Light - chiedza ichi ... Nature. mitemo chiedza

Chiedza kuonekwa chero mhando Manyiminya mwaranzi. Nemamwe mashoko, ichi remagetsi wave, kureba riri siyana ane nanometers shoma.

General Definitions

In Tichitevera optics, chiedza - iri remagetsi nemwaranzi, izvo panoonekwa nevanhu ziso. The chairema kuchinja kwakaitwa kutora mu vacuüm it mugove 750 THz. pfupi-wave ichi panogumira chakarondedzera. Its kureba 400 nm. Kana muganhu dzakafara mafungu, asi chikwata yakayerwa chinobviswa pabindu 760 nm, i.e. 390 THz.

The Physics chiedza ichaongororwa sezvo yakatarwa kunangidzirwa nezvimedu anonzi photons. Kuparadzirwa velocity mafungu riri muupenyu vacuüm it. Photons vane imwe tichimhanya, simba, razero vakawanda. In rinobatanidza Mupfungwa, chiedza - rinooneka ultraviolet nemwaranzi. Uyewo, mafungu zvinogona michini. Kubva pfungwa nemaonero ontology, chiedza - ndiwo mavambo oupenyu. zvikukutu uye vazivi, uye vezvitendero zvidzidzo izvi. The jogirafi iri izwi anonzi nomumwe nzvimbo nyika. Roga, chiedza - ndiko evanhu pfungwa. Zvisinei, mune zvesayenzi chine chaizvo maitiro, maitiro uye mitemo.

The hunhu uye manyuko chiedza

Remagetsi nemwaranzi anogadzirwa kukurukurirana pamusoro mhosva inoramba. The Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri zvimiso ndiko kupisa kuti ane chinoramba chakarondedzera. Kunonyanyisa nemwaranzi panobva kunobva tembiricha. Muenzaniso wakanaka zvichiitika zuva. nemwaranzi yaro iri pedyo kuti yacho blackbody. Nature chiedza pamusoro pezuva nokuda kudziyisa tembiricha kuti 6000 K. In iyi vanenge 40% of mwaranzi riri mukati kuona. Kunonyanyisa simba chakarondedzera yaiva pedyo 550 nm.

Light anogona kuva:

1. Electronic casing kwemaatomu uye mamorekuru panguva kuchinja kubva pamwero mumwe. pezvakaitwa kwakadaro kubvumira kuti asvike Linear siyana. Mienzaniso ndivo LEDs zvinoyerera mwenje.
2. Cherenkov nemwaranzi izvo inoumbwa rakaramba kuti mhosva nezvimedu pamwe Pasika velocity wechiedza.
3. photons braking urongwa. Zvinoguma synchrotron kana cyclotron nemwaranzi.

Nature chiedza anogona nechokuita luminescence. Izvi zvinoshandawo chakagadzirwa zvinyorwa, uye Organic. Muenzaniso: chemiluminescence, scintillation, phosphorescence uye nevamwe.

Uyewo, chiedza mabhuku vari mapoka mapoka noruremekedzo kuti tembiricha unhu: A, B, C, D65. The kwazvo chakarondedzera kuchengetwa blackbody.

unhu chiedza

Ziso romunhu anoona subjectively remagetsi nemwaranzi sezvo ruvara. Somuenzaniso, chiedza unogona kupa chena, yero, tsvuku, girini tints. Izvi chete kuona manzwiro kuti chokuita kakawanda pakati mwaranzi, kana Zvinoumba spectral kana monochromatic. Zvinonzi zvakaratidza kuti photons inogona richiparadzirwa kunyange Vacuum. Pasina nefuma kuyerera mwero yakaenzana 300,000 km / s. Izvi kuwanikwa kwakaitwa pakutanga kwe ma1970.

At inowanikwa chiedza rukova kunzwa chero kufungisisa kana refraction. Nepo kuatumira disperses kuburikidza mashoko. Mumwe anogona kuti Manyiminya svikiro inozivikanwa refractive indices dzinokoshesa vakaenzana hama velocities uye Absorção de Água mu vacuüm it. In isotropic zvinhu Kuparadzirwa aibuda hakunei mirayiridzo. Pano, kuti refractive indekisi inomiririrwa scalar yakawanda kuti anosarudza kuti Coordonatele uye nguva. Munzvimbo anisotropic svikiro photons kunooneka pachayo iri chimiro tensor.

Uyezve, chiedza inobudisa uye ikoko. Muchiitiko chokutanga huru kwazvo achasarudza chinozunguzirwa vector. Kana rukova isina inobudisa, inoitwa chine nezvimedu tiite anongoitika mirayiridzo.

Chinonyanya kukosha unhu ndiye chiedza chacho zvikuru. Zvinonzi pakutsvaga photometric tsika dzakadai simba uye simba.

The inokosha ehupfumi chiedza

Photons havagoni chete kushamwaridzana mumwe, asi vanewo mirayiridzo. Somugumisiro neVadzidzi kunze kwezvakatipoteredza kuyerera kaviri kufungisisa uye refraction. Ava vaviri anokosha ehupfumi nechiedza. Sezvo kufungisisa kana kusatonzwa yakajeka: nayo kunoenderana arambe achirema kwenyaya uye pakona rimwe kuitika. Zvisinei, pamwe pakumedura zvinhu zvakawanda kuoma.

Kuti Mutange, unogona kufunga muenzaniso nyore: Kana iwe dzinosiya uswa mumvura, ipapo zvichava sokuti kubva curved uye mupfupi. Ndicho refraction kuti ndepana inowanikwa nemvura svikiro uye mhepo. Izvi zviri pakutsvaga nechokugedhi mwaranzi nokuparadzirwa apo kupfuura nomunyika yacho. Apo chiedza nekubudisa anobata muganhu pakati nhau, ayo wavelength kuchinja substantially. Kunyange zvakadaro, kupararira mwero inoramba zvakafanana. Kana danda hakusi orthogonal ukomba, uye vachatongerwa nokuchinja wavelength uye mirayiridzo.

Chakagadzirwa chiedza refraction inowanzoshandiswa yokutsvakurudza zvinangwa (nemaikorosikopu, lenses, magnifiers). Uyewo kune manyuko rokuchengeta zvatariswa kuchinja anosanganisira magirazi.

kupatsanura chiedza

Pari kusiyanisa chakagadzirwa uye dzinongoitika chiedza. Mumwe nemumwe kwemarudzi idzi pakutsvaga chakanangana mwaranzi kunobva.

Natural chiedza dzakaunganidzwa mhosva nezvimedu kubva ita mhirizhonga uye kukurumidza kuchinja mirayiridzo. Kwakadaro remagetsi munda anosundwa shanduka voltage nokufamba. The dzinongoitika mabhuku zvinosanganisira incandescent muviri, zuva, inobudisa magasi.

chiedza chakagadzirwa chiri zvinotevera kwemarudzi:

1. Local. Rinoshandiswa kumabasa, munharaunda mukicheni, masvingo, etc. chiedza kwakadaro inoita basa rinokosha zvokunyaradza kugadzira.
2. Uchitikurudzira. Izvi yunifomu jekeso nzvimbo yose. Sources zvinosanganisira chandeliers, uriri mwenje.
3. Vasanganiswa. The musanganiswa vekutanga nevechipiri mhando kuti vabudirire nzvimbo yakakwana jekeso.
4. Emergency. Zviri zvikuru kubatsira kuti blackouts. Power anogadzirwa kunyanya kubva mabhatiri.

chiedza chezuva

Nhasi ndiro huru kunobva simba Panyika. Hakusi kuwedzerera kutaura kuti chezuva kunokanganisa-zvinokosha zvose nyaya. Ichi quantitative chenguva, izvo anosarudza simba.

Okumusoro akaturikidzana dzenyika yakapoteredza rine vanenge 50% kubva michini mwaranzi uye 10% UV. Naizvozvo, quantitative chezvinonhuwira chiedza chinooneka chiri 40 chete%.

Solar simba rinoshandiswa chakaita zvokugadzirwa uye zviwanikwa kwendangariro. Ichi uye photosynthesis, uye kutendeuka zvemakemikari siyana, uye kudziyisa, uye zvakawanda. Nemhaka zuva vanhu vanogona kushandisa magetsi. Uyewo, chiedza Rwako zvinogona zvakananga uye vakapararira vakati nomumvura kumakore.

Three mutemo zvikuru

Kubvira munguva dzekare, masayendisiti achidzidza geometric optics. Pari, zvinotevera ndizvo mitemo inokosha chiedza:

1. Distribution mutemo. Anoti kuti ari homogeneous Manyiminya svikiro chiedza akaparadzirwa achirurama mutsetse.
2. Murairo refraction. A ukurire chiedza chiitiko pamuganhu pakati nhau mbiri, uye ayo fungidziro pamusoro mharadzano pfungwa okurutivi chete ndege. Zvinoshandawo kuti perpendicular kwakadonha kusvika kubatana. Nhamba yacho sines ose kuitika uye refraction pamakona ari kugara.
3. Murairo kufungisisa. Nokuburuka pamuganhu ukurire chiedza uye fungidziro kwayo nhema pamusoro chete ndege. Saka pamakona ose kuitika uye nekufungisisa vakaenzana.

chiedza maonero

Munyika munhu kunoonekwa kuburikidza meso kukwanisa ayo kutaura remagetsi nemwaranzi. Chiedza panoonekwa receptors of the retina, izvo zvinogona kubata uye kuita kuti spectral siyana mhosva inoramba.

Muvanhu, pane 2 mhando vasanonoka masero ziso: pematanda uye pasikweya. chikonzero rokutanga mashandiro masikati rurefu azvipire okuvhenekesa. The tsotso uyewo vari unetseke nemwaranzi. Vanobvumira munhu kuona usiku.

Kusvibisa noruvara chiedza zvinokonzerwa wavelength uye kutungamirirwa.