Zlatoust simbi achiita zvokutemera: zvigadzirwa, nhoroondo

Chrysostom - taundi duku riri kuChelyabinsk streek vanhu vanhu zvishoma pane zviuru mazana maviri. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa mune uri maoko, unyanzvi kare uye vateresi bladed zvombo munyika dzakawanda pasi pose. Kubwinya guta vakauya nhete uye kwezvokufuka yechitema simbi achiita zvokutemera, yokunamisa zvinogadzirwa simbi pakati yokuisvonaka. Kings, CPSU General Secretary uye President of Russian Federation sezvo kukosha kwazvo shamwari vatorwa avo wairatidza zvigadzirwa Ural vanatenzi.

Zlatoust zvinyorwa shongedza unocheka kumativi zvombo uye zvinhu pamba kwaakaita uye midziyo yemagetsi - mabhokisi, nyaya mudzanga, kunyora zviridzwa, kazhinji achiita zvokutemera akashandiswa kugadzirwa dzechitendero zvinhu - chalices, zvemwenje, monstrances uye mari nokuda kwemifananidzo. Medals, mitambo mikombe - uyewo muchero basa engravers.

Melee zvombo sezvo nyaya nomukurumbira

Chrysostom - guta apo vanoziva zvakawanda pamusoro chipande.

zvombo Melee inoitirwa kuzadzisa mabasa maviri.

First - shungu kushandiswa kuti chinangwa chahwo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti simbi vanofanira nyore tochitsya uye kazhinji refu kuramba hasha, kuva vakashinga, simba, mwero kuchinja, uye kwete nengura. Bata uye mumuhara - ari oga nyaya. The chombo yakanakisisa ivhu kugadzirisa ane woita, kudzokorora anatomical nemamiriro ruoko, uye sokunge munhu wechisikigo kuwedzera ruoko. Mumuhara ukuwo, - kuenderera chipande. Zvakanaka akagadzira uye aurayiwa, havana kuomerera hembe, kwete kumuremera, kunyanya zvakasimba uye kwete idonhe. Kureba, chimiro, vanobwembura, ndiro ukobvu - Counts zvose.

Wechipiri - mukurumbira. Kubva nzira sokunge reza, akaita kuti kutonga chiremerera wayo. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, kubata uye mumuhara nokuda kwamachinda yakashongedzwa nemabwe anokosha, nendarama nesirivha coinage, vanodhirowa uye zvinyorwa.

Zlatoust mapanga nhasi, sezvo nokusingaperi, undosangana zvose zvinodiwa mureza. Famous shoma Dirk vachiri kuita diki musangano iri Ural guta.

Production chipande Zlatoustovsky

In kugadzirwa chero chinhu iwe matanho zvose zvinokosha. No kunze uye Zlatoust simbi achiita zvokutemera. secretion kugadzirwa zvemichina haasi. Mumaraibhurari, unogona kuwana vatungamiriri kuti zvose. Formulations nesimbi alloys, ivo acids ose payakavakirwa etching uye varnishes iripo. Art unyanzvi Prints vanodzidziswa muna Zlatoust bazi Ural State University. Kubvira muna 1996, munhu anogona kupinda dzakagadzirirwa "Technology ounyanzvi kubudiswa zvinhu."

Asi chaiye mukuru uri - hazvina chete unyanzvi. Kwete basa asi chiduku chikamu Masters kupinda mamiziyamu uye kugamuchira mibayiro pa nyika makwikwi. Chrysostom kudada.

UK Museums uye Germany vanozvikudza akaunganidzwa mishonga simbi, izvo akasika Zlatoust vanatenzi. Chii zvakavanzika kukurumbira zvakadaro? Chokwadi chokuti vemo engravers mukudzidzire dzose nenyanzvi kushanda simbi, uye ichi kudzingana uye notching, uye Browning uye blackening, uye pickling, uye electroplating, uye taushirovanie. Kwechinguva ikozvino akawedzera uye ibwe kuvesa, nokuda Ural anokosha vari vakawana yakanaka chaizvo mukati. Miniature achiita zvokutemera inlaid namabwe, yaakaita zvakanaka kunaka uye maererano netsika ekare, nguva dzose kudiwa. Uyezve, nhoroondo achiita zvokutemera - ndiyo nyaya dzose Virtual uri fomu. Kubva pakuvapo ino nguva iyo Ural vanatenzi kumbomira kudzidza. Piggy unyanzvi romubati simbi kubudiswa uye kuramba richikura nhasi.

The chidzoke of fishery

Muna 1754, munyika Urals, mumupata rworwizi Ai, Supreme ndizvo Imperial Rake mambo akanga arayira prostroen ironworks fekitari. Guta, iro rakakura pedo, ainzi kuremekedza St. Ioanna Zlatousta.

Kuronga kudhindwa muna 1815 kubva kuGermany, fekitari Solingen, vakakokwa engravers zvakanaka - baba nomwanakomana Schaff, uye makore matatu gare gare Kesari akakwanisa kuona zvibereko basa ravo - the batch mangé nemapfumbamwe mashizha rokutanga akaendeswa guru. Jobs aifarira uye akagamuchira soro tendero.

Pamwe chete Shafami uye pasi mazano, nyanzvi kugadzirwa matarenda Ural vanatenzi itsva. mazita avo vanoramba munhau sezvo mazita havaoni ane manyorerwe uri inozivikanwa ruvara simbi achiita zvokutemera. It Efim uye Ivan Bushuyeva Bamba Fedor uye Peter Telezhnikov, Arkhip makeke Fodor Strizhev, Ivan Boyarshinov nevamwe.

Schaff - vateveri tsika German okuberekwa. Vakanga zvakasimba vanoziva sei kutarisa achiita zvokutemera akakwana. Description zvaidiwa mureza yaizodai peji kupfuura mumwe. At kushoma, kuswedera anofanira kutarira akafanana yakanakisisa mienzaniso zolingenskih vanatenzi - kuva mutete, flat uye monochrome. Schaff refu nguva haana kubvumira vemo kushandisa pfungwa yavo tsika. The mapatani pamusoro simbi yairema vokuGermany ndikamumara tsono. The etching asidhi yakashandiswa chete sezvo kwokupedzisira kugadzira danho. zviridzwa German vanoonekwa ne mukuru kwoukukutu uye fineness. Figures vakawana duku chaizvo uye ane nezvo. Nyaya imwe dhigirii kana mumwe wodzokorora.

VokuGermany vaigara voga mumusha uye haana kutsvaka kuvhara kuonana veko. Vakashanda wakaisvonaka, vaaishamwaridzana, asi basa akaramba ushamwari uye vasingadi chaizvo kugoverana ruzivo rwavo.

Zlatoust achiita zvokutemera iyoyo nyore kucherechedzwa kuti rakanyorwa. Kuswedera akaisa pamusoro mumuhara uye hilt. Rwonzi uri mutete, kwezvokufuka, kudhirowa yakaisvonaka, yakawanda Kumikidzo richiswedera mashoko.

Kunyanya Russian Style

Vadzidzi, kunze avo nhamba vakadzidza kubva Schaffs, akatanga kudhirowa mifananidzo kubva muchiuto uye rugare neupenyu nyika yake yaakaberekerwa, rengano nyaya - havana kutya kuratidza fungidziro pakusarudza gravornoy michina. Native hunhu uye Fauna of Urals kuripowo mudzidziso vanodhirowa dzavo. vatenzi Russian rakapfuura vadzidzisi vavo nenzira dzakawanda. Vakadzidza kushandisa etching kubudisa mavara akasiyana uye maketeni. By kusiyanisa murwiyo pamusoro asidhi uye ya makemikari maitiro, ivo kubudirira nemigumisiro inoshamisa. Mumaoko avo, Zlatoust mapanga dzikava nemamwe mabasa ounyanzvi akanaka, iyo haanyari kuuya nechipo, kunyange madzimambo.

Ivanko-Samara

The chidzoke munhu nedzimwe zvinoyevedza manyorerwo kazhinji chokuita zita Ivana Bushueva. Akakurira mumhuri gunsmiths. Akadzidza kupenda panguva vomunyika. Munguva Urals, yagara paaivatambudza steelmaking. Musi Demidov miti vainyungudutsa mhangura, akabika wake Dhamasiko simbi, akapfura nhumbi dzokurwa nadzo. Pakazosvika nguva panowanikwa Zlatoust chirimwa tsika yokushanda simbi vakanga zvakakwana dzakaumbwa. Ivan Bushuyev - yakakurumbira zita muna Zlatoust. Akanga kusimba unyanzvi uye anoshanda nesimba. Ural tenzi kwakabatana ruzivo uye unyanzvi nekutarisisa pamwe German nenzira achiita zvokutemera. Aiva shasha kudivi kushongedzwa. Pachake ndokugadzira mashizha uye kupfeka vanodhirowa dzavo. mabasa ake vari kuchengetwa yeZvombo of Moscow Kremlin. Paul Bazhov immortalized zita tenzi iri ngano "Ivanko-Samara". The akakurumbira mapapiro bhiza, chiratidzo Chrysostom - muripo uye kuremekedza.

Ivan Bushuyev akanga akanaka kwazvo pfungwa zvinoenderana, zvakakwana kwatakagoverwa. tsika yake zirokwazvo kucherechedzwa. Bushuevskie vatambi vari kunofambira mberi, sezvinoita vokuGermany. vanhu varo, mhuka - upenyu kufamba. Hapana tsaona mufananidzo Chrysostom - iri kukurumidza kumhanyira mhepo yendarama mapapiro bhiza. Zvokutemerwa sokunyorwa Ivan Bushueva kazhinji chipo mabhiza. Vachishandisa kutenderera musoro, nzvimbo muviri, makumbo, muswe, nzeve, kunyange nyore kuziva chii mhuka anonzwa, anoratidzwa by the artist. Ko mutumwa akatungamirira ruoko yatenzi paakanga yakabatawo tsono ndikamumara varnish?

romoto gilding

Pakusikwa rinodhindira Ivan Bushuyev akaponesa kana nguva kana nesimba. Iye akatoita nzira zvishongo zvegoridhe zvinhu zvake.

Tenzi aiziva zvemichina uye munoziva kuti mashizha mumatanho zvose, kutanga kuparadzana esimbi. Zvainge akatungamirira fineness utsotso webasa, akakwanisa kusimbisa kuti nesimbi, vainyora uye varnishes nokuda etching nezvakavhenganiswa, asi vaida zvikuru Ivan unyanzvi rinodhindira. Akatanga nyaya, vakandoteka navo papepa, uye ipapo kuderedzwa kune kutsvakwa kukura, kubika ndiro uye kupfeka mufananidzo wake. Preparation of chigadzirwa kune achiita zvokutemera chaingwarira pakuonekwa uye varnishing. Ipapo mafuta-tochi kana banga mumuhara zvinenge zvakazara paiva chin'ai. Uyezve chinhu clamped ari vise, uye akabwembura mufananidzo agamuchirwa. Kana zvose akatendeuka zvakanaka, uye nyaya huchikanganiswa yakamanikana nzvimbo yacho chigadzirwa, zvaigoneka kutanga anokosha chikamu basa. Kuvadza pamusoro zachernonnuyu tenzi muenzaniso ndikamumara tsono, achibvisa lacquer kuti simbi. Pashure paizvozvo urwa nendarama nemekiyuri akaisa zvishoma homwe suede. Engravable chinhu ari neshungu refu kwazvo tembiricha uye tsvuku-inopisa pose ichi nemhepo homwe fodya. Mercury runopwa uye igoridhe chairo fused kuti simbi. The dzaserera chipande kana mumuhara Bushuyev akachenesa kubva lacquer. oparesheni Izvi zvakare nyore. inonzi etching. Zvichienderana iine acid murwiyo pamusoro simbi akaramba Hue yakasiyana ruvara kupfuura nechepasi simbi.

Mercury mhute kakabudiswa munguva kudziyisa, zvinokuvadza chaizvo utano. Shoma engravers inopisa yegoridhe mupenyu kusvika makore makumi mana. Ivan Bushuyev akafa muna 1835. Aiva 37.

Famous mabasa

Zlatoust vanatenzi mabasa mubereko makuru kwete chete mashoko ounyanzvi, uyewo zvinyorwa. It akapukunyuka mashizha maviri yakaitwa rokutanga kota remakore rechi19. Vakarangana vakasiyana mifananidzo unoratidza nzendo basa risati chitarisiko yacho. Izvi mhangura kuchera uye simbi simbi uye Kudzingwa ari Foroma uye muchipinda, uye achiita zvokutemera, uye hurukuro wamambo, uye mharidzo yacho gamba. The mashizha akanyatsojeka rakafanana mumwe. Zviri pachena kuti ivo vakaitwa vatenzi chimwe chikoro, asi mumwe tinoona cherubic vacheche, uye mumwe - vanhuwo vakuru. Old Zlatoust achiita zvokutemera - zvenhaka, iyo aikoshesa inodhura kwazvo, kunyanya kana ukafunga kuti panguva tenzi ari kushingaira kushanda negoridhe, nesirivha, nematombo anokosha. Zvinodiwa nemhuri hwoumambo mumawekishopu pamusoro Zlatoust chirimwa nguva dzose akarayira akasiyana-siyana zvinhu, kwete chete nezvombo. Grand Duke Alexander, mugari wenhaka yokuRussia choushe, Ivan Bushuyev neboka reshamwari akaita dzokurwa akaita Ages. Izvi rakasiyana chinhu unogona kuonekwa rimwe dzimba dzose miziyamu vomunharaunda lore Chrysostom.

Pavel Petrovich Anosov

Achiita zvokutemera Chrysostom somunhu National Russian chevarwere raanoziva, chikwereti zvikuru kuti mabasa Pavla Petrovicha Anosova. Uyu murume vakasimudzira zvikuru kwete chete pamusoro pokumuka uye kusimudzira nemamwe unyanzvi, asiwo kukura yemigodhi indasitiri yacho Urals. Unyanzvi vanhu vanobva mumhuri murombo muupenyu kwakaita pachake basa rayo uye tarenda, pasina vanoitisana simba uye patronage.

Pavel Anosov nherera mangwanani, uye sekuru vake vakatora pamusoro dzidzo, waimira samakanika panguva Izhevsk uye Votkinsk mafekitari. Ndokusaka, wakati agamuchira dzidzo yakanaka panguva St. Petersburg kadheti Corps, Pavel Petrovich akaenda Zlatoust Mining District. Akaenda 22-fung gore. Kutanga muhofisi zvikuru vasingakoshi, kuenda mumatanho ose upward, Anosov asvika pambiru Mukuru zvinomera gomo Altai uye Tomsk mudunhu gavhuna. Akafa makore 54 chete chinzvimbo mubati Tomsk. Mumakore ayo upenyu kwete chaizvo refu, akakwanisa kumutsa uye kukudziridza simbi uye simbi maindasitiri mundima yaakaronzeswa. Aiva mugodhi injiniya uye kemisiti, vakadzidza yezvakaita Urals uye zvinhu zvakawanda pane nzvimbo pachivande chicherwa deposits.

Muna 1828, Pavel Petrovich Anosov, akanga atova mukuru Zlatoust Metallurgical Plant, akagashira kubva Mining Choushumiri kuti kuva simbi huru zvatariswa haisi muduku zvakanakisisa kuzivikanwa panguva weDhamasiko Bulat. Arhitrudnaya basa, nekuti dzavo zvakavanzika gunsmiths kumabvazuva sevatsvene akachengetedza emakore akawanda. Zvisinei, pashure pokutsvakurudza zvikuru uye kwacho, Paul Petrovich nevamwe vake vakawana akabudirira chaizvo chiwanikwa payakavakirwa riri mberi vakakudza chirimwa, uye panguva imwecheteyo, uye yose Russia. Russian Bulat Anosova akaenda kugadzirwa mapanga.

Kubva chii akaita Paul Petrovich, tinogona kuyeuka dzinotevera, zvinoratidza izvozvo somunhu zvinoshamisa munhu uye muridzi akanaka.

• Anosov akaita kurambidzwa mekuri gilding, nokuti zvinokuvadza chaizvo utano, uye vakaritsiva nemazita electroplated.
• Iye akasika michina kuti zviite basa vashandi.
• Paaiita utungamiriri wake nekubata Zlatoust chirimwa pagore kunopa mbiri akabhadhara mazororo - mumwe wechipiri pamberi Isita uye muchirimo, panguva yekukohwa.

• Pavel Petrovich akaita zvikoro vashandi 'vana okutanga. Iye wakateya kubatsira vakomana pasi 12 nevasikana - kusvika 18.
• On ake kutanga, basa riri kudzidza zvivako chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi zvakavharwa ichiitwa yakarongeka, pamwe akarekodhwa nemigumisiro pakutsvakurudza uye kuedza. Pamberi pake, kugadzirwa simbi kuti mapakatwa yaiva nhau kunzwisisa uye vakapfuura vachibva tenzi kunyatsodzidza nomuromo. Paul pachake Anosov akanyora uye akabudisa kubatsira akawanda migodhi, kusanganisira simbi koukukutu Stainless esimbi uye kugadzirwa weDhamasiko simbi.

Bulat zvakanaka muzvinhu zvose uye havasi muduku zvakanaka nyika mitemo. Nemapanga staffing kuboora vakatema zvombo, namatemo, nemapanga kuvhima mapanga mariri vachiri vanotongwa mukuru iwe. antiikki ukoshi hwavo kwazvo mazana ezviuru rubles. Moire dzakayerera Dhamasiko yakanaka sezvo anokosha simbi. Anosova vemifananidzo haana kunyange kuita kuti mifananidzo, chete pedyo nechimwe. Zhinji vakasiyana zvishongo rakaiswa pamusoro mubato mumuhara.

Muna 1847 iye akagumisa nguva P. P. Anosova. Akaenda kuna St. Petersburg pamwe dzakaunganidzwa nemapanga, kuvhima mapanga, mabhokisi, Forogo, Banga Nechipunu pamwe pazvibato inlaid pamwe Semi-anokosha namabwe Urals, nezvionioni uye nendiro dzacho. Pavel Petrovich aitarisira kuratidza izvi, uye vakuru vakuru kuti mvumo chokuwedzera kugadzirwa, asi mugwagwa yakanga chando dutu. The ngoro harikunguruswi pamusoro, shamwari yake wapera mabhokisi inorema uye yakafukidzwa nesinou. Vakagara mazuva mashoma panguva ngoni utsinye zvinhu pasina tariro yoruponeso. Somugumisiro, Anosov kurwara. Akanga asingakwanisi kupora uye akafa muchirimo 1851.

Pavel Matveyevich Obukhov

Anenge makore 15 Zlatoust chirimwa akaramba pasina utungamiriri hwakanaka. Pakati pezana remakore 60s kusvikira pambiru maneja akagadza Paul Matveyevich Obukhov. Akakwanisa kuunza boka kubva dambudziko. Pavel Matveevich Aibva mumhuri miners. Akapiwa ouinjiniya dzidzo panguva St. Petersburg Mining Institute, kwaakanga zvidzidzo ane menduru yegoridhe, ipapo vakadzidziswa muGermany uye Belgium, somugumisiro vawana unyanzvi zvakanaka maneja uye murongi. In Zlatoust, Akatangazve kurimwa kwacho kwakaita kuti hurongwa akasiya Anosov zvikuru yesayenzi nhaka uye akaramba kuedza ake akatanga pamusoro doping. Pavlu Matveevichu rwunoverengerwa kuti pakasikwa kukandira simbi. Rwakatsiviwa yendarira kanoni, uye ikozvino Zlatoust Metallurgical Plant rava guru nokutengesa nepfuti - pfuti uye nepfuti.

Art okudhindira vari hadzizi simbe. Kana Anosov mumakore achangopfuura, kazhinji anogadzirwa uye Dhamasiko simbi mashizha, kuti Obukhov uye kuwedzera simba zvombo kuwedzera guru zvakawanda zvemumba - mabhokisi, nyaya mudzanga, zviumbwe, Forogo, Banga Nechipunu. Zviya, Pavel Matveyevich Obukhov raakanga achengeteswa kubudikidza zvebhizimisi kwete chete vakaziva pfungwa dzavo kuti uvandudze, asi yakatangawo uye rakatangwa pfungwa Pavla Petrovicha Anosova, akachengetedzwa muzvinyorwa.

The Soviet kumwedzi

Mushure 1917, Zlatoust chirimwa akaramba kushanda. Zvino chando simbi vakatanga munoshongedza echimurenga mifananidzo uye Portraits kwevatungamiriri venyika Communist Party. Uise vakanatswa classicism akatora dzemakwiringwindi ano. Kusimbisa vakatanga kuita panyaya vakawanda kugadzirwa. Ndakanga midzi nzira setkografii. Yemunyori manyorerwo iri dzotsauka. Wechitema achiita zvokutemera yakura kukura uye ikava ukomba. Zlatoust simbi zvigadzirwa mhizha vashongedze masvingo paruzhinji masangano. New nokuti galvanic deposition kuti nickel michina yachinja mhiri pamutemo Zlatoust achiita zvokutemera. Figures kudukupiswa zvakajeka, diffuse guru Kumikidzo mutambo chiedza uye mumvuri. Zvakanga asisiri kwazvo achiita zvokutemera sezvo mufananidzo.

Setkografiya anobvumira kuti pave makuru batch ose dzakafanana aenzana. Artists zvaiendeswa kwavari reproductions vaiva nomukurumbira mifananidzo kubudikidza vanozivikanwa vanyori. Huge Portraits pamusoro Lenin uye Stalin vashongedze pamadziro nehurumende masangano. Kwenguva yakati, okusika pfungwa akasvimha zvokuimba basa.

In kuma1960 akararamazve kufarira zverudzi ounyanzvi. Takatanga kuvhura yekosi uye unyanzvi zvikoro. Achiita zvokutemera Chrysostom awana tichimhanya nokuda kukura itsva. Young vakapedza kudzidza muzvikoro kugamuchira dzidzo-engravers Artists vaiuya fekitari uye okudhindira iyo kugadzirwa zvemumba, matarenda avo. Mumakore aya, akaridza mazita akadai vemifananidzo yakanaka sezvo G. Bersenev A. Bogachev, NV Lohtachova, Averkin O. and said.

chipo

Nhasi, munhu anogona kunzwa pfungwa kuti mumakore mazana makore Zlatoust achiita zvokutemera sezvo rudzi National Arts and Crafts vakafirwa nemusoro. With ichi haudi kugamuchira. Zlatoust achiita zvokutemera (nyaya yakakurumbira hove inosimbisa izvozvo) panguva yose kwarwo, ari dzichichinja. Pakutanga, zvakanga dzinoratidzwa laconic zvitarisiko uye mifananidzo yakajeka, nhaka kubva vokuGermany kubva Solingen, ipapo vatenzi Russian akawedzera gilding nezvimwe dekor ano, yemwoyo runofarira. Uyezve, muzana remakore rechi20, achiita zvokutemera akabvuma pfungwa akakurumbira unyanzvi uye takabatikana zvitaera zvitsva zvemazuva ano.

The zana makore kutanga kutisiira shoma mazita akakurumbira Artists. basa ravo zvinogona kuwanika manyorero - I. N. Bushuev kupendwa miniatures pamusoro dingindira ngano uye hondo zvechiuto. IP Boyarshinov aida kushanda kunovhima mapanga. Akaveza pamusoro pawo kuvhima zvatinoona.

Mumakore ose achiita zvokutemera pamusoro simbi akanga kuchinja sezvo siyana evanhu upenyu uye zvinodiwa nevanhu zana makore mhando. Chii inonzi kitsch uye nevatengi nhumbi - semhedzisiro kukunda pamusoro proletarian chimurenga, iyo equalized uye zvose anosimbiswa kupa vose zvose zvamunoda. Kutevera hombe uye socialization ounyanzvi kwakaita kuti chokwadi chokuti decoration chezvinonhuwira kuti Zlatoust achiita zvokutemera nokururamisira varombo. Pari unyanzvi achiita zvokutemera pamusoro simbi otorazve Achiratidza elitism. Mutsindo vanatenzi ikoko, asi, sezvo nguva dzose, unogona kuvimba ruoko rimwe. Pari, mukuru iwe asingafi, asi hazvigoni Musamira - zvichava nguva dzose kuva maberekero chikonzero chinozivisa matarenda vanhu uye kuti kuberekwa patsva siyana ounyanzvi.