Kugadzirisa matambudziko genetics kuti zvipenyu?

The kudzidza mitemo inokosha yedzinza uye kusiyana zvinenge chimwe chezvinhu zvakaoma asi zvinovimbisa chaizvo anosangana nesayenzi yemazuva ano. Munyaya ino tikatarisa kuti dzinokosha yokungotaura Dzidziso uye postulates nesayenzi, uye achaita kubata sei kugadzirisa matambudziko ari genetics.

Chakakoshera pakudzidza yedzinza

Two matavi makuru sayenzi yemazuva - mushonga uye maberekero - kubudikidza tsvakurudzo nhaka kwezvinhu. The chaizvo chete utachiona chirango, zita iro wakatangwa muna 1906 ne Chirungu musayendisiti W. Betsonom, hazvina zvikuru yokungotaura sezvo hunobatsira. Ani anosarudza zvakakomba kunzwisisa mashandiro wenhaka akasiyana nounhu (akadai ziso ruvara, bvudzi, ropa), vaitanga kudzidza mitemo yedzinza uye kushanduka, uyewo mufananidzo sei kugadzirisa zvinetso genetics dzevanhu. Ndizvo nyaya tiri kuzoita.

Basic Pfungwa uye mazwi

bazi rimwe nerimwe rine chairo, pachangu chete naye, mumwe iine zvinokosha tsanangudzo. Kana tiri kutaura pamusoro nesayenzi kuti vanodzidza dzinotsanagura kupararira enhaka zvinoyemurika, tinonzwisisa zvinotevera mazwi ekupedzisira: majini, genotype, phenotype, mubereki shiri, VaNefirimu, gametes, uye zvichingodaro. Mumwe nomumwe wavo tinosangana, kana tikadzidza mitemo, tiudze sei kugadzirisa matambudziko zvipenyu, genetics. Asi pakutanga tichadzidza Hybridological nzira. Pamusoro pazvo, ndiro hwaro masero zvidzidzo. Rakanga dzataurwa nokuda Czech zvakasikwa G. Mendel muzana remakore rechi19.

How nhaka unhu?

Mitemo nokupfuuridzirwa zvivako muviri dzakafukunurwa ne Mendel kuburikidza kuedza kuti zvinoitiswa inozivikanwa chirimwa - pizi. Hybridological nzira iri kuyambuka vezvikwata zviviri, izvo vakasiyana mumwe nomumwe peya zvinhu (monohybrid muchinjikwa). Kana kuedza kunosanganisira zvipenyu vane akawanda yegwara nzira (wakatarisana) chiratidzo, zvino kutaura pamusoro poligibridnom kuyambuka. The musayendisiti akataura zvinotevera notation nevanga hybridization zviviri pizi zvirimwa kuti muri mbeu mavara akasiyana. A - yellow pendi, uye - nyoro.

Pakunyora F1 ichi - VaNefirimu wokutanga (I) zera. Ndivo zvachose dzakafanana (chete) zvose, nokuti ane hukuru Gene A, nokudzora yeyero mbeu ruvara. The pamusoro kupinda anoenderana wokutanga mutemo Mendel (Rule F1 VaNefirimu zvakafanana). Achiziva anotsanangura kuti vadzidzi sei kugadzirisa matambudziko ari genetics. Grade 9 ane chirongwa zvipenyu, riri kudzidzwa zvakadzama Hybridological nzira yokugara tsvakurudzo. uyewo Inoongorora uye wechipiri (II) kazhinji Mendel akatumidza mutemo panguva iyoyo. Sezvazvakanyorwamo, nevaNefirimu F2, yaunganidzwa kuyambutswa maviri okutanga chizvarwa VaNefirimu nemumwe, mumwe kukamurwa iri nhamba 3 1 phenotype uye genotype 1 uye 2 1.

Uchishandisa pamusoro payakavakirwa, uchanzwisisa sei kugadzirisa zvinetso genetics pasina kukanganisa kana mamiriro avo ingashandiswa kutanga kana kare anozivikanwa mutemo II Mendel, wakapiwa kuti mazambuko kunoitika apo Kudzora yakakwana mumwe majini.

Murayiro rinodaro yakazvimirira tichibatanidza zviratidzo

Kana vabereki vanhu zvisingapindirani mbiri mbiri dzimwe vatambi, akadai mbeu ruvara uye chimiro, kubva zvirimwa zvakadai pizi, ipapo mukufamba masero takayambuka rinofanira kushandiswa Pinneta grille.

Zvachose VaNefirimu zvose, izvo chizvarwa chokutanga kuteerera mutemo zvakafanana Mendel. Ndiko vava vashava, ane mvere penyika. Kuramba muchinjikwa pakati muti F1, tinowana yechipiri-chizvarwa VaNefirimu. Kuti uzive sei kugadzirisa matambudziko genetics, mugiredhi rechi10 mune zvipenyu kirasi anoshandisa chinyorwa maviri-vakaberekwa kuberekesana, kushandisa nzira yokuita anotsemura phenotypically 9: 3: 3: 1. Under ezvinhu kuti majini yakarongwa vaviri vaviri siyana zvinogona kushandiswa Mendel uchapupu wechitatu - mutemo tichibatanidza zvinoitwa akazvimirira anoti.

Sezvo boka nhaka ropa?

The mashandiro kuti kupararira zvakadai zvakakurumbira sezvo boka ropa muvanhu, asingadi dzinoenderana nemitemo kukurukurwa kwokutanga. Ndiko, hazvina pasi rokutanga uye rechipiri mutemo Mendel. Izvi imhaka yokuti zvakadai zvakakurumbira sezvo ropa, maererano zvidzidzo Landsteiner, nemauto alleles matatu I: A, B uye 0. Naizvozvo genotypes ndeinotevera:

• boka First - 00.
• Second - AA kana A0.
• boka rechitatu - BB kana B0.
• Wechina - AB.

0 jini recessive allele kuti majini A uye B. A boka rwechina mugumisiro kodominirovaniya (yakawiriranwa pamberi majini A uye B). Kazhinji zvakakosha kuti funga, kuziva sei kugadzirisa matambudziko pamusoro genetics kuti boka ropa. Asi kwete ndizvozvo zvose. Kuti asimbise genotype vana neropa, vabereki vane ayo akasiyana, shandisa tafura pazasi.

Morgan pfungwa yedzinza

Vodzokera Chikamu nyaya yedu "Mutemo yakazvimirira inoti kuti tichibatanidza zviratidzo", umo takakurukura sei kugadzirisa matambudziko ari genetics. muchinjikwa Dihybrid, sezvinoita murayiro III Mendel, izvo zviri pasi, rinoshanda kune allelic majini, homologous okutodza vari vaviri neimwe.

Pakati pezana remakore rechi20 American geneticist T. Morgan akaita nharo kuti vakawanda zviratidzo raitungamirwa majini, izvo dziri mune imwe chromosome. Vane Linear urongwa chimiro uye linkage mapoka. Uye nhamba yavo haploid yakatarwa okutodza chaizvo. In nedanho meiosis, zvichiita kuti paumbwe gametes, pabonde masero kuuya majini chete, akafunga Mendel, uye rose zvivako zvavo, rinonzi Morgan batira mapoka.

Crossover

Panguva prophase I (anonziwo wokutanga meiotic kupesana) pakati yomukati chromatids ose homologous okutodza vari vakatsinhanisa migove (lukusami). Fani iyi inonzi Crossover. Ndicho hwaro magene kushanduka. Crossover zvinokosha kunyanya pakudzidza zvipenyu hanya pakudzidza dzevanhu enhaka zvirwere. Uchishandisa zvinodavirwa muchitendero kusimuka chromosomal dzidziso yedzinza Morgan, isu kutsanangura imwe algorithm kuti anopindura mubvunzo sei kugadzirisa matambudziko ari genetics.

Sex-yakabatana zviitiko nhaka vanonyanya nyaya kuchinjwa majini, izvo riri chete chromosome. Daro kuti aripo pakati kwemajini mumapoka linkage vakaratidza kuva chikamu - mepu dzakabatana. A coupling simba pakati kwemajini Proportional kusvika kure zvakananga. Saka, vakawanda akayambuka kunoitika pakati majini, izvo dziri kure nomumwe. Funga Chiitiko chokuita nhaka zvizere. Asi ari mangwanani yeuka chii zvinhu yedzinza anokonzera pabonde unhu zvipenyu.

pabonde okutodza

In vanhu karyotype vane chaiyo yakarongeka: mune vakadzi akapa chete maviri X okutodza, apo vanhu vari pabonde nomudzimai, kuwedzera X chromosome, kunewo U-shanduro patinenge zvose nechimiro uye iine majini. Izvi zvinoreva kuti hazvina homologous kuti X chromosome. kwevanhu zvirwere zvakadai nhaka zvakadai hemophilia, uye ruvara upofu simuka nokuda "nepakumedura" nomunhu majini pamusoro X chromosome. Somuenzaniso, mutakuri muchato hemophilia nemurume ane utano zvinogona vakaberekwa Bhaasha.

The pamusoro nzira yokugara takayambuka kunoratidza kuti batira Gene kuti anodzora kweropa, dzebonde X chromosome. ruzivo urwu nesayenzi unoshandiswa kudzidzisa vadzidzi unyanzvi, kusarudza sei kugadzirisa matambudziko ari genetics. 11 kirasi ane chirongwa zvipenyu, iyo inoongorora muudzame zvikamu zvakadai se "genetics", "Mushonga" uye "genetics evanhu". Vanobvumira vadzidzi kudzidza nhaka zvirwere dzevanhu uye kuziva zvikonzero ivo inomuka pairi.

Gene kwavatori

Uchatamisa nhaka unhu - panzvimbo yakaoma muitiro. Izvi Zvirongwa vamba kuva pachena chete kana vadzidzi dzinokosha pasipasi ruzivo. Zvinokosha, sezvo rinopa nzira kuti anopa mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti sei kudzidza kugadzirisa matambudziko zvipenyu. Dzinza rako Zvidzidzo kubata rinoumbwa magene. Izvi polymer epistasis, complementarity. Tichataura zvakawanda pamusoro pavo.

MUENZANISO nhaka kwevanhu kunzwa ndechokuti mufananidzo uyu mhando kwokukurukurirana sezvo complementarity. Kunzwa dzinodzorwa zviviri zviviri majini zvakasiyana. The rokutanga anokonzera kuipa kusimudzira cochlea womukati nzeve, uye wechipiri - nokuti kushanda auditory etsinga. Muchato vabereki matsi, mumwe nomumwe riri homozygous recessive nomumwe mumwe maviri maviri majini, vana vanozvarwa vaine kwomuzvarirwo kunzwa. genotypes izvi varipo zviviri hukuru majini kuti kudzora zvinoitika pakukura kunzwa zvinoyamura.

pleiotropy

Iyi inonakidza pamusoro Gene nekuita umo imwe Gene aripo ari genotype, phenotypic mashoko anoenderana akawanda zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, muna kumavirira Pakistan akawana kwevanhu vamwe vamiririri. Havana ziya mumasero mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzomuviri. Panguva iyoyowo vanhu vakadaro vave nechirwere kusavapo vamwe molars. Havana kugona vakaumba mukufamba ontogeny.

In mhuka, semuenzaniso, gwai karakulskih chipo chikuru Gene W, izvo anodzora sei makushe coloring uye zvinoitika kukura mudumbu. Funga kuti W jini nhaka michinjikwa vaviri heterozygous vanhu. Zvakaratidza kuti vana vavo ¼ makwayana genotype WW, anofa nokuda anomalies kukura mudumbu. Panguva iyoyowo ½ (pamwe wachena makushe) heterozygous uye chine musoro, uye ¼ - vanhu vane matema makushe uye zvinoitika kukura mudumbu (genotype wavo WW).

Genotype - a RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA hurongwa

Multiple Migumisiro majini poligibridnoe kuyambuka, kutanga chokuita nhaka vashumire hunogutsa hwokuti ndechokuti seti majini mumuviri wedu zvakakwana hurongwa, kunyange zvazvo chinomiririrwa nomumwe alleles majini. Vanogona nhaka mitemo Mendel, kana loci unesungano kuteerera zvinodavirwa muchitendero dzidziso Morgan. Kufunga mitemo anokonzera nzira yokugadzirisa zvinetso genetics, takazoziva kuti phenotype upi muviri zvinokonzerwa zvose allelic uye vasiri allelic majini kupesvedzera kukura mumwe kana kupfuura zvimwe.