Viennese Classics: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven. Viennese dzenhoroondo chikoro

Viennese Classics vakapinda munyika mumhanzi nhoroondo sechinhu chikuru muvandudzi zvenziyo Genre. basa ravo harisi chete nemamwe pacharo, zvinokosha kuti chokwadi kuti akaronga pakuzadzisa Musical yemitambo Genres, zviri mufashoni. Zvinyorwa zvavo nheyo chii nhasi anoonekwa kuti weclassical.

General zvechadenga yaitonga

Vanyori ava zvakafanana ndechokuti vakaita pakutanga kwezana zvikuru nemagariro uye nhoroondo eras pakati classicism uye romanticism. Viennese Classics vakararama munguva kuchinja, kana paiva chinoshingaira kutsvaka zvitsva siyana, kwete chete mimhanzi asi mabhuku, kupenda, mapurani. izvi zvose dzinongoita vakatsunga kutungamirirwa zvavo mabasa uye zvinetso mabasa. XVIII - hafu rokutanga XIX remakore vakanga aionekwa makuru kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika, hondo, izvo chaizvoizvo akashandura map Europe uye aibatsira kufungwa vakadzidza ano uye madenderedzwa vakadzidza munzanga. No Kusara uye Viennese Classics. Somuenzaniso, zvakajairika anozivikanwa chokwadi chokuti Napoleonic hondo zvikuru basa Beethoven, uyo yake yakakurumbira Symphony 9 ( "choral") aiva pfungwa yose ibatane uye runyararo. Yaiva mhando mhinduro kune vose avo cataclysms kuti vakavazunzira kondinendi muEurope muna vaiona nguva.

upenyu nemagariro

Viennese Classics vakararama munguva apo Baroque yadzima kupinda necheseri, uye vaitungamirira basa rakanga rakaita mirayiridzo itsva. It unotsvaka maererano siyana, kubatana murwiyo, uye saka akaramba akasvibirira siyana imwe yapfuura panguva. Classicism aifanira kuona tsika hunhu inoti dzakawanda dzeEurope. Asi panguva imwecheteyo atova katsika rokukurira vanachandagwinyira siyana rwokufamba ichi uye kusikwa mabasa hwakasimba zvinhu mumutambo uye kunyange njodzi. Chii vaiva zviratidzo kwaita Romanticism, iro rinorondedzerwa nemagariro kukura yose remakore rechi19 rokutanga.

dhanzi nadzurudzo

Viennese Classics akaita mutsindo basa kukura zvose mumhanzi Genres nguva pasi pakudzokorora. Mumwe nomumwe wavo, saka kutaura, kushandiswa mune munhu maitiro kana chimiro mimhanzi, asi kuti vabudirire kwavari vapinda yendarama pavane mumhanzi nyika. Gluck (waNyanduri) ndiyo yakanga yakakura uye imwe yakakurumbira vanyori nguva yake. basa rake kukura yemitambo hazvigoni dzakanaka; ndiye akapa dhanzi Genre, chokupedzisira chimiro umo tinozviziva nhasi. Christopher yaGlück munorumbidzirweiko iri pakuti akatanga akapindira kubva kunzwisisa dhanzi sezvo basa kuratidza Vocal nemano, asi mufashoni mimhanzi kutanga mutambo.

ukoshi

Gluck - Munyori, uyo akaita dhanzi chiseko chaiyo. Pamabasa ake, uyewo muzvinyorwa vateveri vake vocals vakava zvikuru kuvimba nemashoko. Zvarongwa uye murwiyo, uye Chikurukuru - mutambo, akatanga kutsanangura kukura zvokuridza mutsetse. Saka dhanzi vakarega kuva pachokwadi varaidzo, asi yava ikava chakakomba muchimiro zvenziyo okusika ane kunzwisisa mutambo, dzinonakidza kubva mupfungwa nemaonero, vatambi, zvinonakidza akafanana.

munyori wacho mabasa

Viennese dzenhoroondo chikoro chaiva hwaro yose zvenziyo yemitambo. Zvakawanda chikwereti ichi ndowenyika glitch. dhanzi ake "Orpheus uye Eurydice" raiva budiriro iri Genre ichi. Munyori pfungwa kwete virtuosity ose vaurayiwe, uye pamusoro mumutambo evanhu, saka kuti chigadzirwa vakawana iri kurira uye rakatangwa saka kure. Other dhanzi - "Alceste" - kwakawedzerwawo shoko idzva munyika mimhanzi. YeAustria Munyori zvakare vakaisa Kumikidzo kukura nyaya mutsetse, zvokuti chigadzirwa akagashira yakasimba mupfungwa yokureva. The kunyora ichiri kuitwa yakanakisisa nzendo zvenyika, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zviri dhanzi, kwaitungamirirwa Gluck, akanga zvinokosha nokuda shanduka zvenziyo yemitambo zvavo uye kunotsanangurwa kuti pakuzadzisa dhanzi kuti divi.

Inotevera Danho okukura

YeAustria Munyori Haydn, zvakare, ndowenyika renyeredzi yakakurumbira vanyori vakaita rakakura kuchinja zvenziyo Genres. Ari zvakanakisisa anozivikanwa soMusiki symphonies uye quartets. Nemhaka navo, Maestro yave kuwedzera kukurumbira kwete chete munyika Central European, asiwo mhiri. Yainyanya kuvazivisa mabasa ake, ayo akanga vanobatanidzwa repertoire hwenyika pasi zita "The gumi London Symphonies." Vari dzinoratidzwa pfungwa yekutarisira uye joie of vivre, izvo, zvisinei, runozivisa anenge ose mabasa wenziyo ichi.

unyanzvi Features

A maitiro chinoratidza mabasa Yozefa Gaydna akanga ukama hwavo ngano. In mabasa munyori wacho zvakajairika chaizvo kunzwa rwiyo nokutamba motifs akaita kuti basa rake saka kucherechedzwa. Izvi zvairatidza maonero ari munyori, uyo munzira dzakawanda aitevedzera Mozart, tichifunga iye zvakanaka kunyora nziyo munyika. Akakumbira uye vachifara chiedza mutinhimira kuti akamuita basa chaizvo upenyu uye rakajeka vachiridza.

Other mabasa

Haydn kwakaita dhanzi haafariri mukurumbira kwazvo zvakadai, sezvo quartets ake uye symphonies. Kunyange zvakadaro, izvi Genre mimhanzi anopindura nzvimbo akakurumbira basa yeAustria wenziyo, saka tinofanira zvikuru kuti vari chinokosha rinokosha ake zvinoyevedza basa taura vamwe mabasa ake uyu mutsa. Mumwe operas ake anonzi "mishonga" uye zvakanyorwa nokuda pakuvhurwa idzva yemitambo. A mamwe mabasa mashoma ichi mhando Haydn kwakaitawo wakasika mutsva theatre chivakwa. Akanyora kunyanya manyorero Italian dhanzi buffa uye dzimwe nguva akaisa pamwechete enyambo uye zvinoshamisa okunze.

Mabasa dzakakurumbira

Haydn quartets anzi Pearl kwenyika weclassical. Ivo vakabatana mirayiridzo inokosha munyori anoti: runako nzira, ari virtuosity ose vaurayiwe, netariro inzwi, Category siyana uye nenzira kuuraya yepakutanga. Mumwe yakakurumbira kutenderera rinonzi "Russian", sezvo vakazvitsaurira kuna Tsarevich Pavel Petrovich, ramangwana Russian Emperor Paul I. Rimwe boka quartets aiendeswa Mambo Prussia. mabasa aya akanyorwa nenzira itsva, sezvo kazhinji kusanduka ruzha, kupfuma kuti achisiyanisa nziyo zvenzwi. Ndiwo mhando mimhanzi Genre munyori akagamuchira nyika-pose kukosha. Pano zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti munyori vachiwanzoshandisa inonzi "zvinoshamisa" mutsamba dzake, kuita zvisingatarisirwi ndima mimhanzi munzvimbo idzodzo apo veruzhinji muzviduku kutarisirwa. Pakati mabasa aya kujairika ndowenyika "Vana Symphony" by Haydn.

General zvechadenga Mozart kuti okugadzira zvinhu

Uyu ndomumwe yakakurumbira vanyori mumhanzi, izvo achiri kunakidzwa mukurumbira anoshamisa chaiwo mafeni uye aida rose. Kubudirira pamabasa ake nokuti akasiyana musoro zvinoenderana uye vakakwana. Panyaya iyi, vaongorori vakawanda vanoti zvisikwa zvayo kusvika nguva classicism. Zvisinei, vamwe vanofunga kuti Viennese wenziyo aiva harbinger pamusoro Romanticism: pashure zvose mumabasa ake kare zvakajeka muitiro mufananidzo simba aakatipa zvifananidzo, uyewo rakadzika mupfungwa kudzidza vatambi (mu iyi tiri kutaura pamusoro dhanzi). Chero zvakanga, asi mabasa Maestro kusiyaniswa kudzama uye panguva imwe chete kunoshamisa nyore maonero, mutambo uye tarisiro. Vane nyore uye nyore omumwe nomumwe, asi panguva imwe chete chakakura chaizvo uye philosophic wayo kugutsikana uye ruzha. Kuti ichi ndicho Chiitiko kubudirira kwake.

munyori wacho dhanzi

Viennese dzenhoroondo chikoro akabatanidzwa mutsindo basa kukura dhanzi Genre. The munorumbidzirweiko huru iri ndera Mozart. Zvesimba kufuka mumhanzi yake achiri nevakawanda zvikuru uye rudo istyh kwete chete mumhanzi mafeni, asiwo vakawanda pachena. Zvichida ichi ndicho chete munyori ane mumhanzi nzira imwe kana mumwe munhu wose anoziva, kunyange kana vaine kure pfungwa basa rake.

The yakakurumbira dhanzi, zvichida, ndiye "Kuroorana Figaro". Zvichida ichi ndicho vachifara uye anosetsa panguva inoshamisa basa munyori. Humor rinonzwika anenge bato ose kuti akagovera iye saka dzakakurumbira. The inozivikanwa aria pamusoro protagonist zuva rakatevera raiva nokurova chaiye. Mozart kuti music - inopenya, tamba, misikanzwa, asi panguva imwe chete zvemariro akachenjera kwayo nyore - pakarepo yakahwina yezvisikwa rudo uye kugamuchirwa.

Chimwe yakakurumbira dhanzi posita - "Don Giovanni". By kukurumbira, zvichida harisi muduku pamusoro apa: inoshandiswa pakutsigira maitiro ichi kunogona kuonekwa munguva yedu. Achiratidza kuti nhoroondo nani yakaoma evanhu wenziyo nenzira iri nyore kwazvo uye panguva imwecheteyo chakakomba chimiro, nokudaro achiratidza kamwe zvakare kunzwisisa kwayo zvakadzama upenyu. In iri basa zvenziyo shasha akakwanisa kuratidza uye kunoshamisa, uye netariro zvinoriumba kuti mabasa ake ose vari rakabatana pamwe nemumwe.

dhanzi "The Mashiripiti nenyere" haidereri nevakawanda iri mazuva ano. mumhanzi Mozart kwakaita tazadzisa rinozotora yayo expressiveness. In basa iri zviri chiedza, Airy, kunonakidza uye panguva imwecheteyo zvikuru, saka munhu anogona chete vanonetseka kuti munyori vakakwanisa mu nyore kurira yakadaro, inowirirana kuratidza yose yezvinhu kwouzivi. Pane dzimwe Munyori wacho operas Somuenzaniso, unogona ikozvino kunzwika nguva nenguva, "La Clemenza od Tito", zvose yemitambo uye konzati unongotaura. Saka operatic Genre inogarwa nzvimbo huru iri basa akangwara wenziyo.

nomumwe chigadzirwa

Munyori ave achishanda dzakasiyana-siyana, uye akasika vazhinji nziyo mabasa. Mozart, "Night Music," izvo Somuenzaniso, kare vaenda mhiri konzati zvesimba uye kuzivikanwa, akanyora nyore chaizvo uye nyore mutauro. Zvichida ndokusaka unowanzonzi imwe shasha anopindirana. Kunyange zvinorwadza mabasa Zvaiita kweshoko tariro. In "Requiem," akataura pfungwa dzake pamusoro upenyu ramangwana riri nani, saka kuti ,, pasinei njodzi mataurire mumhanzi, chigadzirwa inosiya pfungwa vakambovhenekerwa runyararo.

Mozart konzati uyewo inobudisa tetepa kuwirirana uye musoro mhedziso. zvikamu zvose zviri pasi chete nyaya, uye yakabatana pedyo nevakawanda vavariro, rinotaura mataurire rose basa. Saka, zviri mumhanzi kuteerera kamwe. In chimiro ichi Genre mudzidziso mirayiridzo inokosha munyori: Anobvumirana mubatanidzwa mazwi uye zvikamu, chiedza uye kuridza panguva virtuoso chikwata chevaimbi. Hapana mumwe munhu aigona kudaro tetepa kuvaka mimhanzi yavo, kufanana Mozart. "Night Music" munyori - ndiwo mwero chitsva mubatanidzwa rinopindirana dzakasiyana vachiridza zvikamu. Cheerful uye ruzha kwazvo ndima dziri chikatsiviwa haawanzotauri anzwike mutinhimira virtuoso mapati.

Oga, zvinofanira pamusoro negurumwandira nemunyori. Ivo vazvionere zvikuru basa rake uye, uyewo mamwe mabasa, zvakazadza nepfungwa tariro uye chiedza illumined mufaro. Unofanirawo vanotaurawo akakurumbira "Turkish Rondo", iro akaenda mhiri konzati zvesimba, saka unogona kazhinji kunzwika kunyange zvokushambadza paterevhizheni. Asi mukurusa pfungwa maererano, zvichida, ane konzati pamusoro Mozart, umo nheyo akanyatsorongwa kukwana yakasvika chemhando dhigirii.

Zvishoma pamusoro Beethoven

Munyori uyu zvachose ndorwevaya yaitonga rokutonga romanticism. Apo Iogann Amadey Motsart anomira sokunge ari chikumbaridzo chekare uye mirayiridzo itsva Ludwig Van Beethoven kuitwa mufananidzo simba kuchiva, manzwiro simba uye kunoshamisa hunhu nemabasa avo chose. zvichida aiva mumiriri akakurumbira zvikuru romanticism. Achiratidza kuti, achitaura kunoshamisa, inosuruvarisa madingindira, akanyora chete dhanzi chete. Mukuru Genre naye akaramba symphonies uye sonatas. Iye ndiye chete zvinhu mabasa aya, uyewo Gluck kamwe kushandurwa dhanzi unongotaura.

Mumwe unoshamisa chinoratidza munyori rakanga kuti musoro mabasa ake ndiwo mufananidzo simba, titanic vachatitaka unhu kuti guru kuedza kuda kukunda matambudziko uye zvipingamupinyi zvose. Uyewo, yakawanda nzvimbo? Lv Beethoven muzvinyorwa ake musoro waakapiwa okutambura uye nemishonga, uyewo chinangwa nokudenga kubatana.

Vamwe oupenyu zvinhu

Aibva mumhuri musicians. baba vake vaida mukomana kuva yakakurumbira Munyori, saka, vaibata nayo vachiita asi zvikuru nzira. Zvichida ndosaka mwana akakura vakashatirwa uye hasha pachisikigo, vakazochinja kwakakanganisa basa rake. Beethoven aigara uye aishanda Vienna, apo ainge adzidziswa Haydn, asi zvidzidzo izvi nokukurumidza mwoyo uye mudzidzi uye mudzidzisi. Last akateerera yokuti vechiduku munyori ari hunodzorwa munhu asi kwakakwidibira motifs yakanga yatorwa panguva iyoyo.

Biography Beethoven muchidimbu anoudza uyewo pamusoro nguva yake zvinhu yerusununguko. Napoleonic War, iye pakutanga akagamuchira nechido, asi gare gare, apo Napoleon akazivisa pachake mambo, ndokupera pfungwa kunyora nezvimwe nokukudzwa kwake. Muna 1796, Ludwig akatanga atadze kunzwa. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kudimburira ake okusika basa. Nechekare ari chose matsi, akanyora ake yakakurumbira 9 nezvimwe izvo rava Nyanzvi chaiye munyika mumhanzi repertoire. Beethoven Biography (pfupi hurukuro pamusoro ichi hazvibviri) rinewo mashoko pamusoro Maestro ushamwari vakakurumbira vanhu nguva yake. Pasinei noutsinye uye unopinza hunhu, aiva shamwari munyori Weber, Goethe nevamwe vatungamiriri Classical kumwedzi.

Mabasa dzakakurumbira

Takatodzidza kutaurwa kuti maitiro chinoratidza basa L. V. Bethovena raiva anoratidza simba, mupfungwa, kurwisa nokuchiva, kukunda zvinetso. kunyanya govera "Appassionata" Pakati mabasa Genre ichi, chiri pakupfutidza manzwiro uye manzwiro, zvichida, ndiyo imwe akasimba. Paakabvunzwa nezvenyaya munyori wacho pamuviri waro zvisikwa, ndiro riri kutaurwa Shakespeare kuti kutamba "The Tempest", izvo, maererano naye, uye vakashumira seinokonzera rakafuridzirwa. Munyori anokwevera zvakafanana pakati vavariro titanic gusts ari Kuronga munyori wemitambo uye ake zvokuridza kududzirwa musoro.

Chimwe chezvinhu dzakakurumbira mabasa munyori - zviri "Moonlight Sonata", izvo, nekusiyana, zvakazadza nepfungwa kuwirirana uye norunyararo, sokunge vakasiyana kunoshamisa mumhanzi yake symphonies. Zvinokosha kuti zita chigadzirwa ichi akapa vairarama panguva munyori wacho, zvichida nokuti mumhanzi wakafanana nowenyika mugungwa kuridza usiku akanyarara. Zviri Songaniro izvi itai vateereri vakawanda kana kuteerera sonata ichi. No zvishoma, uye zvichida kunyange akakurumbira zvikuru basa akakurumbira, "Fur Elise" izvo munyori akatsaurira wake yeRussian Emperor Alexander I Elizavete Alekseevne (Louise). sezvamunoita izvozvi kunokanganisa inoshamisa mubatanidzwa motifs uye chakakomba zvemapapu ndima zvinoshamisa pakati. A kanoda mabasa Maestro anotora dhanzi ake chete "Fidelio" (rakashandurwa se "Wechokwadi" mutauro Italian). basa iri, kufanana nevamwe vakawanda, ari yakazara nemafungiro pathos rusununguko uye zvinoda rusununguko. "Fidelio" achiri asingadi ibvapo yacho aitungamirira dhanzi dzimba munyika, kunyange zvazvo kuziva dhanzi vagamuchira, sezvo anenge nguva dzose zvinoitika, kwete pakarepo.

wepfumbamwe Symphony

basa iri zvichida akanakisisa kuzivikanwa pakati mamwe mabasa munyori. Zvakanyorwa makore matatu asati afa muna 1824. Repfumbamwe Symphony paanopedzisa refu uye perennial tsvakurudzo pamusoro munyori ari kusikwa symphonic basa rakakwana. Zvakasiyana zvose zvapfuura vari kuti, chokutanga, izvozvo akatanga choral chikamu (akakurumbira "ode kuna Mufaro" by F. Schiller), uye chepiri yava kudzorwa sechivako munyori wacho symphonic Genre. Musoro wacho zvishoma nezvishoma achishandisa mumwe chikamu basa. Kuvamba nezvimwe rakanyatsojeka rima, rinorema, asi kunyange ipapo yakarira kure vavariro kuyanana uye kuvhenekerwa, riri kukura pamwe kukura pane mimhanzi sezvamunoita. Pakupedzisira, muna hwokupedzisira rinonzwika nayo choral kuimba tsvarakadenga simba, achidanidzira vanhu vose venyika rokubatanidza. Saka munyori mberi akasimbisa pfungwa huru basa rake. Aida kuti vakafunga rave akaratidza zvakajeka sei zvichibvira, saka, hakungoitwi chete mumhanzi, asi akapinda uye aurayiwe vaimbi. Symphony aiva maungira ubudirire: wokutanga mharidzo paruzhinji kuti munyori akaronga richimire ovation. Achiratidza kuti? Lv Beethoven akadzinyora, kuva kare chose matsi.

The kukosha chikoro Viennese

Gluck, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven akava havaoni kuti weclassical akava chihombe kwakabatsira vamwe nhoroondo yake mimhanzi, kwete chete muEurope asi munyika yose. Kukosha Vanyori izvi uye avo mupiro kuti kuchinja zvinhu zvokuridza yemitambo haigoni dzakanaka. Kushanda dzakasiyana-siyana Genres, ivo akasika rudzi pfupa uye anoshanda maererano vateveri vavo anyore mabasa matsva. Vakawanda zvisikwa zvavo kare aenda mhiri konzati zvesimba uye vakanga inosimbiswa mafirimu, paterevhizheni. "Rondo Turkish", "Moonlight Sonata" uye mamwe mabasa vanyori izvi vazhinji zvinozivikanwa kwete chete kune vanoda mimhanzi, asi kunyange vaya vasiri kujairana weclassical pedyo. Viennese dzenhoroondo Danho okukura, vaongorori vakawanda anzi kutituma munhoroondo mumhanzi, nokuti iyi vakaisa dzinokosha kusika uye kunyora operas, symphonies, sonatas uye quartets.