Nzira nokuti titrimetric kuongorora. titration mhando. Analytical kemesitiri

Nzira nokuti titrimetric kuongorora inokamukana maererano ane pachake ari titration uye nemakemikari kuti vanosarudzwa kuona nefuma (chikamu). In kemesitiri ano kusiyanisa quantitative uye Qualitative kuongorora.

mhando kupatsanura

Nzira titrimetric ongororo akasarudza chimwe namakemikari maitiro. Zvichienderana mhando nekuita, pane kupesana kupinda yoga titrimetric Kutsunga mhuka.

Nzira ongororo:

• Redox titration; nzira inobva Kuchinja oxidation mamiriro okunze ari acho.
• Complex inotungamirwa chinhu chisinganzwisisiki namakemikari maitiro.
• Acid-hwaro titration kunosanganisira wakakwana neutralization pakati reactants.

neutralization

Acid-hwaro titration anobvumira kuti huwandu inorganic acids (alkalimetry), uye compute pakadarowo (atsidimetriya) iri achida kugadzirisa. Zvichitevera nzira iyi analyte kuita pamwe munyu. Kana kushandisa makemikari zvokufembedzwa (acetone, doro) zvaibvira kunyatsoziva zvinhu.

complexation

Chii ndiwo ari nzira titration ongororo? Pakusarudza Zvinotarisirwa zvinhu nokuda kunayisa pamusoro unodikanwa Ion sechinhu zvishoma soluble remubatanidzwa kana ayo tichisunga mu little- dissociated kunzwisisa.

Redoksimetriya

Oxidation-rutapudzo titration anobva rutapudzo uye oxidation zvavaifunga. Zvichienderana titrant reagent mhinduro iri analytic kemisitiri akaporazve:

• permanganometry, iyo inobva kushandiswa potassium permanganate;
• iodometry, iyo inobva oxidation kuti ayodhini, uyewo kudzorerwa iodide ions;
• bihromatometriyu iyo utilizes potassium dichromate oxidation;
• bromatometry inobva oxidation kuti potassium bromate.

Redox nzira titrimetric ongororo uye anosanganisira pezvakaitwa zvakadai cerimetry, titanometriya, vanadometriya. Zvinosanganisira oxidation kana zvinoderedza of runoenzanirana simbi ions.

By titration nzira

Pane kupatsanura titrimetric ongororo nzira zvichienderana nzira titration. In rakananga musimboti titrated yakajeka Ion yasarudzwa reagent mhinduro. Process kuzvitsinhanisa titration nzira kunobva Pakusarudza yokuenzana pfungwa kusagadzikana pamberi makemikari. Titration of vakasara (Ivan Kuchin nzira) anoshandiswa munyaya apo zvakaoma osimudza chiedza, uyewo zvishoma nokuyerera kwemakemikari kwokukurukurirana. Somuenzaniso, kuziva karusiyamu carbonate zvinhu ikarapwa pachikero zvakawandisa uwandu neezvitendero mhinduro kubva hydrochloric acid.

ukoshi ongororo

nzira titration kuongorora kunoratidza All:

• kutsunga chaiyo bhuku rimwe kana nechimwe kuita makemikari;
• kuvapo titrated mhinduro, izvo muitiro rinoitwa titration;
• kuonekwa kuongorora.

Titrating hwaro Analytical kemisitiri, saka zvakakosha kuti funga dzinokosha akavhiyiwa anoitwa panguva kuedza. Chikamu ichi chiri chokuita nezuva tsika. Vasina kana pfungwa pamusoro kuvapo mbishi zvinhu kana zvigadzirwa vari kunyanya zvinoriumba uye netsvina, zvakaoma kuronga kudhindwa cheni iri mishonga, zvemakemikari uye metallurgia indasitiri. Kunyatsogona Analytical kemisitiri zvinoshandiswa kugadzirisa dzakaoma nyaya dzemari.

Research Nzira mu Analytical Chemistry

The Indasitiri kemesitiri ndiyo sayenzi kuziva rokuti kana fuma. Nezvigadziko titrimetric ongororo - dzakashandiswa kuti kuedza. Uchibatsirwa yavo, muongorori paanopedzisa Kuronga fuma, asi quantitative zviri wacho zvikamu. Zvinogonekawo panguva Analytical munhu akaidza kuziva mwero oxidation, iri chezvinonhuwira Muedzo fuma. Mune kupatsanura pakati Analytical nzira kemisitiri Kufunga, kworudzii chiito riri kufanira kuita. Kuyera uremu of zvichizoita vakasara vachishandisa gravimetric nzira kutsvakurudza. Kana kusimba munhu akaidza mhinduro zvakakodzera photometric kuongorora. Kwakakura pamusoro EMF anofananidzira potentiometry constituent zvinoumba yokudzidza mishonga yacho. The titration makakombama chinoratidzei zvidzidzo chiedzwa.

Weboka Analytical nzira

Kana zvakakodzera, akashandisa Analytical kemisitiri physicochemical zimbabwe (makemikari) uye panyama nzira. By kwemakemikari nzira anowanzonzi kunzwisisa titrimetric uye gravimetric kuongorora. Nzira Dzose dziri chekare, pedza, vari zvinowanzoshandiswa Analytical kemisitiri. The uremu (gravimetric) nzira kunosanganisira kuziva zvakawanda pamusoro pfuma kana wayo constituent zvinoriumba, iri voga yakachena ezvinhu, uye nenzira insoluble yeimwe. Volume (titrimetric) nzira kuongorora kunobva Pakusarudza uwandu reagent rwapedzwa makemikari maitiro chinobviswa pamusangano anozivikanwa yevasungwa. Pane kupesana kwemakemikari uye mumuviri nzira kuti mapoka:

• Manyiminya (spectral);
• electrochemical;
• radiometric;
• chromatography;
• vakawanda spectrometry.

Specificity titration kudzidza

Chikamu ichi Analytical kemisitiri kunosanganisira kuyera uwandu reagent iyo inodiwa zvizere makemikari maitiro ane anozivikanwa chitsama ane fuma. Musimboti nzira ndechokuti mhinduro yacho bvunzo fuma iri wakawedzera dropwise kuti reagent pakati anozivikanwa yevasungwa. Chakawedzera nayo rinovapo sokuvapo mari zvaisazova yakaenzana chitsama venhumbi zvaanoita nayo. Nzira iyi inoita kumhanya kukarukureta mu quantitative Analytical kemisitiri.

Sezvo muvambi chidobi kufunga French musayendisiti Gay lusakite. The fuma kana chinhu, akatsunga ari muenzaniso, anotaurwa so analyte. Pakati pavo kungava ions, maatomu, chadzo mapoka vakasungwa vakasununguka radicals. Reagents raireva gaseous, mvura, rakasimba fuma, izvo zvaanoita imwe namakemikari. Process podlivaniem titration ndeimwe pakugadzirisa rimwe pasi rusingaperi vaiitawo. A chinodiwa kuti kubudirira kwacho ndiko kushandiswa titration mhinduro ine yakamisirwa pfungwa (titrant). Nokuti Masvomhu vaishandisa normality kuti mhinduro, i.e., nhamba giremu-neShanduro zvinhu huri 1 fő kuti mhinduro. Titration makakombama akavaka pashure mumusha macho.

Makemikari kana zvinhu nekufambidzana yakajeka uremu mari zvakafanana ravo giremu-neShanduro.

Embodiments gadziriro titrant kubva uremu yokutanga zvinhu

Sezvo nzira yokutanga rokugadzirira mhinduro ine akafanorongerwa wevasungwa (titer rinotsanangurwa) anogona kunzi yakarurama mharidzo uremu nemukuparadzwa mumvura kana mumwe solvent uye pakubvisa kuti wakagadzirira chichagadzirisa zvinodiwa vhoriyamu. The titer of zvichizoita reagent anogona kuiswa panzvimbo inozivikanwa kurema yakaisvonaka remubatanidzwa uye Vhoriyamu rakapera zvichachipedza. nzira iyi yaishandiswa achigadzirira titrated zvinogadzirisa iwayo makemikari chinogona kuwanika yakachena chimiro, murwiyo izvo haachinji panguva kwenguva refu okuchengetera. Zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakupima achirema mabhodhoro anoshandiswa pamwe muvharo akavharwa. Nzira iyi rokugadzirira mhinduro hazvisi akakodzera zvinhu kuva mukuru hygroscopicity uye kuti yeimwe izvo kupinda kwemakemikari kusakarongeka pamwe carbon monoxide (4).

Chechipiri Michina ndiyo kugadzirira titrated zvinogadzirisa zvaishandiswa kushandiswa kwemakemikari miti, mune chaiyo mumarabhoritari. Zvinonzi inobva kushandiswa zvakarurama kuremerwa uwandu zvokufonongonwa wakachena yeimwe uyewo kushandisa zvimwe zvingaitwa ne normality. Fuma anoiswa mukati girazi ndiro, ipapo akadzisimbisa. Avo zvinhu zviri mukati magirazi ndiro, inonzi fiksanaly. Kana tichiita rakananga kuedza ampule reagent musisiri pamusoro fanera, chine Kuparara mudziyo. Uyezve, yose zvinoriumba iri Kutamiswa kuva volumetric chinu kunoteverwa kuwedzera remvura, chinhu chinodiwa chitsama rwekuita mhinduro.

Titration unoshandiswawo ane algorithm yezviito. Burette vakazadzwa kushanda mhinduro akagadzirira razero kuitira kuti chigadziko chayo haana mhepo matema. Next, uyere pipette mhinduro kuti anoongororwa, zvino anoiswa mugomba conical chinu. Pazviri, uye madonhwe chokukomborerwa shoma. Zvishoma nezvishoma, Finished inotoda wakawedzera dropwise kubva burette vanoshanda mhinduro kuongororwa kuti ruvara shanduko. Kana mudanga ruvara chisingazivi inonyangarika pashure 5-10 masekonzi, mutongere kuvakwa titration kwacho. Next mberi kune Masvomhu, dzemaitirwe pamusoro Vhoriyamu vakapedza chichagadzirisa akafanorongerwa wevasungwa, kuti mhedziso pamusoro kuedza.

mhedziso

Titration kunoita kuona quantitative uye Qualitative Kuronga analyte. nzira iyi Analytical kemisitiri zvakafanira kuti dzakasiyana-siyana maindasitiri, rinoshandiswa mune zvokurapa, pharmaceutics. Kana kusarudza kushanda inotoda kunodiwa kutora nhoroondo yaro namakemikari zvivako uyewo kukwanisa kuumba insoluble yeimwe akadzidza fuma.