Amorphous zvinhu. Crystalline uye amorphous ezvinhu nyaya. Kushandiswa amorphous zvinhu

Makambozvibvunza ndezvipi enigmatic amorphous fuma? Nokuti ivo zvayakaita vakasiyana zvose zvikukutu uye kubva mvura. Chokwadi kuti miviri zvakadaro kunyanya yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa mamiriro, une chete zvenguva pfupi hurongwa. Mienzaniso amorphous zvinhu - nebwe, girazi, rinopenya, rabha, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC pamahwindo edu kufarira), uye vamwe Polymers siyana. Uyu muviri yakasimba, iyo havana sekristaro napamahwindo. Asi ivo zvinosanganisira wakisi, adhesives siyana, zvakaoma rabha uye mapurasitiki.

The kujairika ehupfumi pamusoro amorphous zvinhu

Panguva kukamurwa mu amorphous mitumbi zvisina kuumbwa zviso. Nezvimedu zvikuru sviba uye vari pedyo nepedyo. Vanogona kuva kwazvo gobvu uye viscous. How vanobatwawo Kufurirwa nevamwe? Nokupesvedzera siyana tembiricha nomuviri inoyerera wakaita fluid uye panguva imwe chete zvikuru kwakavharwa nenyama. Kana kwokunze zviito pfupi nguva, ari amorphous nemamiriro fuma pasi simba zvazvinoita anogona rwakakamukana zvidimbu. Wokuchinja kubva kunze zvinotungamirira chokwadi kuti kungorega ndokuyerera.

Edza kushandisa zvishoma kuedza pamba nokushandiswa nebwe. Akachibayirira zvakaoma pamusoro, uye Waona kuti rwunotanga dzaanoda. Ndizvozvo, nokuti amorphous! Nokukurumidza kunobva tembiricha zviratidzo. Kana richava refu kwazvo, asi nebwe uchatanga kuyerera nokukurumidza zvikuru.

Chiizve runozivisa miviri yakadaro? Vanogona kutora chero chimiro. Kana amorphous fuma iri muchimiro nezvimedu raizoiswa mumudziyo duku, akadai jagi, ivo kutora chimiro mudziyo. Asi havana isotropic, kureva ivo vanoratidza zvakafanana ehupfumi mumuviri kwose kwose.

Utsotso uye pave nemamwe anoti. Metal uye girazi

The amorphous ezvinhu nyaya haina aida kuramba mumwe tembiricha. Yakaderera prices chando muviri panguva kumusoro - uchanyauka. Sezvineiwo, zviri kunobva viscosity uye mwero zvakadai zvinhu. tembiricha Low anoda pasi viscosity, yakakwirira, pamusoro Zvakatosimbisa anowedzera.

Nokuti zvinhu zviri amorphous mhando vangazivikanwa rimwezve chepfungwa - yezwi crystalline wehurumende, uye kwatangwa. Nei izvi zvichiitika? The womukati simba iri muviri ndoda crystalline pane amorphous. Tinogona kuona muenzaniso girazi zvigadzirwa - magirazi achapedzisira ave mikukutu.

Metallic girazi - chii? Metal anogona kubvisa sekristaro yekamuri panguva utsotso, i.e. ane amorphous fuma kuti rinoonekera marongerwo. Munguva solidification pamwe kutonhora chakagadzirwa sekristaro yekamuri aumbwa zvakare. Amorphous simbi ane zvinoshamisa nemishonga kuti ngura. Somuenzaniso, kumuita muviri mumotokari haungasiiwi zvinodiwa zvakasiyana-siyana coatings, sezvo angadai pasi kwakanga kwatangwa kutsemuka. Amorphous acho ane muviri ane chimiro mabhomba ane simba kusingaenzaniswi, uye nokudaro, amorphous simbi ingashandiswa chero maindasitiri zvekutepfenyura zvachose.

The sekristaro maumbirwo zvinhu

To ainyatsoziva zvinoitwa simbi kukwanisa kushanda navo, unofanira kuva zivo sekristaro mamiriro iwayo kana zvimwe zvinhu. Kugadzirwa nesimbi uye simbi vakanga vasingakwanisi kuwana budiriro yakadaro, kana vanhu vasina chokwadi ruzivo pamusoro zvachinja nemamiriro alloys, muitiro unyanzvi uye woshanda maitiro.

Four inoti nyaya

Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti pane ina uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. inoti: zvikukutu, mvura, gaseous, plasma. Solid amorphous fuma kungava crystalline. Aine Chimiro yakadaro ingava spatial periodicity iri urongwa zvacho. nezvimedu izvi vari crystals anogona kuparadza nguva nenguva inofamba. All mitumbi kuti tinoona iri gaseous kana mvura mamiriro, zvinokwanisika kuchengeta inofamba kuti inoramba iri runobva nyangarara. Amorphous nezvishoma (semuenzaniso nesimbi iri fused ezvinhu, ebonite, girazi zvigadzirwa, Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti) anogona kunzi mvura nechando mhando, nekuti vane kuchinja zvinogona kuonekwa chimiro zvakadai unhu chinhu sezvo viscosity.

Kusiyana amorphous zvokuvakisa magasi uye mvura

Kuratidza plasticity, elasticity, nokuomesa uye zvakajairika miviri zhinji. The crystalline uye amorphous zvinhu zvakawanda nhaka maitiro aya, ukuwo mvura uye magasi havana ehupfumi dzakadaro. Asi iwe unogona kuona kuti ivo inobatsira kuti kwakavharwa nenyama vhoriyamu shanduko.

Crystalline uye amorphous zvokuvakisa. Mechanical uye mumuviri zvivako

Ndezvipi crystalline uye amorphous zvokuvakisa? Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, amorphous inogona kutaurwa miviri idzo vane rakakura viscosity, uye kana havasi munhuwo tembiricha fluidity. Asi yakakwirira tembiricha nekusiyana, anobvumira kuti ichiyerera somunhu mvura.

Zvachose vakasiyana pafuma crystalline mhando. nezvishoma izvi zvinogona kuva kwayo utsotso pfungwa, zvichienderana kwokunze kumanikidzwa. Kugadzirira crystals runobvira kana inotonhorera zvokunwa. Kana musingadi kutora mamwe matanho, tinogona kuona kuti iri mvura wehurumende vari kutanga kuva nzvimbo dzakasiyana pamusoro crystallization. Munharaunda dzakapoteredza nzvimbo idzi, paumbwe yakasimba. crystals vashomashoma vanotanga anobatana rimwe runobva nenzira, uye zvinoitika vanonzi polycrystalline. muviri akadaro isotropic.

unhu zvinhu

Chii chinoratidza mumuviri uye zvemaziso zvivako mitumbi? Zvinokosha mabhomba zvisungo, uyewo mhando sekristaro mamiriro. Ionic mamirire crystals Ionic zvisungo, izvo zvinoreva kuti munhu kwakanaka achichinja kubva mumwe atomu kune mumwe. Panyaya iyi, paumbwe zvakanaka nezvakaipa mhosva inoramba. Ionic chisungo, tinogona kuona muenzaniso nyore - maitiro yaingowanikwa dzakasiyana-siyana oxides uye munyu. Chimwe chiri Ionic crystals - yakaderera kupisa conductivity, asi ayo waivako anogona yekudyidzana kuwedzera kana neshungu. Ari sekristaro yekamuri kunogona kuonekwa zvakasiyana siyana mamorekuru zvakasiyana simba mabhomba chisungo.

A yakawanda zvicherwa kuti tinowana kwose kwose zvakasikwa, vane crystalline yakarongeka. Uye amorphous ezvinhu nyaya - ndiye vo hunhu waro sendarama chimiro. Chete iyi muviri isina kugadzirwa, asi crystals vanogona kutora chimiro chakanaka polyhedra nokuva sandara nezviso, uyewo chimiro runako itsva inoshamisa uye rucheno nezvishoma.

Ndezvipi crystals? Amorphous-crystalline mamiriro

The chimiro miviri yakadaro kugara kwenguva vakapiwa kubatana. Somuenzaniso, nebheriri nguva dzose sokunge munhu hexagonal prism. Shandisa zvishoma chiedzwa. Tora duku sekristaro pakati yavaibvisa munyu cubic chimiro (ndiro) muriise rinokosha mhinduro yakazara napo zvakafanana munyu. Nokufamba kwenguva, uchaona kuti muviri inoramba chete - ratora chimiro kuutio kana rinosvika, iyo tinoberekwa ari crystals munyu zvakare.

Amorphous-crystalline zvinhu - mitumbi izvi, izvo ingasanganisira zvose amorphous uye crystalline maitikiro. Chii kunokanganisa zvinhu ehupfumi ane mamiriro akadaro? Kunyanya yakasiyana reshiyo yemavhoriyamu uye zvakasiyana nzvimbo pachinhu mumwe. Common mienzaniso nezvinhu zvakadaro zvinosanganisira zvedongo zvinhu, porcelain, magirazi Ceramics. Kubva patafura ehupfumi nezvinhu pamwe amorphous-crystalline mamiriro anova ziva kuti porcelain rine kunonyanyisa chikamu magirazi danho. Zviratidzi-chinja mukati 40-60 whith muzana. Yakadereresa kugutsikana tinoona muenzaniso ibwe Kudzingwa - asingasviki 5 muzana. Panyaya iyi, dzakanga dziri Absorção de Água vachava zvedongo usina kukonekita.

Sezvo chikazozikamwa, maindasitiri zvinhu zvakadai porcelain, zvedongo Tile, ibwe zvavo uye magirazi-Ceramics - iri amorphous-crystalline zvinhu nokuti ane rinoonekera chokutambudzika ukuwo crystals wayo chivako. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvinhu ehupfumi vari yakazvimirira tigutsikane mugirazi Pasika.

amorphous simbi

Kushandiswa amorphous zvinhu zvikuru vachishingaira akaita mune zvokurapa. Somuenzaniso, nokukurumidza kutonhora chicherwa zvinowanzodavirwa kushandiswa pakuvhiya. Nokuda chokuita kuitika, vanhu vazhinji vakanga vachikwanisa kutamira vakazvimiririra pashure mukukuvara kukuru. The ndechokuti pafuma amorphous mamiriro ndiyo yakanaka biomaterial nokuda muchibereko kupinda mafupa. The zvichiguma chaiwo screws, ndiro, nembambo, nembambo dzika kwazvo mitswe. Kare muna kuvhiyiwa zvinangwa zvakadaro akashandiswa simbi uye titanium. Chete gare gare zvakanzi akacherechedza kuti amorphous zvinhu anoora zvishoma nezvishoma mumuviri uye zvinoshamisa chine runoita kuti apore mafupa. Zvadaro, nefuma kuchatsiviwa pfupa.

Application mhando amorphous zvinhu mu metrology uye zvakarurama Vanamakanika

Zvakarurama Vanamakanika hunobva zvakarurama, uye naizvozvo anonzi. A zvikuru basa rinokosha indasitiri, uyewo metrology, kuridza Ultra-zvinonyatsochengeta chaitwa tambo zviridzwa, ichi rinobvumira kushandiswa mano amorphous nezvishoma. Nemhaka yakarurama kuyerwa pavaiita rabhoritari uye tsvakurudzo Kudya mumunda makanika uye wefizikisi, pane kugadzirwa zvinhu zvitsva, kuvandudzika zivo yesayenzi.

Polymers

Mumwe muenzaniso kushanda amorphous zvinhu - ndivo Polymers. Vanogona zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja hwakasimba kune mvura, ukuwo crystalline Polymers vane utsotso pfungwa pane kunyoroveswa tembiricha. Ndeipi panyama mamiriro amorphous Polymers? Kana izvi zvinhu vanopa tembiricha yakaderera, uchaona kuti vachava vari rinoonekera ezvinhu uye kuratidza kuti zvivako nezvishoma. Zvishoma nezvishoma kudziyisa chinowedzera chokwadi chokuti Polymers vanotanga kuenda mugomba mamiriro yakawedzera elasticity.

Amorphous zvinhu, mienzaniso yatiri vanotungamirwa, anoshandiswa dzakawanda mu indasitiri. Superelasticity mamiriro achibvumira Polymers zvimwe akaremara, uye mamiriro ichi kunokwanisika nokuda zvakawedzera kuchinja kubva Links uye mamorekuru. Kumwe kuwedzera kupisa kunokonzera zviratidzi kuti polymer zvava kunyanya kwakavharwa nenyama ehupfumi. Anotanga kufamba nenzira inokosha mvura uye viscous mamiriro.

Kana ukasiya ezvinhu pasina kuzvidzora, uye hakutadzisi kumwe kuwedzera kupisa, asi polymer iri pachena kuparadzwa, kuti kuparadzwa. Viscous Hurumende chinoratidza kuti nhengo dzose macromolecules vari Mobile chaizvo. Kana kuyerera polymer Morekuru, ivo anobatanidza kwete chete anombotwasanudza, asiwo zvikuru pedyo nepedyo. Intermolecular Impact polymer ichichinja kuita zvinhu hwakasimba (rabha). mumwe muitiro kwakadaro anonzi zvokuimba vitrification. Izvi zvinhu raishandiswa kugadzirwa mumafirimu uye fibers.

Pachishandiswa Polymers inogona kugadzirwa polyamides, polyacrylonitriles. Kugadzira kubva polymer firimu, zvakakodzera kuvaparadzanisa polymer kuburikidza spinnerets kuti vane buri slots-zvakaumbwa, uye kupfeka tepi. Saka kugadzirwa kavha zvinhu uye kunyatsogona nokuda matepi. Polymers zvinosanganisirawo varnishes siyana (nokuita furo muimba makemikari solvent), adhesives, uye nezvimwe fastening zvinhu uye chinoumbwa (chawo nebwe ine filler), mapurasitiki.

Mafomu ose Polymers

Izvi kwakadai amorphous fuma infiltrated zvakasimba kupinda hwedu. Ivo anoshandiswa kwose kwose. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

1. Various zvigadziko hwokubereka varnishes, adhesives, mapurasitiki zvigadzirwa (phenol formaldehyde nebwe).

2. elastomers kana chakaita zvokugadzirwa rubbers.

3. Insulating zvinhu - PVC, kana yakakurumbira epurasitiki PVC mahwindo. Zviri kuramba pamoto, sezvazvakanyorwa vaiona nonflammable, ane simba rakakwirira zvemaziso uye insulating zvivako.

4. Polyamide - fuma ane kwazvo simba, kuramba kupfeka. It kunoratidzwa kumusoro dielectric maitiro.

5. Plexiglass kana polymethyl methacrylate. Tinogona kushandisa nayo pasango magetsi engineering, kana kuti kushandisa ave mashoko kuvakwa.

6. Teflon, kana polytetrafluoroethylene, - known insulator chisingazivi kuratidza kuti ehupfumi kuti Kuparadzwa mu zvinoita zvokufembedzwa. Broad tembiricha siyana, uye zvakanaka dielectric zvivako kubvumira kushandisa ive hydrophobic kana Anti-kukweshera zvinhu.

7. Polystyrene. Izvi zvinhu hazvisi pachena kuti acids. Iye, uyewo PTFE uye polyamide, anogona sechinhu insulator. Very yakasimba pamusoro zvokuimba zvazvinoita. Polystyrene rinoshandiswa nevakawanda. Somuenzaniso, zvinonzi zvakanaka chikasimbiswa somunhu STRUCTURAL uye insulating zvinhu. Rinoshandiswa zvemagetsi uye redhiyo mapurani.

8. Zvichida akanakisisa kuzivikanwa polymer kwatiri - ndiwo polyethylene. Material Exhibits nemishonga kana pachena kuti hasha runyararo, hazvina zvachose kuyambuka hunyoro. Kana pasuru chakagadzirwa polyethylene, haagoni kuva kutya kuti zviri kuda kuderera pasi pokudzora rinorema mvura. Polyethylene - zviri wavawo insulator. Kushandiswa kwaro rakakura. Pairi dziri tubular yakarongeka, akasiyana-siyana magetsi zvigadzirwa, kuputira firimu, mumuhara wire runhare uye simba mitsetse, pagondobwe redhiyo nezvimwewo.

9. PVC - munhu mukuru-polymer zvinhu. Iye chakaita zvokugadzirwa uye thermoplastic. Rine maumbirwo mamorekuru izvo asymmetric. Zvinenge zviri mvura uye akaita nokutsikirira vachishandisa punching uye kuumbwa. Polyvinyl chloride chinonyanya inowanzoshandiswa magetsi indasitiri. The hwaro dzakasiyana-siyana insulating sepombi uye hoses makemikari kudzivirirwa, bhatiri mabhanga, grommets uye gaskets, waya uye waya. PVC zvakare rakanakisisa wokutsiva hunokuvadza kutungamirira. Hazvigoni kushandiswa sezvo mukuru-kakawanda matunhu sezvo dielectric. Uye zvose nokuda kuti kuchava yakakwirira iri zvazvingava, dielectric kurasikirwa unongotaura. It ane mukuru conductivity.