vari pandinopokana yakasvinwa mhepo iyo ichipfuura mitumbi rakagumbatirwa izvi nemaonero epithelium. Okupedzisira mhando iri boka rinenge - glandular epithelium. masero ake vanoita secretory ushande. Ivo inowanikwa omumuviri, uyewo vari mhango nedzimwe nhengo dzakadai mudumbu. Masero kwaiita epithelium kuti mahormone, earwax, gastric muto, mukaka, sebum, uye vazhinji zvimwe zvinhu.

tsandanyama tishu

boka rino rakakamurwa zvitatu marudzi. The tsandanyama chinhu kumeso, striated uye mwoyo. All zvinyama tsandanyama akafanana nevaya rinoumbwa masero refu - faibha, dzine zhinji kwazvo mitochondria, sezvo vachida yakawanda simba nokuda kufamba. Smooth tsandanyama rinenge mitsetse yacho mhango pakati zvomukati. Rutapudzo kuti tsandanyama hatigoni kudzora pachavo, sezvo ivo innervated ne autonomic tsinga. Masero striated tsandanyama dzomuviri vanoonekwa vari kuti ane zvakawanda mitochondria kupfuura kutanga. Izvi imhaka yokuti vanoda nesimba rakawanda. Striated tsandanyama vanokwanisa kuramba zvikuru nokukurumidza kupfuura pachaenzaniswa. Inoitwa skeletal tsandanyama. Vari innervated ne somatic tsinga, saka kuti tinogona nokungwaririra kudzora navo. Muscle mwoyo rinenge rinobatanidza zvimwe zvinoitwa vaviri vokutanga. It anokwanisa sezvo vanobishairira uye nokukurumidza ndirambe sezvo striated, asi ari innervated nokuda autonomic tsinga, uyewo pachaenzaniswa.

Connection mhando machira avo mabasa

Vose micheka yeboka iri vari dzinoratidzwa vakawanda intercellular fuma. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvinoita sokuti vari chacho mamiriro, vamwe - iri mvura, uye dzimwe nguva - muchimiro ane amorphous guru. boka iri zvinosanganisira marudzi manomwe. Hazvina gobvu uye unzenza faibha, mapfupa, shwashwa, reticular, adipose, ropa. Mune kusiyana faibha rokutanga akatonga. It riri kumativi zvomukati. Its basa ndiko kuti kuvapa mukana wokushandiswa uye kudzivirirwa. Anodzora fibrous zvinyama amorphous gobvu rikunde pamusoro pedyo fibers. Zvachose anozadza pakakoromorwa pakati zvomukati, apo fibrous gobvu siyana chete yorudzii goko kumativi yokupedzisira. It unoitawo rwokudzivirira basa. Bone uye shwashwa rinenge akaita marangwanda. Iye anoita mumuviri rutsigiro nerevane unodzivirira chikamu. Masero uye intercellular fuma vakawanda pfupa inorganic zvinhu, kunyanya karusiyamu yeimwe uye phosphates. Data kupanana zvinhu pakati marangwanda uye ropa inodzora mahormone akadai calcitonin uye paratireotropin. Origin inotsigira kuipa mapfupa kuita kutendeutsa phosphorus uye calcium yakawanda ions ari makemikari remubatanidzwa anochengeterwa marangwanda. A wechipiri, Ukuwo, pamwe kushayikwa ions izvi muropa chinokurwadzai kuwana kubva skeletal munyama.

Ropa rine zvakawanda emura intercellular fuma, izvozvo inonzi plasma. masero Its nani svoebrazny. Vari rakakamurwa mhando nhatu: maplatelet, masero matsvuku eropa uye ropa masero machena. Wekutanga ndiwo anokonzera kweropa. Panguva iyi, izvozvo makaumba thrombus diki iyo chinonditadzisa mamwe kurasikirwa neropa. masero matsvuku eropa vane mhosva chokufambisa reokisijeni rose muviri uye achivapa zvose munyama uye zvomukati. Vangave aglyutinogeny kuti pane mhando mbiri - A uye B. The plasma anogona aglyutininov zviri Arifa kana Beta. Vane Anti-aglyutinogenam. Nokuti zvinhu izvi, uye akaronga boka ropa. Boka rokutanga masero matsvuku eropa haina kuchengetwa aglyutinogenov uye plasma mhando mbiri aglyutininy pakarepo. Boka rechipiri rine aglyutinogenom aglyutininom A uye Beta. Third - B, uye Alpha. In plasma, wechina hapana aglyutininov, asi masero matsvuku eropa vane aglyutinogeny zvose A uye B. Kana A inowanikwa Arifa kana Beta, pane anonzi agglutination maitiro, zvichiguma masero matsvuku eropa kufa uye chimiro clots. Izvi zvinogona kuitika kana ropa nonconforming boka. Sezvo kuwedzera anoshandiswa chete erythrocytes (plasma panobviswa muna rimwe ropa kubudiswa nzendo), munhu ropa rake chete kunogona transfused kuti boka rokutanga ndiro boka rechipiri - Blood kutanga uye boka rechitatu wechipiri - wokutanga uye wechitatu mapoka, wechina - chero boka.

Uyewo pane masero matsvuku eropa zvingava maantigen D, izvo anosarudza kuti kusapindirana kweropa chinhu, kana zvazvino, racho zvakanaka, kana hapana - kwete. Lymphocytes vane basa kutapata. Vari mapoka mapoka maviri huru: B lymphocytes uye T lymphocytes. First anogadzirwa mumwongo wechipiri - iri thymus (a shwanu riri seri breastbone). T-lymphocytes dzinoiswa kupinda T-inducers, T-vabatsiri uye T-suppressors. Reticular connective zvinyama anoumbwa vakawanda extracellular chizvaro uye hunde masero. Izvi, zvinoumba masero eropa. jira Iri hwaro mwongo nezvimwe hematopoietic nhengo. Munewo adipose zvinyama, masero ose ane lipids. It anoita negadziriro yeparutivi, uye dzimwe nguva kumbogadzirwa kuti mudziye unodzivirira ushande.

Sei miti?

Utachiona uhwu, semhuka, akaumbwa aggregates masero uye intercellular fuma. Mhando chirimwa rinenge isu tsanangura inotevera. Vose vari rakakamurwa mapoka makuru akawanda. Ichi chinhu dzidzo, unhani, conductive, zvemaziso uye dzinokosha. Mhando yakawanda chirimwa munyama, sezvo ndezvaiye mashoma nerimwe boka.

dzidzo

Izvi zvinosanganisira apical, lateral, uye ronda intercalary. chikuru basa ravo - kuitira kukura chirimwa. Zvinosanganisira masero duku kuti vari kushingaira kuparadzanise, uye ipapo kusiyanisa kuumba chero tishu mhando. Apical vari kumuromo kwematanda madzinde midzi, iyo lateral - mukati hunde, pasi chifukidzo, ari kuisa - iri pezvingoro interstices, ronda - ari nzvimbo zvinokuvadza.

Kuvanza

Ivo vanoonekwa ne gobvu sero masvingo rinoumbwa cellulose. Vatambe unodzivirira basa. Kune mhando nhatu: Epiderme e, Cork, Cork. Wokutanga chinofukidza nhengo dzose chirimwa. Iye angava unodzivirira waxy unhani, sezvo vari vake vhudzi, stomata, cuticle pores. Cork yakasiyana pakuti asina, mamwe maitiro zvose, zviri zvakafanana Epiderme e. Chimiso - coverslips vari munyama akafa kuti vanoumba omuti.

conductive

micheka izvi kupinda nemarudzi vaviri xylem uye phloem. basa ravo - chokufambisa kubva ichiputswa zvinhu mumvura kubva kumidzi kune dzimwe nhengo ndiEzekieri. Xylem achiumbwa pamusoro mumidziyo inoumbwa masero akafa pamwe vanachandagwinyira anoshongwa vane transverse Matandira. Ivo anofambisa mvura mvura kumusoro. Phloem - nomusero sepombi - masero mapenyu, izvo havana nuclei. Cross membranes vane akakura pores. Tiine siyana chirimwa munyama zvinhu zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura, vari zvifambiswe pasi.

zvemaziso

Ivowo kuuya mhando vaviri collenchyma uye sclerenchyma. Chavainyanya basa - inonzi simba vose nhengo. Collenchyma anomiririrwa kurarama masero pamwe Woody anoshongwa vari zvakasimba yakabatana mumwe. Sclerenchyma rinoumbwa elongated masero akafa pamwe rakaoma anoshongwa.

chikuru

Sezvo zviri pachena kubva zita ravo, ndivo hwaro zvose chirimwa nhengo. Ndivo kuitwa uye kutsiviwa. Chokutanga iri nyoro chikamu mashizha uye hunde. masero Ndiyo chloroplasts, izvo basa photosynthesis. The okuchengetera munyama kuunganidza makemikari nyaya kakawanda starch ichi.