Musimboti makemikari kuita. Murairo kuchengetedza vakawanda zvinhu (makemikari)

Chemistry - sayenzi zvinhu, mudziyo wavo, zvivako zvavo uye transformations, tinowana semubairo nemakemikari, umo nheyo vakaisa mitemo wekemisitiri. talk kemesitiri All anozorora pane mitemo 4 zvikuru, huzhinji akazarurwa masayendisiti Russian. Asi munyaya ino tichakurukura murayiro kuchengetedza nevazhinji zvinhu, inova chikamu mitemo inokosha wekemisitiri.

Murairo kuchengetedza guru nyaya kukurukurwa zvakadzama. Munyaya nhoroondo kuwanikwa nomurayiro, ayo chaizvoizvo uye zvinoriumba zvichabviswa kurondedzerwa.

Murairo kuchengetedza vakawanda zvinhu (makemikari): mashoko

Misa zvinhu vachipinda makemikari maitiro akaenzana mukanyiwa zvinhu kunobva pairi.

Asi shure kune nyaya. Vanopfuura 20 emakore apfuura Muzivi wechiGiriki Demokrit akafunga kuti nyaya yose inoramba asingaoneki. веке химик английского происхождения Роберт Бойль выдвинул теорию: вся материя построена из мельчайших частиц вещества. Uye chete XVII remakore kemisiti Chirungu mavambo Robert Boyle zvinganaka dzidziso: nyaya zvose inovakwa kubvira kumuduku tudonhwe nyaya. Boyle vakaperekedza kuedza pamwe simbi, muchidziisa kuti vakuchidzire. Waiyera midziyo vasati uye pashure kudziyisa, uye vakaona kuti uremu zvakawedzera. Kupisa huni ndokupa vanetsane - pachikero zvishoma padurunhuru huni.

nhoroondo ano

Murairo kuchengetedza nevazhinji zvinhu (makemikari) akapa musayendisiti kubatana muna 1748 MV Lomonosov, uye muna 1756 vakapupurira eksperimentnym nzira. musayendisiti Russian akatungamirira uchapupu. Kana kupisa chisimbiso capsules vakayera gaba capsules uye kudziyisa, uye shure, zvichava pachena guru kuchengetedza mutemo zvinhu (makemikari). The mashoko akaratidza musayendisiti Lomonosov, chakafanana zvikuru ano. musayendisiti Russian akaita mupiro chisingarambiki kuti kukura maatomu-samolecular dzidziso. Iye vakabatana mutemo kuchengetedza vakawanda zvinhu (makemikari) mutemo kuchengetedza simba. Dzidziso razvino akasimbisa zvaaitenda. Makore makumi matatu chete gare gare, muna 1789, musayendisiti Lavoisier weFrance akasimbisa Lomonosov dzidziso. Asi kuti yaive kufembera. Mutemo, yakanga ramakumi maviri remakore (pakutanga), pashure pemakore 10 tsvakurudzo maererano musayendisiti wokuGermany G. Landolt.

mienzaniso kuedza

Funga zvakaitika kuti anogona kuratidza mutemo kuchengetedza nevazhinji zvinhu (makemikari). mienzaniso:

1. Mudziyo pakuiswa tsvuku phosphorus, kufukidza zvakasimba stoppered uye pachikero. Heat pamusoro yakaderera kupisa. Paumbwe chena utsi (phosphorus oxide) akati kuti paiva makemikari maitiro. Reweighed uye kuziva kuti uremu mudziyo pamwe vakawana pfuma hakuna kushanduka. Mukana wokuti vanhu vanga nemapinduriro: 4F + 3O2 = 2R2O3.
2. Tora midziyo miviri Landolt. Mune mumwe wavo nokungwarira kuti varege kusanganisa, dira reagents kutungamirira nitrate uye potassium iodide. Mune mumwe mudziyo akaisa potassium thiocyanate uye ferric chloride. Yakavharwa zvakasimba. The pani inofanira kuva pakati nepakati. Sanganisa zviri mumwe mudziyo. Mune imwe yero precipitate rakaumbwa - kutungamirira iodide, thiocyanate kuwanikwa mune imwe simbi yerima yakatsvuka. In nokuumbwa itsva zvinhu anorwisa mwero.
3. Zazhzhom mwenje, ndokuriisa mugaba. Hermetically kuvhara mugaba. Heano chikero pachiyero. Kana mudziyo kumugumo mhepo, chomwenje unodzima, makemikari kumashoko kwacho kwapera. Scales zvakakodzera, saka Kurema reactants imwecheteyo kurema yeimwe aumba.
4. Swederai rimwezve ruzivo uye funga muenzaniso mutemo kuchengetedza nevazhinji zvinhu (makemikari). Formula karusiyamu chloride - CaCl2, uye sulfate asidhi - H2SO4. In zvakaitwa zvinhu izvi, mumwe chena precipitate - karusiyamu sulfate (CaSO4), uye hydrochloric asidhi (HCl). Nokuti kuedza, tinofanira pakafunuka uye ngarava Landolt. Very kunyatsoongorora kudira mudziyo calcium chloride iine acid sulphate, pasina nokusanganisa kwavari, zvakasimba stoppered. Tinoyera nechiyero. Zvadaro kusanganisa kuti reagents, uye kucherechedza kuti chena precipitate (karusiyamu sulfate). Izvi zvinoratidza kuti aiva pane makemikari maitiro. Zvakare nokuyera mudziyo. Uremu kumbochinja. Mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ichi kuita kuti kutarira seizvi: CaCl2 + H2SO4 = CaSO4 + 2HCl.

chikuru

The chikuru chinangwa nemakemikari kuti kuputsa mamorekuru ari chete zvinhu uye zvadaro anoumba mamorekuru mutsva fuma. Panyaya iyi, nhamba maatomu mumwe fuma kuti nekuita pashure anoramba kuzochinja. Kana nokuumbwa itsva zvinhu, simba asunungurwa, uye pavanenge aputse pamwe Absorção de Água wayo, parizvino akasimba chaizvoizvo, izvo kunooneka pacharo muchimiro Absorção de Água kana kusunungurwa kupisa. Panguva makemikari maitiro Morekuru Precursors - reagents rwakakamukana maatomu ayo zvino yaunganidzwa zvibereko makemikari kuita. Maatomu pachavo kuramba kuchinja.

The zvinogona kugara kwemazana emakore, uye zvinogona kuitika nokukurumidza. In kugadzirwa kwemakemikari zvigadzirwa zvakakodzera kuziva mwero panowanikwa imwe namakemikari maitiro, Absorção de Água kana kusunungura chobudira tembiricha iri zvakakodzera kumanikidzwa, uwandu reactants uye catalysts. Catalysts - duku uremu fuma, haabatanidzwi muna makemikari maitiro asi yekudyidzana kukanganisa kwaro nokukurumidza.

How kunyora makemikari mukana wokuti vanhu vanga

Kuziva mutemo kuchengetedza nevazhinji zvinhu (makemikari), zvinokwanisika kunzwisisa sei kuti makemikari equations.

1. Tinofanira kuziva nzira yacho reactants kupinda makemikari maitiro, uye nzira zvinogadzirwa vakawana kwaro mugumisiro.
2. Kusiyiwa akanyorwa yemaitiro reagents, pakati iyo akaisa "+" uye kodzero - the nzira kunoguma chigadzirwa pamwe chiratidzo "+" therebetween. Mune zvokuimba zviri reactants uye kunoguma chigadzirwa anoiswa chiratidzo "=" kana museve.
3. Nhamba kwemaatomu yose zvinoumba pakati reactants vanofanira kuenzana nokuwanda zvigadzirwa maatomu. Naizvozvo, coefficients vari akaverenga, izvo akaisa pamberi Masvomhu.
4. Usabvisa zvokuimba kubva kurutivi mukana wokuti vanhu vanga rworuboshwe kurudyi kana kurongazve navo.

Kukosha mutemo

Murairo kuchengetedza nevazhinji zvinhu (makemikari) akaita kuti zvibvire kuti kuva inonakidza pasi sezvinoita sainzi. Tsvaka sei.

• Great kukosha mutemo kuchengetedza vakawanda mune makemikoro kuti pahwaro hwayo kwemakemikari kuti Masvomhu nokuda indasitiri. Ngatitii unoda kuwana 9 makirogiramu emhangura sulfide. Tinoziva kuti zvemhangura uye nesarufa maitiro kuchiitika pane imwe uremu nhamba 2: 1. Maererano nomutemo uyu, makemikari maitiro mhangura kurema 1 kg uye 2 makirogiramu rwesarufa inotengwa mhangura sulfide yairema 3 makirogiramu. Sezvo tichifanira kuwana yemhangura sulfide uremu 9 makirogiramu, kureva 3 nguva yakawanda, uye reagents vanoda zvakawanda ka3. Ndicho 6 makirogiramu emhangura uye 3 makirogiramu rwesarufa.
• Mukana kuti zvakarurama makemikari mukana wokuti vanhu vanga.

mhedziso

Averenga havafaniri kuva nemibvunzo pamusoro musimboti mutemo nhoroondo chichikosha nyaya iyi, izvo, sezvinei, zvaisanganisira inozivikanwa compatriot yedu, musayendisiti MV Lomonosov. Izvo zvakare rinobvuma sei guru isimba otchestvennoy nesayenzi. Zvakazivikanwawo pachena kukosha kuwanikwa mutemo uyu uye zvarinoreva. Uye vaya vasingazivi sei kunyora makemikari equations kuchikoro, pashure pokuverenga nyaya, kudzidza kana kurangarira sei kuzviita.