Yemasvomhu Perelman Jacob: mupiro nesayenzi. Inozivikanwa Russian yemasvomhu Grigory Perelman

Yemasvomhu Perelman - akakurumbira chaizvo munhu, pasinei anotungamirira munhu woga upenyu uye ose inobvira nenzira muchina. The uchapupu pakati Poincare fungidziro, akavaita akachiisa ndima nepfungwa masayendisiti munhoroondo yenyika. Yemasvomhu Perelman akaramba dzakawanda mibayiro inopiwa masayendisiti. Uyu murume akararama mwero uye zvachose vakazvipira kuti sayenzi. Chokwadi, nezvazvo uye kuvhura zvakafanira kuudza zvizere.

Baba Grigory Perelman

June 13, 1966 akaberekwa Grigoriy Yakovlevich Perelman, imwe nyanzvi yemasvomhu. Fungidzira izvozvo pachena achazoburuka zvishoma, asi zvikuru akakurumbira vari munyaya iyi. Iye akaberekwa Leningrad - guta guru tsika nyika yedu. baba vake aiva zvemagetsi injiniya. Haana kuita nesayenzi, sezvo vazhinji vanotenda.

Yakov Perelman

nevakawanda chaizvo kudavira kuti Gregory - mwanakomana Yakov Perelman anozivikanwa popularizer sayenzi. Zvisinei, izvi kutsausa, nekuti akafa kukombwa Leningrad muna March 1942, saka aisagona kuva baba ari yemasvomhu kukuru. Uyu murume akazvarwa muna Bialystok, rimwe guta kuti kare vaiva Russian Empire uye ikozvino chikamu Poland. Yakov Isidorovich akaberekwa muna 1882.

Yakov Perelman ndiro anonakidza, uyewo mwoyo masvomhu. Uyezve, iye aifarira nezvenyeredzi, wefizikisi. Murume uyu anonzi muvambi kunakidza sayenzi mumwe wokutanga uyo akanyora mabasa ari Genre dzakakurumbira mabhuku nesayenzi. Ndiye musiki "Live Mathematics" mabhuku. Perelman akanyora mamwe mabhuku akawanda. Uyezve, Bibliographie yake inosanganisira zvinopfuura chiuru nyaya. Kana rimwe bhuku rakafanana "Live Mathematics", Perelman ari ake Puzzles siyana nechokuita sayenzi iyi. Vazhinji vavo kutora chimiro nyaya pfupi. Bhuku rino iri kuitirwa zvikurukuru vechiduku.

Mune chimwe chiri kunyanya inonakidza uyewo bhuku, izvo munyori - Yakov Perelman ( "yokuvaraidza masvomhu"). Trilliard - Unoziva chii nhamba iyi? Izvi October ^21. MuSoviet Union kwenguva refu, vaviri nepadivi Makwande dziripo - "pfupi" uye "nguva". Maererano Perelman, "pfupi" rinoshandiswa Masvomhu mari uye zvinhu zvezuva nezuva, uye "refu" - mune zvedzidzo zvinyorwa pamusoro wefizikisi uye zvenyeredzi. Saka, trilliarda kuti "pfupi" chikero haako. ²¹ October nayo inonzi sextillions. Makwande izvi zvinosiyana chaizvo.

Zvisinei, isu hatingazvirumbidzi kutsanangura ichi kurega uye anozodzidza nyaya mupiro nesayenzi, izvo zvakaita Gregory pachinzvimbo Isidorovich Jakobho, ane kubudirira zvave zvishoma pane mwero. Nenzira, rudo kwesayenzi Gregory vakaroverera haana nomukurumbira namesake ake.

Mother Perelman yaro simba pamusoro Gregory

Mai musayendisiti yemberi akadzidzisa wemasvomhu pachikoro yekosi. Uyezve, aiva matarenda violinist. Zvichida rudo wemasvomhu, uyewo weclassical Gregory akatora pamusoro kubva kwaari. Vose vari zvakafanana kukwezvwa Perelman. Patinotarisana pakusarudza apo kuita - ari Conservatory kana iri zvekushandisa chesekondari, aisagona kusarudza. Ndiani anoziva ringadai Grigoriy Perelman, ndakanga ndasarudza vawane dzidzo mimhanzi.

Childhood ramangwana musayendisiti

Nechekare pane muduku Gregory akasiyana kuverenga kutaura, zvose zvakanyorwa uye kunanzvana. Kazhinji akarova nevadzidzisi muchikoro. Panzira, kusvikira mugwaro 9th Perelman akadzidza ari kusekondari, sokuti nezvekumwe, izvo zviri zvikuru pamupendero. Zvino mudzidzisi Muzinda Pioneers akaona unyanzvi jaya. Akaendeswa mapoka vana chipo. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nemamwe matarenda Perelman.

Kukunda servicesactiopurge, kudzidza

Kubvira ipapo anotanga chiitiko chinokosha kukunda Gregory. Muna 1982 akagamuchira rimwe menduru yegoridhe iri Budapest International kwemasvomhu Olympiad. It Perelman vaiitawo ne chikwata vechikoro Soviet. Iye akapiwa uzere mamakisi, achisarudza ose mabasa zvakakwana. giredhi regumi pana St. Gregory chikoro mugore iroro. Zviripo kubatanidzwa ichi nomukurumbira makwikwi akazarura nokuti iye mikova yakanakisisa masangano dzidzo munyika yedu. Asi Grigoriy Perelman aisangova mariri, asi akava menduru yegoridhe.

Hazvishamisi, akanga wechi pasina bvunzo panguva Leningrad State University, Mechanics uye Mathematics weVadzidzisi Vedare. Nenzira, ndarama menduru pachikoro Gregory, oddly zvakakwana, haana kugamuchira. Izvi chaitadzisa tinyatsonzwisisa Panyama Education. Kuita mitambo mitemo panguva yakanga Vanosungirwa wose, kusanganisira vaya vari zvakaoma kufungidzira kuzvitsigira danda achisvetukasvetuka kana panguva kubhawa. Mune dzimwe nyaya akadzidza pa shanu.

Dzidza LSU

Mumakore mashomanana akatevera, musayendisiti remangwana mberi nedzidzo yake LSU. Aiitawo achibudirira zvikuru siyana kwemasvomhu makwikwi. Perelman akakwanisa kunyange kugamuchira zvakakurumbira Lenin bhezari. Sezvo ava muridzi 120 rubles - mari yakawanda mumazuva iwayo. Inofanira kuva, paakanga akagara zvakanaka.

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti Mathematics uye Mechanics of University, iyo yava kunzi St. Petersburg, akanga ari makore Soviet, mumwe zvakanakisisa kuRussia. Muna 1924, somuenzaniso, akapedza kudzidza V. Leontyev. Pakarepo shure kupera kudzidzisa, akagamuchira Nobel Prize muna dzezvoupfumi. musayendisiti ichi kunyange kunzi baba American upfumi. Leonid Kantorovich, chete mudzimba weNobel award ichi, kurigamuchira kwavo mupiro sayenzi iyi, aiva purofesa matmeha.

Kuramba dzidzo, upenyu muna US

Ndapedza kubva LSU Grigoriy Perelman akapinda Steklov kwemasvomhu Institute, kuramba dzidzo yavo chikoro. Nokukurumidza, akabhururuka kuna US kuitira kupa sangano iri rokudzidzisa. nyika ino yagara zvakurukurwa mamiriro madiro, kunyanya munguva Soviet nguva pakati venyika yedu. Kuona kurota kwake vazhinji, asi yemasvomhu Perelman akanga asiri mumwe wavo. Kunenge kuti muedzo vakatsauka kucherechedzwa kuMadokero kwaari. Scientist achiri akatungamirira mwero mararamiro, kunyange chiduku wakaoma. Akadya chizi sandwiches kuti Ndashambidza pasi yogati kana mukaka. Uye Zvechokwadi, nyanzvi yemasvomhu Perelman akashanda nesimba. Zvikurukuru, akanga achidzidzisa. Scientist akasangana nevamwe mathematicians. America 6 makore akanga wakangosuruvara.

Kudzokera Russia

Gregory kuRussia mururimi sangano. Pano Akashanda 9 kwemakore. Panguva ino, vanofanira kuva, uye akatanga kunzwisisa kuti unoenda "unyanzvi wakachena" riri kuburikidza voga, voga munzanga. Gregory akasarudza dimbura ukama vavo co-vashandi. The musayendisiti akasarudza kiya pachake wake Leningrad imba uye kutanga basa guru ...

topology

Hazvisi nyore kutsanangura kuti Perelman akaratidza muna masvomhu. Chete vanoda zvikuru nesayenzi ichi vanogona kunyatsonzwisisa zvairehwa ake kuwanikidza. Tichaedza mutauro nyore kutaura pfungwa yokuti akapa Perelman. Gregory akavhomora topology. Zviri bazi masvomhu, kazhinji ainziwo geometry pamusoro rabha pepa. Topology zvidzidzo zviri geometric zvitarisiko kuti zvichengetedzwe kana chimiro ndeyokubvisa, vakamonyanisa, kana ruoko. Nemamwe mashoko, kana zvamazvirokwazvo elastically akaremara - pasina splices, unocheka uye hwatsvuka. The topology kunokosha chaizvo kuti anoranga sezvo kwemasvomhu wefizikisi kwakadaro. Rinopa pfungwa pamusoro zvivako nzvimbo. Tiri kutaura kana ichi pamusoro magumo nzvimbo, iyo nguva dzose kuwedzera, kuti zvinhu zvose.

The Poincaré fungidziro

Mukuru French yefizikisi yemasvomhu uye muzivi Zh. A. Puankare vakauya pfungwa yokutanga panyaya iyi. Izvi zvakaitika mukutanga remakore rechi20. Asi zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti akanga akaita kubvuma, uye kwete vakauya uchapupu. Perelman akaita basa rangu kuratidza pfungwa iyi, kuona mumwe remakore gare gare, mumwe kwemasvomhu mhinduro, zvine musoro kuyananiswa.

Kana vanhu kutaura kwayo zvazviri, kazhinji vanotanga sezvinotevera. Tora rabha Disc. Zvinofanira ringakweva pamusoro bhora. Saka, iwe uchava maviri-dimensional bhora. Zvinokosha kuti sekamufarenzi yacho Disc kwave yaunganidzwa pane imwe chete nguva. Somuenzaniso, unogona kuzviita ane rucksack kuburikidza achidhonza uye dzokubatanidza tambo yake. Zvachinja bhora. Chokwadi, nokuti isu chinhu-dimensional matatu, asi ari maviri-dimensional nemaonero wemasvomhu.

Zvadaro chitanga kare zvakaumbwa maberere uye kufunga, izvo zvakaoma kuona munhu asina mano. Zvino vanofanira kupa mumwe-dimensional matatu bhora, bhora, wakatambanudzwa pamusoro chinhu kuti anoenda kure kune imwe divi. Three-dimensional bhora, maererano pfungwa - aripo chete-dimensional matatu chinhu, izvo zvinogona chibvumirano kuti "gipershnurom" tsvagai pane imwe nguva. Uchapupu theorem no ichi rinotibatsira kunzwisisa chii muchimiro zvose. Uyezve, nemhaka nayo zvatinogona kufunga kuti muchadenga uye pane-dimensional matatu bhora.

Poincaré fungidziro uye Big Bang dzidziso

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pfungwa iri nokusimbisa Big Bang dzidziso. Kana zviri muchadenga chete "mufananidzo", iro pakuva iyo - kukwanisa kurudzosa pane imwe nguva, izvo zvinoreva kuti zvinokwanisika uye tatamuka saizvozvo. The mubvunzo unomuka: kana ari rinosvika, chii chiri kunze zvakasikwa? Ko munhu ane chigadzirwa yechipiri yomumwe chete nyika imwe Earth uye kunyange rwose pezvakasikwa, kuziva chakavanzika ichi? Vaya vanofarira, unogona kupa tarisa mabasa imwe nyika-Nyanzvi yemasvomhu - Stephen Hawking. Zvisinei, izvozvo zvinogona vasati kutaurwa uyu mamakisi chinhu kongiri. Ngationei tariro kuti mumwe Perelman uye achakwanisa kugadzirisa dambanemazwi ichi vachaonekwa ramangwana, iyo anotambudza mupfungwa zhinji. Ndiani anoziva, zvichida kunyange pachako Grigoriyu Yakovlevichu vachiri kukwanisa kuzviita.

The Nobel Prize muna masvomhu

Perelman haana kugamuchira ichi nomukurumbira wokuva kubudirira kwake kukuru. Strange, handizvo here? Kutaura zvazviri, kunogona nyore kutsanangurwa kana tinofunga kuti mubayiro uyu haako. iyiwo nyaya yose zvikonzero Nobel kunyimwa vamiriri sayenzi iyi inokosha akasikwa. Nanhasi, kwete paakavapa Nobel Prize muna masvomhu. Perelman kunge kurigamuchira kana waivapo. Pane ngano kuti chikonzero kurambwa Nobel mathematicians ndiyo zvinotevera: ndiwo mumiririri zvesayenzi akasiya kwaari mwenga. Like kana kwete, asi chete pamwe veMubatanidzwa remakore rechi21 kururamisira pakupedzisira okunda. Pakarepo kwakava nomumwe bhonasi kuti mathematicians. Tiudzei zvishoma pamusoro nhoroondo yacho.

akaita Mubayiro of Institute of Clay sei?

David Hilbert panguva International Congress of Mathematicians, yakaitirwa 1900 kuParis, akabayira nyora kuti zvinosanganisira 23 matambudziko kuti kugadziriswa munyika itsva remakore rechi20. To musi akabvumira kuti 21 vavo. Zviya, akapedza kudzidza LSU matmeha YV Matiyasevich muna 1970 akapedza chisarudzo rechi10 matambudziko aya. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi21 akafanana naye pasi ndokukweverwazve kumusoro ari American Institute of Clay, rine matambudziko manomwe masvomhu. Vanofanira kugadzirisa muzana remakore rechi21. Award miriyoni emadhora pakaziviswa kuti chisarudzo neimwe. Kunyange muna 1904, iye akagadzira ari Poincaré mumwe mabasa aya. Akaisa mberi pfungwa yokuti mana-dimensional nzvimbo dzose-dimensional matatu pamusoro, homotypic nerechiHebheru bhora vari homeomorphic nayo. Mumashoko nyore, kana-dimensional matatu pamusoro zvakafanana mune dzimwe nzira kuti bhora, zvinokwanisika kuti ruoko ndokuita sebhora. Mashoko aya ari musayendisiti unowanzonzi nokuda kwayo kukuru kukosha mukunzwisisa zvakaoma chaiko pezvakaitwa kuti nzira zvakasikwa, uyewo nokuti kuti mhinduro ndiwo mubvunzo kuti chimiro wezvose. Zvinofanira kunzi ichi zvakawanikwa kukonzera kukura Nanotechnology.

Nokudaro, Clay Mathematics Institute asarudza kusarudza 7 mabasa akaoma. Nokuda kwezvaizosarudzwa neimwe akavimbiswa miriyoni emadhora. Uye pano anobva zvakawanikwa naye Grigoriy Perelman. Prize nekuda masvomhu, Chokwadi, anoenda kwaari. Akanga yaona zvakarurama nokukurumidza, nokuti muna 2002 yakabudiswa kubudirira ake kune dzimwe Internet kupfuma.

Perelman akanga paakavapa ari Clay Prize

Saka, muna March 2010, akanga paakavapa rimwe zvakakodzera mubayiro Perelman. Prize muna masvomhu kunoreva kuwana kunoshamisa mamiriro, uwandu yaiva $ 1 miriyoni. Gregory aifanira nditorerei iye uchapupu kuti Poincare kuti theorem no. Zvisinei, muna June 2010, rinoitwa musayendisiti kuteerera kuParis pamasvomhu musangano iye aifanira kutora nzvimbo yacho mharidzo award ichi. A July 1, 2010, Perelman yakazivisa yekuramba pachena. Uyezve, mari akaisa kwaari, iye kumbotaurawo, pasinei zvikumbiro zvose.

Sei yemasvomhu Perelman akaramba mubayiro?

Gregory akatsanangura chokuti hana haabvumiri kuti kuwana mamiriyoni, isa dzimwe mathematicians akawanda. The musayendisiti akati kuti akanga zvikonzero zvakawanda zvakadai kutora mari, uye haana kutora navo. Aisagona kusarudza. Chikuru nokuda kukundikana mibayiro Grigori Perelman, mudzidzi wemasvomhu anonzi vasingabvumirani masayendisiti. Akacherechedza kuti anoona sarudzo yake tsvete. Gregory akati anotenda kuti mupiro Hamilton, nyanzvi yemasvomhu German, vari kugadzirisa chinetso ichi, hapana shoma pane ake.

Zviya, gare gare kunyange akazviratidza anecdote panyaya: masvomhu vanofanira kazhinji govera mamiriyoni, zvichida munhu achiri kuda kutora kwavari. A gore pashure kukundikana Perelman Demetrios Christodoulou uye Richard Hamilton akanga paakavapa ari Shaw Prize. Ukuru award izvi masvomhu ndiyo miriyoni remadhora. mubayiro uyu dzimwe nguva unonzi Nobel Prize yokuMabvazuva. Hamilton kuiona kuti nokuumba kwemasvomhu dzidziso. Zvino yakatanga Russian yemasvomhu rayo Perelman mumabasa ake vakazvipira kuti uchapupu Poincaré fungidziro. Richard akagamuchira mubayiro uyu.

Other mibayiro, iro vakaramba Grigoriy Perelman

Panzira, muna 1996, Grigoriyu Yakovlevichu akanga paakavapa mubayiro nomukurumbira nokuti mathematicians vaduku kubva European kwemasvomhu vomunharaunda. Zvisinei, akaramba kuzvigamuchira.

Makore 10 gare gare, muna 2006, musayendisiti akanga paakavapa ari Fields menduru kuti kugadzirisa Poincare fungidziro. Gregory akaramba uye kubva pairi.

magazini Science muna 2006 rinonzi uchapupu fungidziro, vakasikwa Poincare, zvesayenzi budiriro kwegore. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti ichi ndicho basa rokutanga masvomhu, izvo chichiwanikwa ndozvaari.

David Gruber uye Sylvia Nasar muna 2006 yakabudisa nyaya yaiti siyana Destiny. Panoti Perelman, ake dambudziko kusarudza Poincare. Uyezve, nyaya rinotsanangura kwemasvomhu munharaunda, uye pamusoro huripo sayenzi zvetsika zvine chokuita. Ngachipiwe uye kashoma kubvunzurudza Perelman. A Mujenya pamusoro uchitsoropodzwa Shintana Yau, Chinese yemasvomhu. Pamwe nevadzidzi vake, akaedza kupikisa kukwana uchapupu Grigoriem Yakovlevichem. Mubvunzurudzo, Perelman akati, "Vatorwa havasi vaiona vaya vanotyora yetsika zvesayenzi Vanhu akafanana neni -. Kuti munhu ari oga."

Muna September 2011, akaramba uye kubva nhengo iri Russian Academy of Sciences, nyanzvi yemasvomhu Perelman. Biography ake anotaurwa mubhuku rakabudiswa mugore iro. Pairi unogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro zvichaitirwa masvomhu, kunyange mashoko vakaungana anobva uchapupu kumapati rechitatu. munyori wayo - Masha Gessen. Bhuku racho rakanyorwa pachishandiswa kubvunzurudza navo, vadzidzisi, nevamwe uye vabatiri Perelman. Sergei Rukshin, Uchitel Grigoriya Yakovlevicha, akati pamusoro wake basa.

Grigoriy Perelman nhasi

Nhasi anotungamirira munhu woga upenyu. Zvakasimba wokudhinda akasatenda yemasvomhu Perelman. Where anorarama? Kutozosvikira munguva ichangopfuura, Gregory aigara naamai vake Kupchino. Uye muna 2014 akakurumbira Russian yemasvomhu Grigori Perelman ari kuSweden.