Osip Mandelstam Biography pamwe mapikicha

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinosuwisa dzidziso iyi inobva rakagadzirirwa Soviet hurumende mudetembi kukuru zvakadaro Mandelstam. Biography ake kwakasimbiswa kwazvo nokuda vasingawirirani nehunhu Osipa Emilevicha. Aisagona kumira chokwadi uye havana kuda kukotamira simba. Naizvozvo, zvakasiyana mumazuva iwayo uye haana zvakaitika kwaari, kuti aiziva uye Mandelstam. Biography ake, uyewo mabasa nyanduri guru, anotidzidzisa chaizvo ...

Budushee mudetembi akaberekwa muna Warsaw musi January 3, 1891 Childhood uye kuyaruka vakapedza muSt Petersburg Osip Mandelstam. Autobiography, zvinosuwisa, haana kunyorwa naye. Asi nendangariro ake akanga hwaro rinonzi "The Ruzha Time." Rinogona kunzi zvikurukuru autobiographical. Cherechedza kuti ndangariro Mandelstam kwakaitwa vaduku uye kuyaruka vari kuomesa uye ikadziviswa - haana kutaura pachavo, havana vanoda vataure zvose nhetembo yake upenyu. Osip akanga mangwanani yakura nyanduri, kana pane akanga vewakaonazve. Nehasha uye kukomba kusiyanisa ake kunyorwa nenzira.

Tinotenda kuti zvakakosha funga zvakadzama upenyu uye basa nyanduri, kufanana Mandelstam. Brief Biography noruremekedzo kuti munhu asiri zvakakodzera. Osipa Emilevicha unhu unofadza zvikuru, uye basa rake akakodzera kunyatsofungisisa kudzidza. Sezvo nguva dzakaratidza, mumwe mukuru Russian vadetembi remakore rechi20 rakanga Mandelstam. Brief Biography, anounzwa mabhuku, zviri pachena kukwana kuti vanzwisise hwake uye basa zvakadzama.

Rakatanga nyanduri

Asi, rima matauriro tinged nezvishoma anogona kuwanikwa netsamba Mandelstam pamusoro wake muduku uye rwakapoteredza mhepo. Maererano nyanduri, mhuri yake yakanga "zvakaoma uye zvakaoma". In shoko, kutaura kunoratidzwa Kunyanya simba. Saka, vanenge, akafunga Mandelstam. Yaiva mhando rwokutaura "chinhu" mhuri. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti rudzi Jewish Mandelstam akwegura. Kubvira rechi8 remakore, kubva pamazuva kuvhenekerwa yechiJudha, akapa nyika vanachiremba mbiri, yefizikisi, Vanarabhi, vanyori venhau mabhuku uye vashanduri veBhaibheri.

Mandelstam Aemilius Veniaminovich baba Osip, ari muzvinabhizimisi uye kuzvidzora vakadzidzisa. Akanga zvachose kuine pfungwa mutauro. Mandelstam, mubhuku rake rinonzi "The Ruzha Time" yakati kuti akanga zvachose haana mutauro, zvakanga chete "bezyazychie" uye "rurimi-kusingagumi". Dzimwe aiva Osipovna Flora, amai nyanduri uye mumhanzi mudzidzisi. Mandelstam akaona kuti duramazwi yaiva "compressed" uye "murombo", inodzora monotonous, asi kwaiva maungira uye yakajeka, "mutauro mukuru Russian." Yakanga kubva mai vake nhaka Osip, pamwe musicality uye kubatwa chomwoyo, rakarurama kutaura, mumwe zvaiita pfungwa mutauro wavo waamai.

Dzidzo iri Tenishev yezvokutengeserana chikoro

Mandelstam ari kubva muna 1900 kusvika 1907 akadzidza paChikoro Tenishev zvebhizimisi chikoro. It anonzi imwe yakanakisisa masangano private dzidzo munyika yedu. Pane imwe nguva nayo akadzidza Zhirmunsky, Vladimir Nabokov. Mhepo kuti nezvaiva pano aiva njere-anozviramba. In chikoro ichi kurimwa nevatambi vane ehurumende basa uye rusununguko enyika. Mumakore 1905-1907 yeRussian chimurenga wokutanga vaisagona kubatsira asi kuwira enyika radicalism uye Mandelstam. Biography pana zvose raikonzerwa zviitiko yaitonga. Nokukuvadzwa hondo pamwe Japan uye echimurenga nguva akafuridzirwa kuti kusika wokutanga stihovtornyh kuedza, izvo zvinogona sechinoitika Student. Mandelstam akatora sezvinoitirwa anofara yezvisikwa metamorphosis, nekuvandudza maatomu akafanana.

Trips kunze

School dhipuroma agamuchira May 15, 1907 Pashure Nyanduri akaedza kutanga kurwisa sangano SRs kuFinland, asi muduku haana kugamuchirwa ikoko. Vabereki vane hanya nezveramangwana mwanakomana wake, akachimbidzika ndimutume kubva chivi kudzidza kwose, apo Mandelstam akafamba katatu. Nguva yokutanga yaakanga ararama muParis kubva October 1907 kusvika muzhizha 1908. Zvadaro, mudetembi ramangwana akaenda Germany, umo University Heidelberg akadzidza Romance Philology (kubva mumatsutso 1909 kuchitubu 1910). Musi waJuly 21, 1910 mid-October, akararama Zehlendorf, Berlin sabhabha. Up kusvikira zvikuru kuchangobva mabasa muna Mandelstam kuti nhetembo kuridza ungira kwake kuziva Western Europe.

Rokusongana Anna Akhmatova uye Gumilev, zvisikwa acmeism

Rokusongana netsa Ahmatovoy uye Nikolai Gumilev kunotsanangurwa chidzoke sezvo nyanduri Osipa Emilevicha. Gumilyov muna 1911, ari murumwe rwendo vakadzokera St. Petersburg. Nokukurumidza vakava matatu kazhinji kuonekwa pamusoro mabhuku manheru. Makore akawanda pashure chiitiko chinorwadza - kupfura pamusoro ENU muna 1921 - Osip akanyora Akhmatova, Nikolayu Gumilevu kuti chete akakwanisa kunzwisisa nhetembo yake, uye kuti iye achiri achitaura naye, ndiye nhaurirano. About sei Mandelstam, Akhmatova zvakaipa, sezvinoratidzwa mashoko ake: ". I - akararama Akhmatova" Chete Osip Mandelstam (mufananidzo naye netsa Andreevnoy akapa pamusoro) aigona pachena izvi panguva Stalin hurumende, kana Akhmatova aiva nyanduri yanyadziswa.

All nhatu (Mandelstam, Akhmatova uye Gumilev) acmeism vakava havaoni uye dzepamusorosoro vamiriri muitiro mutsva uyu mabhuku. Biographers vakaona kuti pakati pakutanga kukweshera akasimuka nekuti Mandelstam akanga yemwana, despotic Gumilyov uye Akhmatova capricious.

The muunganidzwa nhetembo okutanga

Muna 1913 iye akasika muunganidzwa wake nhetembo wokutanga Mandelstam. Biography uye basa zvapera kuchiratidzwa nezviitiko zvakawanda zvinokosha uye upenyu ruzivo atova kupfuura zvakakwana. Mudetembi rakapa muunganidzwa ichi wake mari. Chokutanga, aida kudana kwake bhuku "Shell", asi zvino akasarudza mumwe zita - "Stone", iro raiva mumweya acmeism. Nhengo dzayo vangada kuziva nyika patsva, kupa rose ane ushingi uye kubvisa zita kunyimwa uye elegiac pwititika mechidzitiro, kufanana Symbolists. Rock - zvikukutu uye hunogara dzinongoitika zvinhu, yekusingaperi iri mumaoko tenzi. In Osipa Emilevicha ndiye chikuru Dzokuvaka tsika zvomudzimu, kwete chete mashoko.

Osip Mandelstam muna 1911 akava muKristu, akaita "chaishanda European tsika." Kunyange zvazvo akabhabhatidzwa muna Methodist Church (mu Vyborg May 14) Ndima muunganidzwa wake wokutanga akakunda nechido Catholic dingindira. Mandelstam akabatwa yeRoma pathos yose pakuronga pfungwa. Mukutonga Rome, kubatana nyika dzechiKristu kuWest rinobva orwiyo dzavanhu, zvakasiyana. The "dombo" iwoyu Church rinoumbwa matombo, avo "nekuomarara utsinye" uye "njodzi dzinongoitika labyrinth."

Mafungiro kurutivi chimurenga

Munguva kubva 1911 kusvika 1917 muna University of St. Petersburg, pamusoro Romano-ekuGermany bazi, Mandelstam adzidza. Biography ake panguva ino aizivikanwa pakuonekwa wokutanga zvipo. Zvakandiomera zvakanga chokuita nokutambudzika yechimurenga 1917. Njodzi uye kutadza yapera chero pakuedza Osipa Emilevicha kuwana nzvimbo iri Russia itsva.

Collection Tristia

Verses munguva pokuchinja uye hondo Mandelstam vanoumba muunganidzwa itsva Tristia. Izvi "Book yokusuruvara" yakabudiswa kekutanga muna 1922 pasina kutora chikamu nemunyori, uye ipapo, muna 1923, pasi pomusoro unoti "Bhuku rechipiri," ikazobudiswazve muMoscow. It cements dingindira nguva, aibuda kare, izvo inoendeswa ayo kwaitika. Up kune okupedzisira wenyaya iyi ichava muchinjikwa nokuveza muna nyanduri. muunganidzwa ichi chakaratidza mutsva unhu Mandelstam lyrical gamba. Nokuti iye, hapasisina pachako, asiri kuita mukuru chokubuda nguva. Lyrical inzwi inzwiwe chete somunhu ungira kuti nokuomba yaitonga. Chii chiri kuitika munhau guru, paakaziva kuti chive aparara uye kuvaka "temberi" yacho vaizviti.

MuThe Tristia uye akaratidza kuchinja chinokosha manyorero Nyanduri. Zvakaumba unaku anozunungusa zvakawanda kurutivi encrypted, "rima" kukosha, kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro kusuduruka safunga mutauro zvokurova.

Madzungairiro muRussia

Osip Mandelstam mukutanga 1920s. I vakadzungaira zvikurukuru kumaodzanyemba kweRussia. Akashanyira Kyiv, apo akasangana mudzimai wake weramangwana, N. Ya. Hazinoy (yaifananidzira pamusoro), I ambopedza nguva nenguva Voloshin muna Koktebel, ipapo akaenda Feodosia, apo Wrangel counterintelligence akamubata pamusoro kunyumwira kuti vasori. Zvadaro, pashure pokusunungurwa kwake, akaenda Batumi Osip Mandelstam. Biography ake kwave kuchiratidzwa imwe kusungwa itsva - zvino kudivi riri Coast Guard of Mensheviks. Osipa Emilevicha anonunurwa kubva mujeri T. Tabidze uye N. Mitsishvili vokuGeorgia vadetembi. Pakupedzisira, zvikuru akaondoroka, akadzokera Petrograd Osip Mandelstam. Biography ake mberi chii akagara kwenguva Mumba Arts, uye akadzokera kumaodzanyemba, uye ipapo akagadzirisa muMoscow.

Zvisinei, maererano nemakore 1920s, hapana zvisaririra aimbova nengaidzo tariro nokufunganya manzwisisiro chii chiri kuitika. Mugumisiro ndiye achinja poetics ose Mandelstam. "Rima" zvino kuramba pachena kudarika izvozvo. Muna 1925, pane pfupi Explosão okugadzira zvinhu kuti yave chokuita aine chido Olgoy Vaksel. Pashure paizvozvo, mudetembi anowira akanyarara kwemakore 5 years.

Mandelstam nokuti 2nd hafu 1920s - nguva yedambudziko. Panguva iyoyo, mudetembi wakanyarara, havana kubudisa nhetembo itsva. Kana munhu anoshanda Mandelstam hariwaniki mukati 5 years.

Kwidza nyaya prose

Muna 1929, Mandelstam akasarudza kuenda prose. Akanyora bhuku "The Wechina Prose". By bhuku, iduku, asi zvakazara vakasasa Mandelstam kuzvidza vakanyora opportunists, vaiva nhengo Massolit. Kwenguva refu ari mweya mudetembi wacho kopilas marwadzo ichi. The "Prose Wechina" akaisa chimiro Mandelstam - anokakavara, putika, aiita zvechivhurumukira. nyore chaizvo Osip kuita sevavengi, haana kuvanza kutonga kwake uye inofungidzirwa. Kuburikidza ichi Mandelstam nguva dzose, anenge makore zvose post-echimurenga, akamanikidzwa kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa. akanga muna 1930 kutarisira rufu pedyo. Mandelstam admirers kuti tarenda shamwari dzake haana kwazvo, asi ivo vachiri vaiva.

upenyu

Maonero upenyu munzira dzakawanda inoratidza mufananidzo munhu akadai Osip Mandelstam. Biography, zvinonakidza zvinhu nezvake, mudetembi chokuita yayo chaiyo ukama naye. Osip haana wakanyatsokodzera munhu aivapo upenyu, kuti upenyu. Nokuti naye, pfungwa rakavakirirwa imba, iyo kwaikosha chaizvo Somuenzaniso, Bulgakov haana basa. Nyika yose iri musha naye, uye panguva imwecheteyo Mandelstam akanga pekugara munyika ino.

Achiyeuka Osip pakutanga 1920s, paakasvika kamuri muimba Arts muna Petrograd (uyewo vamwe vanyori zhinji uye vadetembi), Ki Chukovsky akacherechedza kuti pakanga pasina kuti ingadai ndekwaMwari Mandelstam, kunze fodya. Kana nyanduri pakupedzisira mufurati (muna 1933), B. Pasternak, uyo akanga ari kushanya akati kusiya, zviri ikozvino zvinogoneka kunyora nhetembo - mufurati ikoko. Osip akabva ichi hasha. O. E. Mandelshtam, ane Biography Kunoonekwa Zvikamu zvakawanda intransigence, akatuka imba yake uye akatovapa kundomutora kudzokera vaya akanga anofungidzirwa akaronga: portrayer, akatendeseka vatengesi. Raiva chinokatyamadza nokuziva muripo Chaingodiwa naye.

Shanda mu "Moskovsky Komsomolets"

Ever akanetseka chii vakaramba nzira youpenyu nyanduri, sezvo Mandelstam? Biography Dates zvakanaka kuchigaro 1930s muupenyu hwake uye basa. Bukharin, asi vaichengetedza pamusoro Osipa Emilevicha muhurumende madenderedzwa, akaronga izvozvo pakutanga kwezana 1920-30-ies mupepanhau "Moskovsky Komsomolets" corrector. Izvi akapa nyanduri uye wake kanenge shoma nzira subsistence. Asi Mandelstam akaramba kugamuchira "mitemo mutambo" evanyori Soviet vaishumira nzira. zvinhu asina kufunga kwake akanyanyisa uye emotionality kwazvo kuoma noukama Mandelstam nevezera. Akanga ari nechepakati chinyadzo - mudetembi akapomerwa plagiarism mududziro. Kuti adzivirire Osipa Emilevicha pamigumisiro chigumbuso muna 1930, Bukharin akaronga mudetembi akashanyira Armenia, izvo yakabereka kukuru pfungwa paari, asi zvinoratidzwa basa rake. Ndima matsva vakanzwa zvakajeka uye wokupedzisira tariro kutya murume mwoyo. Kana Mandelstam mu prose vakaedza kutiza kungangoitika dutu payo, asi zvino pakupedzisira akatora mugove wake.

Kuziva tsaona wematambudziko ake

Kuziva dambudziko rake mugumo, chisarudzo chake chinowanzoitika akasimbisa Mandelstam akapa zvikuru, inosuruvarisa pathos mabasa ake idzva. It iri pavanotaurirana wakasununguka unhu Nyanduri, "zana remakore-chikara." Mandelstam anonzwa wenhamo akuvara, zvishoma murume pamberi pake. Anonzwa nahwo. Muna detembo ra1931 "Nokuti Nokutinhira vakashinga dzinouya", yainzi mudenderedzwa mhuri "Wolf", Mandelstam uye akafanotaura kuutapwa inouya kuSiberia, uye yake rufu, uye enhetembo kusafa. Zvizhinji mudetembi vakaziva kwokutanga pane vamwe.

Yezvinongoerekana detembo pamusoro Stalin

Mandelstam Nadezhda Yakovlevna, chirikadzi Osipa Emilevicha, akasiya murume mabhuku maviri netsamba, iyo inotaura yechibairo heroism kuti nyanduri uyu. Kutendeseka Mandelstam kazhinji bordered pamusoro kuzviuraya. Somuenzaniso, muna November 1933, akanyora pamusoro Stalin nehasha satirical nhetembo, inoti yakawanda neshamwari dzangu, kusanganisira Boris Pasternak. Boris Leonidovich akatya nokuda kutapwa Nyanduri akati kuti nhetembo yake - kwete mabhuku chokwadi, kwete kuti mumwe, sezvo "chiito kuzviuraya," kubvuma kuti iye asingagoni. Pasternak vamurayira haana kuverenga zvakawanda mubasa iri. Zvisinei, aisagona kuramba akanyarara Mandelstam. Biography, zvinonakidza zvinhu ratakambonunurwa ruchangobva, kubvira panguva ino anova zvechokwadi inosuruvarisa.

Mutongo Mandelstam, zvinoshamisa, rave mumaoko pasi nyoro zvakakwana. Panguva iyoyo vanhu vakaurayiwa uye pamusoro mumwe ndoda "zvavanokanganisa" zvakunoreva. Stalin kuti chisarudzo verenga chete: "Zindoga asi kuchengetedza". Mandelstam wakatumwa kuutapwa kuchamhembe musha Cherdyn. Pano Osip, nechirwere chepfungwa, kunyange aida kuzviuraya. Friends akabatsira zvakare. Nechekare kurasikirwa simba Bukharin pakupedzisira akanyorera Shamwari Stalin, kuti vadetembi vari nguva dzose zvakarurama, kuti nhoroondo iri kudivi ravo. Pashure paizvozvo Osipa Emilevicha akachinjirwa Voronezh, mune zvishoma kwazvo ezvinhu.

Chokwadi, dambudziko rake rakange rakanamwa. Zvisinei, muna 1933, zvinorwadza kuranga zvaireva pakuzivisa detembo pamusoro Stalin uye nokudaro sokuti kugadzirisa pachake hwakawanda pamwe nyanduri. Uye zvechokwadi haana kukodzera Stalin, "baba rudzi". Stalin akaziva sei kumirira. Aiziva kuti nguva dzose. Muchiitiko chino, akanga achitarisira Guru Chinotyisa 1937, umo Mandelstam akatongerwa, pamwe nemazana ezviuru vamwe vanhu untraceable apere.

Makore muupenyu Voronezh

Voronezh maigara Osipa Emilevicha, asi anodzivirira naye kuvengana. Zvisinei, haana kurega kurwa Vapererwa, zvishoma nezvishoma kuuya kwaari, Osip Emilevich Mandelshtam. Biography ake makore aya anozivikanwa nematambudziko akawanda. Akanga asina nzira subsistence, kusangana naye wakapukunyuka, haana apepete dambudziko rake. Mandelstam wake wose ainzwa sezvo anobata pamwe chete "zera-chikara." A kushanya naye kuutapwa Akhmatova akapupura kuti mukamuri rake rave "pabasa pachake neMuse." Vaiva ndima kusingachamisiki urutakure kusunungurwa. Netsamba anoratidza kuti Mandelstam kamwe akamhanya kuti mari parunhare uye kuverenga dzendege, iyo zvino yakanga dzakabatanidzwa, mabasa avo matsva. Akati kuti hapana kuverenga zvakawanda. Bare tsinga aiva nyanduri, munhetembo, iye akarisasa marwadzo ake.

Voronezh kubvira 1935 kusvika 1937, vatatu "Voronezh Notebook" zvakasikwa. Kwenguva refu ino kutenderera mabasa havana rakabudiswa. Zvematongerwo enyika havagoni kunzi, asi vakanzwisisa sekwaideredza kunyange nhetembo "kwazvakarerekera" sezvo vakanga nhetembo, kusingachamisiki uye kudzoreka. Uye simba hakuna zvishoma ngozi, nokuti, maererano J. Brodsky, "rinodederesa nzira yose youpenyu" uye kwete enyika chete hurongwa.

Dzokerai guru

Achinzwa pedyo rufu azadzwa nhetembo akawanda iyi, sezvo iri yose mabasa Mandelstam 1930s. Term Voronezh Links apera muna May 1937 Chimwe gore Osip akapedza munharaunda Moscow. Aida kuti mvumo kugara guru. Zvisinei, magazini vapepeti akanyatsoramba kwete chete kubudisa nhetembo yake, asi kutaura naye. Nyanduri mupemhi. Akabatsirwa munguva ino, shamwari neshamwari: Boris Pasternak, Shklovsky, V. Kataev, Ilya Ehrenburg, kunyange vakanga nenguva yakaoma pachake. Anna Akhmatova akanyora papera rinenge gore 1938, zvakanga "chezvinyorwa" nguva.

Kusungwa, nhapwa uye rufu

Ichingova vakasvimha kutaura vadetembi akadai Osip Mandelstam. Brief Biography yake Kunoonekwa nokuva kusungwa itsva, iyo kwakaitika May 2, 1938. Akatongerwa makore mashanu zvakaoma. Saka akaenda kuFar East. Haana kudzokera ikoko. December 27, 1938 pedo Vladivostok, mumusasa rorwizi rwechipiri, mudetembi ndokuwana rufu.

Tinovimba iwe aida kupfuurira kuziva nomudetembi huru, kufanana Mandelstam. Biography, mapikicha, rokusika nzira - izvi zvose anopa dzimwe pfungwa pazviri. Zvisinei, chete akatendeuka nemabasa Mandelstam raMwari, unogona kunzwisisa munhu uyu, vanonzwa simba unhu hwake.