Radioactive kusvibiswa ivhu uye zvachinokonzera

kwekuratidzira hwevanhu kazhinji kwakakanganisa kunokanganisa munyika zvinhu zvipenyu nezvisiri zvipenyu hunhu. Kukurumidza kukura maindasitiri, ndichibvunza zvokurima, tsvina zvakanaka matambudziko - izvi zvose zvakakomba zvingangoisa mungozi ikoroji panyika. With pave renyukireya uye kuvandudzika zvombo zvenyukireya pane rimwe dambudziko - the kusvibiswa nevhu, mvura, mhepo.

Nokududza dambudziko

Radioactive kusvibiswa ivhu - nayo vakapfuura nayo radionuclide kuwanda pamusoro zviratidzo zviri kufadza zvinobvumidzwa mwero wakakodzera nemabasa evanhu.

nzvimbo utachiona vanoonekwa ne chinokosha zvakawandisa mishonga nechitarisiko uye munyika chokupfeka. Kureva dzemunharaunda ose ionizing kurapa International Commission Radiation Protection (ICRP), avhareji yegore negore dose nemwaranzi wakatangwa kuti wevhu uye matombo 0.25-0.5 microsieverts pagore (mSv / Y). mureza uyu inorondedzera uwandu nemwaranzi yakachengeteka utano hwevanhu uye nguva zhinji dzakaderera pane icho kwaizoguma rufu mupenyu muviri mamwe mazuva 30.

zvikonzero

Sei kusvibiswa ivhu? Sources kusvibiswa - mapoka maviri radionuclides:

• nevanhu;
• dzinongoitika.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti ivhu rine dzinongoitika radionuclides. Zvisinei, pfungwa kwavo yekudyidzana yakawedzera nokuda kugadzirwa, kuchengetera dzinongoitika pakugadzira zvinhu, kugadzira, fertilization, avo gadzira, marasha combustion vanobhururuka padurunhuru kushandiswa senzvimbo kuberekesa miti kana kuti anogadzira zvinhu zvokuvakisa, etc.

Nokuda nokukurumidza kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa fetiraiza ose gore uwandu radioactively kusvibiswa nevhu kunowedzera. Somuenzaniso, imwe havaratidzi kunzwisisa nyaya kuwedzera wevasungwa kuti radionuclides muvhu nokuda pakushandisa potashi uye phosphate fetiraiza.

Chakagadzirwa radionuclides akawanda kuwira zvinoumba nyika wacho biosphere nokuda zvenyukireya kuputika.

Saka, mikuru zvikonzero kuparira kusvibiswa ivhu vari:

• ndichibvunza kukura munyika okurima;
• rinorema indasitiri;
• remigodhi zviwanikwa;
• mwaranzi;
• choutsi kubva nemwaranzi yenyukireya;
• bvunzo yenyukireya.

Radioactive kusvibiswa ivhu: jabwanira Migumisiro

Kune vakawanda Migumisiro yakaipa ivhu jabwanira:

• zvakananga inokanganisa pamusoro radioactive zvinhu mhuka, zvinomera uye vanhu;
• zvinokosha kukamurwa mukana kushandisa ivhu mari zvinangwa zvokurima. Mushure ose zvigadzirwa iyo akawana kubva rangano yakadaro rinopfuura renguva dzose pamwero Kuwanda radioactive zvinhu nokuda kusvibiswa akazaruka reservoirs uye pasi, ivhu kusukwa apo inokuvadza yeimwe. Zvakakomba kusvibiswa kungatungamirira nekusagona kushandisa mvura yakachena kwete chete nokuda kunwa uye kubika, asi pamusoro desoldering zvipfuwo kana kudiridza nyika yekurima.

Nyanzvi dzakawanda vanoti kukundwa kuti mwaranzi hwaiitwa svikiro kunotungamirira apedzise kukurasikirwa biogeotsionozov uye vanhu. Izvi zvinoitika kana mukuru wevakuru kusvibiswa. dzakadaro dziri wakaiswa pedyo zvikuru nzvimbo kwaiva kusunungurwa nemwaranzi uye, somugumisiro, zviri kusvibiswa ivhu. PaChernobyl - achisiya mapazi mushure tsaona. Zvino mazana hectares vagamuchira dose hwakasimba nemwaranzi, semubairo yavakanga kubviswa zvachose mabasa evanhu.

dambudziko pezvakaitwa

Ivhu rokutora dzakaoma zvemarudzi radioactive zvinhu. Uyezve, rinochengeta navo kwenguva refu.

Radionuclides muvhu vanoonekwa ne:

• ehupfumi kuti mishonga vanoshingaira kwemarudzi;
• zvivako uye Kuronga ivhu pachayo;
• ehupfumi ose radionuclides fallout;
• okunze parameters;
• zviri kwenzvimbo.

Radionuclides zvokudya padenga ivhu pamusoro ari Zvinoumba aerosols, zvicherwa, particulate huni, etc. The kunonyanyisa mugove wavo soluble nezvikamu zviri munyika yose fallout pamusoro 30-90%. The soro mufananidzo kubva necesium uye strontium. How kuzvibata radionuclides mune ramangwana - hapana anoziva. Dynamic zvakanyatsoenzana kunowedzera kudzikira solubility pamusoro depositions dzavo. Ivhu soluble Organic zvinhu uye chinokosha acidification kwezvakatipoteredza kunokanganisa kuwedzera yokutama radionuclides rinoshandiswa kuti chinangwa yokuzvinatsa rayo.

The mufambo pamusoro radioactive kusvibiswa kunoenderana:

• mineralogical sezvamunoita;
• Kuwanikwa ivhu geochemical ematongerwo;
• PARTICIPLE saizi kugova ;
• ehupfumi manyowa;
• kuita svikiro.

Horizontal redistribution pamusoro radionuclides

Kufanotaura zvinobvira migumisiro ivhu kusvibiswa kunokosha chaizvo kuziva zvinoitwa yokutama radionuclides.

redistribution pamusoro radionuclides muvhu rikaitika chinjikira uye kutwasuka mirayiridzo inongoitika nzira uye nokuda kwezvikonzero mabasa evanhu.

Horizontal vaitamira kune nokuda:

• aeolian senga (zita rinobva nezita ramwari Aeolus mhepo);
• teura mvura yemafashamo kuti munowedzera ndichibvunza kusvibiswa nisin uye wetlands;
• tsvina mhuka (earthworms, dzomusango, moles nevamwe "kuchera");
• motokari;
• kucheka uswa nezvokudya zvezvipfuwo pamusoro Mafuro utachiona;
• dondo moto, izvo isotopes simba chaizvo akatamisa chikonzero.

Minimum chinjikira vaitamira aona mudondo coenoses, uye kufadza - mu agrocenoses chiedza nevhu. Horizontal redistribution, kune rumwe rutivi, zvinoderedza padanho ivhu kusvibiswa pamwe radioactive nuclides, pane dzimwe - kuwedzera nzvimbo nokuparadzirwa yavo.

wakarurama vaitamira

Kana mira redistribution, ipapo zvose ivhu mifananidzo, zviri kunonoka. Linear kumhanya zvichiitika kubva mashoma nezvegumi kuti masendimita pagore maviri. Ivhu iri nyaya anoita somunhu biogeochemical nokuidzivirira. Studies in paChernobyl mapazi kwakaratidza kuti vakawanda radionuclides vari zvisaririra mukati pamusoro rukoko ivhu (anenge 10 cm) kwenguva refu. Zvino matanda ichi mapazi radioactive zvinhu vaunganidza munyika nemarara (mashizha, tsono) ezasi rukoko ivhu (anenge 1-2 cm).

Vertical yokutama radionuclides kunoenderana zvinhu zvakadai pamusoro:

• kuputika kwemakomo;
• mwando kuchinjirwa mvura, eko kwemvura;
• kuchinjwa chirimwa mudzi hurongwa;
• basa dzevanhu - kurima, kudiridza.

Munzvimbo dzakawanda utachiona munyika

Panyika, pane mazana nzvimbo radioactively kusvibiswa. A ngozi chakakomba iri Hanford nharaunda iri rehurumende Washington, USA. Pano hofori kunzwisisa, pokutanga kutanga munyika kukura renyukireya yakavakwa pakati rokupedzisira remakore. Somugumisiro mabasa ayo ari yakasviba nzvimbo 518 akaenzana mamita. ? km.

Nevhu muna Somalia zvave kushandiswa zvisiri pamutemo tsvina yenyukireya. Semipalatnsky nzvimbo muKazakhstan apo nemiedzo kwenyukireya rwaiitwa, ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo mwaranzi-ngozi nzvimbo munyika. Mutaundi Maili-Sưu, Kyrgyzstan, uranium exchange migodhi kwave kugadziridzwa muna Union scale, zvichiguma zvikuru dzakakwirira kuwanda radioactive isotopes mumigodhi muruwa.

The inozivikanwa paChernobyl mapazi - munhu akafa vematunhu, apo mazana mazhinji makiromita ivhu jabwanira zvakaitika. PaChernobyl - haasi chete munyika renyukireya nesimba chiteshi, kwaiva njodzi kwenyukireya pose pose. Similar zvakaitika Fukushima, Japan. Pano, kudengenyeka kwenyika uye tsunami, muna March 2011 akaita tsaona panguva chirimwa, izvo vatambure mundima hombe.

Industrial kunzwisisa "Mayak" muRussia Pakavanda guta "kuChelyabinsk-40" pedyo netaundi Kyshtym sei mutsaona muna 1957. migumisiro Its vakava radioactive kusvibiswa 25 000 hectares nyika arable. Kwakadaro aiparadza ezvinhu akapoteredza OJSC Siberian Chemical Combine dzokuTomsk Oblast, Russia.

Features wokushandiswa yakasviba nharaunda

In ivhu kunyanya kuunganidza radionuclides hafu kuora refu: promethium-147, Cerro-144, necesium-137, Ruthenium-106 103, strontium-90. Zvikuru ngozi zvipenyu zviri strontium-90. Saka, muminda yatapukirwa nemwaranzi, mufambiro agrochemical, agro-hwokugadzira uye mamwe mabasa, anogona kuderedza chaishanda kuti ngozi yeimwe kubva muvhu kusvikira zvirimwa. Nokuti chinangwa ichi akacheka topsoil uye kuvigwa.

An chiyero chinobatsira vana dzimwe mhando zvinomera uye marudzi, iyo nokuda risingamboshandisi azvipire radionuclide kuwanda inozivikanwa. Munhu wose anoziva kuti pane mhuka fattening, shandisa chete inosimbisa yakachena. Sorbents anoshandiswa chaiwo yokuvirisa kuti tunodzivisa kwemutemo radioactive zvinhu mumukaka.

Reclamation basa nechinangwa kuderedza kudya kuti radionuclides kupinda zvinomera. Kuti vaite izvi kuti ivhu sorbents, akadai vermiculite, zeolite, chicherwa uye Organic yokuvirisa, madota. In zvokurima kuderera kuunganidza mune miti kunoitika kuburikidza radionuclides tsika zvokurima. Shandisa plantage vamurimire nokuumbwa turnover. Izvi kurimwa chidobi kunotungamirira kudzama pakati radioactive pakusvibiswa. Nokuda kuti kuunganidza uku zvinhu zviri miti ipfupi ne 24 nguva. Mune zvokurima, vanofanira mamiriro zvirimwa kutenderera. Zviri nani kutanga kukura zvirimwa maindasitiri dzisina dzaidyiwa.

An nzira nzira kushandisa yakasviba nzvimbo iri kubviswa nezvatinenge maturo. Somuenzaniso, unogona kusika chaiwo reserves. In nemuumbi pakanyorwa nemwaranzi pa nzvimbo chirwere wakasima dondo, kazhinji mupaini.

chibatiso matanho

Security matanho munzvimbo pane radioactive kusvibiswa ivhu, tinotungamirirwa panguva kuderedza Migumisiro yakaipa nemwaranzi. Akaita zviito zvakadaro:

• budiriro zvirongwa kushandisa zvinhu uye nharaunda National kana renyika dzakawanda, zvichienderana papi yakasviba uye zvingakanganisa zvokutapukirwa vachigara munzvimbo;
• reclamation, agro-rwokugadzira matanho;
• makemikari disinfection;
• Kushandisa sorbents;
• Kurambidzwa mabasa evanhu;
• inoudza voruzhinji pamusoro dzingangomuka;
• kushomeka aina chero chigadzirwa kubva munharaunda ngozi.

Nguva ukoshi basa izvi kunobva zvikurukuru pamusoro arambe achirema zvokutapukirwa. Uyezve, kuteerera dzokupisa dose nemwaranzi. Nguva iyi inogona kugara kubva mavhiki yakawanda emakore. Saka zvipenyu kuderedza kusvibiswa ivhu uye zvachinokonzera.