Nobel mubairo mabhuku: mazita. Literature Nobel Prize of USSR uye Russia

The Nobel Prize kwairatidzwa industrialist, muvambi uye makemikari injiniya kubva Sweden, Alfred Nobel, uye inonzi iri rukudzo rwake. It anonzi zvikuru nomukurumbira munyika. Laureates vawane menduru yegoridhe, izvo zvinoratidza AB Nobel dhipuroma uye cheki wemuno. Yokupedzisira rinoumbwa haibatsiri saizi, izvo anogamuchira Nobel Foundation. Muna 1895, Alfred Nobel akaita kuda kwake, nenzira iyo rayo guru pakuiswa muzvisungo, mumatanda uye zvikwereti. Mari kuti auye mari izvi rimwe gore inokamukana zvakafanana migove mashanu uye akava mubayiro kubudirira muzvinhu shanu: kemisitiri, wefizikisi, physiology kana mushonga, mabhuku uye kuti mabasa kusimudzira rugare.

Wokutanga Nobel Prize pamusana Literature akanga paakavapa 10 December 1901, uye kubva yapiwa pagore musi uyu, ndiwo musi Nobel afa. Awarding of vakundi kunoitika Stockholm namambo Swedish. Pashure pokugamuchira mubayiro Nobel Prize pamusana Literature laureates vane 6 mwedzi vazopa hurukuro pamusoro penyaya basa ravo. Ichi chinhu chinokosha zvimiso kugamuchira mubairo.

Chisarudzo pamusoro uyo paakavapa Nobel Prize muna Literature, ari Swedish Academy anogamuchira, vachishandisa Stockholm, uyewo Nobel komiti pacharo, iro verenga kunze chete nhamba vamhan'ari, pasina kudoma mazita avo. The nzira pacharo pakusarudza Classified, izvo chinoita dzimwe nguva kutsamwa vatsoropodzi uye vatsoropodzi vanoti kuti award unopiwa nezvikonzero zvematongerwe enyika pane kuti mabhuku kubudirira. Huru nharo, unopirwa mu uchapupu - iri vadarika shoma Nabokov, NdiTolstoy, Bohres Joyce. Zvisinei, mazita vanyori vakagamuchira achiri hunoshamisa. Of Russian akahwina mubayiro weNobel nokuda Literature Prize - vanyori shanu. Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro mumwe nomumwe wavo, ona pazasi.

The Nobel Prize muna Literature 2014 yakanga paakavapa nguva 107, zvakanga Patrick Modiano, munyori French uye screenwriter. Kureva, kubva 1901, varidzi mibayiro vane 111 vanyori (nekuti nguva mana akanga paakavapa hachishandi maviri panguva imwe chete).

Kunyora zvose vakundi uzivanewo nomumwe wavo - zviri zvikuru yakareba. Kupfuura nomukurumbira uye vakashanyira Nobel Prize mabhuku uye mabasa avo zvinopiwa dzako.

1. William Golding, 1983

William Golding akagamuchira mubairo wake enganonyorwa akakurumbira, izvo basa rake, pane 12. kupfuura kuzivikanwa, "Ishe nhunzi" uye "The venhaka" vari pakati yakanakisisa-kutengesa mabhuku akanyorwa Nobel laureates. The nganonyorwa "Ishe nhunzi", rakabudiswa muna 1954, akauya mukurumbira dzakawanda kuti munyori. Kazhinji vatsoropodzi enzanisa pamwe yokufungidzira "The Catcher iri Rye" naJ Salinger mwero kukosha kwayo nokuti kukura mabhuku uye panguva pfungwa zvavo.

2. Toni Morrison, 1993

Nobel Prize mabhuku - kwete chete varume asiwo vakadzi. Izvi zvinosanganisira Toni Morrison. Izvi American munyori mumhuri vanoshanda kirasi Ohio. Kunyoresa Howard University, apo akadzidza mabhuku uye mutauro Chirungu, akatanga kunyora mabasa ake. The nganonyorwa yokutanga, "The Bluest Eye" (1970), rakanyorwa pachishandiswa imwe nyaya anoumbwa kwake University pedenderedzwa vanyori. Ndiye mumwe zvikuru nevanhu mabasa Toni Morrison. Mumwe wake yokufungidzira, "Sula," rakabudiswa muna 1975, akanga nominated nokuti National Book Award muUnited States.

3. Dzhon Steynbek, 1962

Steinbeck kuti mabasa dzakakurumbira - "East weEdheni," "The Grapes Yokutsamwa," "Of makonzo uye Men." Muna 1939, kuti yokufungidzira "The Grapes Yokutsamwa" akava Bestseller, kutengesa makopi anopfuura 50,000, uye nhasi nhamba yavo kunopfuura miriyoni 75. Kusvikira 1962, munyori akanga nominated nokuti mubairo kasere uye akafunga amene kukodzera mibayiro yakadaro. Uye vatsoropodzi vakawanda US akaona kuti ake enganonyorwa akazotevera riri kurukutika zvikuru kupfuura yapfuura, uye akapindura rakaipa pamusoro mhemberero iyi. Muna 2013, apo vakanga declassified zvimwe zvinyorwa Swedish Academy (ayo akaramba inofambirana kwakarinda muchivande kwemakore 50), zvakava pachena kuti munyori akanga paakavapa nokuti mugore rino "zvakanakisisa kambani zvakaipa."

4. Ernest Hemingway, 1954

Munyori uyu mumwe pfumbamwe mubayiro vakundi mabhuku, chaakakurira paakavapa kwete basa rose uye nokuda chaizvo chigadzirwa, kureva kuti yokufungidzira "The Old Man neGungwa." Hazvina basa rokutanga kubudiswa muna 1952, akauya munyori unotevera, 1953, uye mumwe mubayiro nomukurumbira - the Pulitzer Prize.

Mugore iroro Nobel komiti Hemingway zvaisanganisira ari pamazita musarudzo, asi Kumukundi pamusoro mubairo akava panguva iyoyo, Winston Churchill, uyo panguva iyoyo akanga akatendeukira makore 79 okuberekwa, uye saka kwakasarudzwa kuti asaende pamwe mubayiro Mubayiro. Uye Ernest Hemingway aiva vakakodzera weNobel zviri mubayiro munyika inotevera, muna 1954.

5. Gabriel Garcia Márquez, 1982

Nobel Prize muna 1982, yaisanganisira ari kuwanda Gabriel Garcia Márquez. Aiva munyori wokutanga kubva Colombia uyo paakavapa ari Swedish Academy. mabhuku ake, ramakagadzwa tinofanira unosimbisa "Chronicle imwe Rufu kunoziviswa", "Autumn of Patriarch" uye "Rudo Panguva Cholera," akava zvakanaka-kutengesa mabasa akanyorwa Spanish, munhau yacho. The nganonyorwa "Zana Makore Solitude" (1967) ndiro imwe akahwina mubayiro weNobel, Pablo Neruda, akadana mukuru pashure "Don Quixote" yokufungidzira zvisikwa Cervantes 'muchiSpanish, rakashandurirwa mumitauro inopfuura 25, uye mukuru kuparadzirwa chigadzirwa yakanga anopfuura 50 makopi mamiriyoni.

6. Semyuel Bekket, 1969

Nobel Prize muna 1969, akanga paakavapa kuna Samueri Beckett. Munyori Irish ndiyo imwe yakakurumbira vamiririri modernism. Ndiye, pamwe Ezhenom Ionesku akavamba akakurumbira "yemitambo musoro." Semyuel Bekket akanyora mabasa ake mumitauro miviri - Chirungu uye French. Mwana inozivikanwa kwazvo peni yake yaiva mutambo "Kumirira Godot", zvakanyorwa French. Anoshanda kutevera zano. The vanonyanya kutaurwa ose mutambo kunotarisirwa ane Godot, izvo zvinofanira kuita zvimwe pfungwa aripo yavo. Zvisinei, haana kuonekwa, saka muverengi kana Fafitera anofanira kusarudza kuti zvakanga kuti mufananidzo.

Beckett Aifarira kutamba wechesi, tikabudirira navakadzi, asi akatungamirira panzvimbo yakavandika upenyu. Kunyange kuuya mhemberero, haana kubvumirana Nobel Prize, achituma panzvimbo yake muparidzi yake Jerome Lindon.

7. Uilyam Folkner, 1949

Nobel Prize muna 1949, akaenda kuna William Faulkner. Iyewo pakutanga akaramba kuenda Stockholm nokuda mubairo, asi kuguma akanyengetedza mwanasikana pazviri. US President Dzhon Kennedi akamutuma kukokwa kuti chisvusvuro yakarongwa kukudzwa Nobel Prize. Zvisinei, Faulkner, upenyu hwake vaiona pachake "mumwe munyori uye murimi", mumashoko ake pachake, aramba kubvuma kukokwa, dzichishandisa kukwegura.

Kupfuura nomukurumbira uye dzakakurumbira enganonyorwa ari munyori ndivo "Sound uye Fury" uye "Apo ini Turika Dying." Asi kubudirira pamabasa aya haana kuuya pakarepo, kwenguva refu, zvairema kutengeswa. The nganonyorwa "The Sound uye Fury," rakabudiswa muna 1929, makore 16 okutanga pashure bhuku rave akatengesa makopi makopi zviuru zvitatu. Zvisinei, muna 1949, nguva okutambirwa Nobel Prize munyori, yokufungidzira ichi chave muenzaniso dzekare mabhuku America.

Muna 2012 iri UK rakabuda rinokosha reShanduro basa iri, umo mashoko rakadhindwa namavara 14 siyana, kuti zvakaitwa akumbirwa munyori kuti muverengi kuona dzakasiyana nguva ndege. Limited chinyorwa nganonyorwa vakasvika makopi 1,480 chete uye vakatengesa pakarepo mushure kusunungurwa. Zvino mutengo ebhuku rino zvisingawanzoitiki Shanduro vanofungidzirwa panguva vanenge zviuru 115 rubles.

8. Doris Lessing, 2007

Nobel Prize muna 2007, akanga paakavapa kuna Doris Lessing. munyori uyu uye nyanduri kubva UK mubayiro wokuva aine makore 88 okuberekwa uye akava muridzi wazvo. Aivawo akava mukadzi regumi (13), akahwina Mubayiro.

Lessing vasina mukurumbira zvikuru pakati vatsoropodzi kubva Kashoma akanyora nyaya chekuita nenyaya dzainetsa dzenzanga iye, chinowanzoonekwa kunyange kunzi mashoko Sufi dzidziso, achiparidza renunciation zvinhu zvenyika. Zvisinei, maererano nemagazini The Times, munyori uyu kunoitika rechishanu ari mazita 50 Vanyori mukuru British, rakabudiswa pashure 1945.

The rinofarirwa kupfuura basa Doris Lessing vaiona yokufungidzira "The Golden Notebook", rakabudiswa muna 1962. Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanoti kuti mimwe dzenhoroondo rainge rakabudirira revakadzi raive prose, asi munyori chaiyo nepfungwa iyi chaasingawirirani.

9. Alber Kamyu, 1957

Nobel Prize pamusana Literature, uye akagamuchira French vanyori. Mumwe wavo, mumwe munyori, wenhau, munyori wenyaya, mumwe Algerian mavambo, Alber Kamyu, iri "hana Western." basa rake yakakurumbira zvikuru inobudiswa 1942 muFrance, nyaya "The Munyemba". shanduro Chirungu, rokutengesa vakatanga yakaitwa muna 1946, uye atova makore mashomanana, nhamba makopi vakatengesa yakanga anopfuura mamiriyoni 3.5.

Albera Kamyu kazhinji anonzi vamiririri existentialism, asi haana anobvumirana neizvi uye zvakasimba akaramba tsanangudzo kudaro. Saka, vari kutaura panguva Nobel Prize, akaona kuti basa rake vakatsvaka "kudzivisa nemaune nhema uye kurwisa nokudzvinyirirwa."

10. Elis Manro, 2013

Muna 2013, ivo nominees Nobel Prize mabhuku zvaisanganisira yaro mazita Elis Manro. Mumiririri Canada, ichi novellistka vakakurumbira Genre iri pfupi nyaya. Zvisinei, Nyora navo, akatanga mangwanani, pamwe makore okuyaruka, kuunganidzwa kwake wokutanga anoshanda pasi zita "vanofara Kutamba mimvuri" yakabudiswa chete muna 1968, apo munyori akanga akatendeukira makore 37 okuberekwa. Muna 1971 akazviratidza rinotevera kuunganidzwa, "upenyu vasikana nevakadzi," izvo vatsoropodzi vakatsoropodza rinonzi "itsva dzidzo". mamwe mabasa ake chaiko zvinosanganisira mabhuku: "Uye vari iwe, chokwadi, ndechokuti?" "anotiza," "Jupiter kuti satellites", "mufaro Kunyanyisa." Maererano nomumwe akaunganidzwa ayo, "The ruvengo, ushamwari, kudanana, rudo, wanano," rakabudiswa muna 2001, kunyange vakaenda mumwe firimu Canadian inonzi "kure naye", aitungamirirwa Sara Polli. Most yakakurumbira bhuku munyori anonzi ari "Mugwagwa Roupenyu", rakabudiswa muna 2012.

Munro unowanzonzi "Canadian Chekhov", sezvo okuruka vanyori izvi zvakafanana. Kufanana nomunyori wokuRussia, izvozvo kunoratidzwa mupfungwa realism uye zvakajeka.

Literature Nobel Prize kweRussia

Pari, yokuisira ari mubairo vari vanyori shanu Russian. Wokutanga ava weNobel I. A. Bunin.

1. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, 1933

Zviri Russian munyori anozivikanwa uye nyanduri, nyanzvi musoro prose, chinhu honorary nhengo St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Muna 1920, Ivan vachienda France, uye kana achipa mubayiro vakaona kuti Swedish Academy akaita chaizvo noushingi, awarding munyori-mubvakure. Pakati musarudzo akanga akanyorwa uye mumwe munyori Russian, Bamba Gorky Zvisinei, kukonzerwa kusunungurwa kudhindwa pachishandiswa nguva bhuku "The Life of Arseniev" miromo yesimbi pachikero vachiri akananga Ivan gore rino mubayiro.

First nhetembo Bunin akatanga kunyora aine makore 7-8. Gare gare, kubva pamabasa ake akakurumbira; asi yokufungidzira "The Village", dzakaunganidzwa "Suhodol", bhuku "John Rydalets", "The jendurumani kubva San Francisco", etc. Munguva 20s vakanga zvakanyorwa. "Rose muJeriko" (1924) uye " sunstroke "(1927). Uye muna 1943 yakati kubatidza pamusoro okugadzira zvinhu pamusoro Ivan Alexandrovich, dzakaunganidzwa nyaya "Dark Alleys". Bhuku rino rakatsaurirwa kuna chete nyaya imwe - rudo nayo "rima" uye rima divi, sezvo munyori akanyora imwe tsamba yake.

2. Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, 1958

Nobel Prize pamusana Literature kubva Russia muna 1958 yaisanganisira yaro mazita Borisa Leonidovicha Pasternaka. Mudetembi akanga paakavapa mubayiro munguva ino yakaoma. Akanga dzakamanikidzwa kusiya pasi mungozi Links Russian. Zvisinei, Nobel Committee akatsanangura kukundikana Pasternak somunhu kumanikidzwa, muna 1989, akapa menduru uye chitupa pashure emunyori rufu mwanakomana wake. The akakurumbira nganonyorwa "Doctor Zhivago" chinhu wechokwadi kunyorwa testamende Pasternak. basa iri rakanyorwa muna 1955. Alber Kamyu, mukundi muna 1957, akati yokufungidzira ichi ichichiyemura.

3. Mihail Aleksandrovich Sholohov, 1965

Muna 1965 M. A. Sholohovu akanga paakavapa Nobel Prize pamusana Literature. Russia yava kamwe zvakare akaratidza kuti nyika kuti rine vanyori unyanzvi. Yakatanga ake mabhuku basa somumiririri realism, unoratidza yakadzama kupokanidzana upenyu, Sholokhov Zvisinei, mune mamwe mabasa akabatwa mugovanisi dzenzvimbo. Panguva Nobel Mihail Aleksandrovich kutaura Prize, iyo yakati zvaainyora akatsvaka kurumbidza "rwacho vashandi, navavaki magamba."

Muna 1926 akatanga yokufungidzira ake makuru "Uye Akanyarara Kunoyerera kuti Don", uye yakapera muna 1940, refu asati paakavapa Nobel Prize pamusana Literature. Mabasa Sholokhov kwakaita dzakabudiswa zvidimbu, kusanganisira "Akanyarara Kunoyerera kuti Don". Muna 1928, akavonga muchikamu kusimudzira A. S. Serafimovicha, shamwari Michael, rwokubudisa nhau aiva chikamu chokutanga. Ndiyo vhoriyamu rechipiri yakabudiswa rakatevera gore. Wechitatu yakabudiswa makore 1932-1933, ane pamwe rubatsiro uye rutsigiro Gorky. Wechina uye pakupedzisira, kuti yakabudiswa muna 1940. nganonyorwa Izvi zvaikosha chaizvo kuti Russian, uye nokuda mabhuku nyika. Rave mumitauro yakawanda, yakava hwaro yakakurumbira dhanzi Ivana Dzerzhinskogo, uyewo vakawanda chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo nezvinobvamo uye nemafirimu.

Vamwe Zvisinei, akapomerwa plagiarism Sholokhov (kusanganisira A. I. Solzhenitsyn), tichifunga kuti chikuru chebasa rave rewritten kubva zvinyorwa F. D. Kryukova, munhu Cossack munyori. Other vanotsvakurudza yakasimbisa vanonzi Sholokhov.

Kuwedzera basa iri, akasika uye Sholokhov "Virgin Ivhu Upturned" muna 1932, basa narrating nhoroondo collectivization muna Cossack zvakatipoteredza. Muna 1955 rakasvika chitsauko bhuku wechipiri, uye apedza okupedzisira mukutanga Kuma1960.

wechitatu nganonyorwa yakabudiswa mukupera 1942, "dzakarwa kuti nyika yavo."

4. Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, 1970

The Nobel Prize muna Literature muna 1970, akanga paakavapa kuna A. I. Solzhenitsynu. Aleksandr Isaevich kurigamuchira asi panguva mibayiro mhemberero kupinda havana kuzoshinga, nekuti akatya hurumende yeSoviet, dzaitarisira Mutongo Nobel Committee se "enyika hasha." Solzhenitsyn aitya kuti aisagona kudzokera kumba mushure rwendo urwu, kunyange zvazvo Nobel Prize muna 1970, akagamuchira, kurera mukurumbira munyika yedu. In basa rake, akabata unopinza nyaya socio-enyika, achishingaira akarwa komiyunizimu uye ayo pfungwa uye mitemo simba yeSoviet.

Pakati huru mabasa Aleksandra Isaevicha Solzhenitsyna zvinosanganisira: "Rimwe zuva Ivana Denisovicha" (1962), nyaya "Matryona", iro rinonzi "The Circle First" (rakanyorwa kubvira 1955 kusvika 1968), "The Gulag Archipelago" (1964-1970). Wokutanga basa kubudiswa aiva pfupi nyaya "Rimwe Day muna Ivana Denisovicha", yakabuda mumagazini "World Itsva". Bhuku rino vafarire zvikuru uye vakawanda mhinduro kubva nevaverengi, izvo akafuridzirwa munyori kuumba "The Gulag Archipelago." Muna 1964, nyaya yokutanga Aleksandra Isaevicha akanga paakavapa ari Lenin Prize.

Zvisinei, pakazopera gore, akarasikirwa nzvimbo nezviremera Soviet, uye mabasa ake akarambidzwa anodhinda. nganonyorwa ake "The Gulag Archipelago", "The Circle First" uye "Cancer Ward" dzakabudiswa kunze, nokuti icho muna 1974 nomunyori kunyimwa mugari, uye akamanikidzwa kwenyika. Makore 20 chete gare gare, akakwanisa kudzoka kumusha. Muna 2001-2002, pane basa guru Solzhenitsyn kuti "makore mazana maviri Together". Aleksandr Isaevich akafa muna 2008.

5. Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky 1987

Yokuisira Nobel Prize muna 1987, wevashumiri I. A. Brodskim. Muna 1972, munyori akamanikidzwa kwenyika kusvika US, saka enisaikoropidhiya yose kunyange unoritumidza American. Pakati vanyori vakanga vagamuchira Nobel Prize, ndiye gotwe. Lyrics ake, iye conceptualized nyika ive tsika uye dzisiri sangano, uye anoratidza shoma maonero womunhu sezvo nyaya ruzivo.

Iosif Aleksandrovich akanyora kwete chete pane Russian asiwo Chirungu nhetembo, essays, mabhuku kutsoropodzwa. Pakarepo shure bhuku iri Kumadokero bhuku rake rokutanga, muna 1965, Brodsky akasvika dzakawanda mukurumbira. Pakati yakanakisisa mabhuku munyori vari: "Quay chisingarapiki", "Part Rwokutaura", "Landscape namafashamu," "Mugumo Beautiful CE", "Regai mugwenga" uye vamwe.