Zviratidzo zvine maatomu akafanana uye nhungamiro izita ravo

Kemisitiri kufanana chero sainzi, zvinoda zvakarurama. kushuma maitiro munharaunda zivo akarondedzera kwemazana emakore, uye kusvikira musi mureza chiri optimized mamiriro kuti rine zvose zvakafanira mashoko mamwe yokungotaura basa mumwe chaiyo maatomu akafanana.

Paainyorera Masvomhu uye equations ndiyo zvakavaomera chaizvo kushandisa zita yose nefuma, uye ikozvino kushandiswa chinangwa ichi mumwe kana miviri tsamba - makemikari zviratidzo zvinhu.

nyaya

Munyika yekare, uyewo kuMiddle Ages, nyanzvi akashandisa mufananidzo rokufananidzira kuti dzakasiyana-siyana, asi zviratidzo izvi hazvina kwezvipimo. Chete kuti XIII remakore, unoedza systematize zvinhu zvokufananidzira okunze, uye XV remakore itsva nesimbi vakatanga kuti akasarudzwa mabhii mazita avo okutanga. A zvakafanana zano rinoshandiswa mazita namakemikari kusvikira nhasi.

Mamiriro ezvinhu zita

To musi, kune vanopfuura zana namakumi maviri makemikari zvinhu, zvimwe zvacho zvinowanika zvisikwa zvikuru matambudziko. Hazvishamisi, ari pakati XIX remakore nesayenzi aiziva nezvokuvapo 63 chete navo, uye hakuna zita kuroorwa nehurongwa kana rakasimba namakemikari Data nhau hurongwa.

Zvapedzisira dambudziko racho ragadziriswa yechipiri yezana Russian musayendisiti chete remakore D. I. Mendeleev, yakavakirwa kwakundikana kuedza vamutangira. pano muitiro mberi nhasi - pane dzakawanda zvinhu vakaverengwa kubvira 119 uye yakakwirira, chiratidzo tafura rechiLatin rutapudzo kuti nhamba yacho kutevedzana. Pronunciation zviratidzo zvine maatomu akafanana zviri muboka iri rinoitwa nokuverenga mitemo sezviverengo Latin: 119 - ununennium (chaizvoizvo "zana uye navapfumbamwe.") 120 - unbinilium ( "zana maviri") uye zvichingodaro.

Chikamu chikuru okunze ane zita rinobva muchiLatin, Greek, Arabic, midzi German, mune zvimwe zviitiko zvinoratidza chinangwa zvechadenga zvinhu, nepo vamwe kuita sezvo pasina-vachida vatambi.

Mabviro ezwi zvimwe zvinhu

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, vamwe mazita uye zviratidzo zvinhu zviri kwakavakirwa tisingazvinyeperi zvaioneka zviratidzo.

phosphorus zita, runobwinya murima, rinobva echiGiriki okuti "kuunza chiedza". Kana kushandurirwa mumutauro wokuRussia unowanikwa zvikuru chaizvo "kutaura" mazita: kuiisa chlorine - "Green" bromine - "kuvengwa" rubidium - "rima tsvuku" indium - "indigo". Sezvo makemikari zviratidzo okunze zvinoitwa vatambi Latin, zita riri kwainge pamwe mashoko nokuda mutakuri mutauro wokuRussia kazhinji anoenda kuzviona.

Kunewo kushamwaridzana yakasvinuka pamwe zita. Saka, selenium zita rinobva mushoko rechiGiriki rinoreva "mwedzi." Izvi zvakaitika nekuti yezvakaita chinhu tellurium ane shamwari, yainzi muchiGiriki rinoreva "Nyika".

Saizvozvowo ainzi uye niobium. Maererano mungano yechiGiriki, Niobe - mwanasikana Tantalus. Chemical chaikosha tantalum wakashamira ambotaurwa uye ehupfumi ayo akafanana niobium - saka musoro kubatana "baba-mwanasikana" akanga projected pamusoro "ukama" kwemakemikari zvinhu.

Uyezve, tantalum, zita rayo raiva mukukudza akakurumbira rengano hunhu hakusi netsaona. Chokwadi ndechokuti kuwana chinhu ichi zvayo yakachena muchimiro zvakanga zvakaoma chaizvo, saka masayendisiti uye akateterera phraseologisms "inosvosva mwoyo".

Chimwe kuziva chenhau ndechokuti zita Platinum zvinoreva rakashandurwa se "serebrishko" t. E. Zvimwezvo, asi kwete somunhu anokosha sesirivha. Chikonzero ndechokuti simbi yanyungudika sirivha iri rakaoma zvikuru, asi nekuda kwenguva refu nguva kuwana kushanda uye zvishoma kukosha.

Kunopindirana musimboti pano zvinhu

Kana kutarisa periodic table rokutanga chinhu kuti anobata ziso rako - mazita uye zviratidzo zvine maatomu akafanana. Nguva dzose imwe kana mbiri tsamba, okutanga - musoro. Kusarudza tsamba akakonzera zita echiLatin maatomu akafanana. Pasinei nokuti midzi mashoko anobva echiGiriki uye kubva muchiLatin, uye mimwe mitauro, kuti harinzwi Latin vari kuwedzera mureza mazita kwavari.

Sezvineiwo, vakawanda zviratidzo mutakuri mutauro wokuRussia achava nzwisisa: aruminiyamu, zingi, karusiyamu kana magnesium wechikoro nyore anoyeuka nguva yokutanga. Kuoma ndozvazvakaita nemazita avo, izvo zvisingapindirani Russian uye Latin. Mudzidzi murege pakarepo kurangarira kuti nesilicon - a Silicium nemekiyuri - gidrargirum. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvinokosha kuyeuka - Nomufananidzo nechimwe chine maatomu akafanana hwakajeka rinonyatsotarira Latin zita fuma, chichakurukurwa anoratidzwa makemikari Masvomhu uye nezviito sezvo Si uye HG azvaitwa.

Kuyeuka mazita evadzidzi ivavo zvinobatsira kuita kurovedza akadai "Nanganisa chiratidzo kwemakemikari maatomu akafanana uye zita rayo."

Other nzira zita

Mazita vamwe zvinhu zvinobva mutauro Arabic uye vaiva "stylized" pasi Latin. Somuenzaniso, yavaibvisa vakagamuchira zita kubva mudzi nechigadziko rinoreva "Iwo Mumiririri." Arab kwakatangira inogona kurondwa mune mazita potassium uye zirconium.

simba rake raiva uye German. Kubva pano kuitika zvinhu zvakadai manganese, cobalt, nickel, zingi, tungsten. The inonzwisisika kubatana haisi nguva dzose pachena Somuenzaniso, nickel - ane chidimbu shoko, zvinoreva kuti "dhiyabhorosi ndarira."

Mune zvisingawanzoitiki Muzviitiko, mazita akashandurirwa Russian sezvo yokuronda mapepa: gidrogenium (chaizvoizvo "achisununguka mvura") kukava rehydrogen uye karboneum - kabhoni.

Mazita uye nzvimbo mazita

Vanopfuura gumi nevaviri zvinhu vanonzi pashure masayendisiti siyana, kusanganisira Albert Einstein, Dmitri Mendeleev, Enrico Fermi, Alfred Nobel, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, Mariya Kyuri nevamwe.

Mamwe mazita hwakabva dzimwe zvakakodzera emazita: mazita emaguta, inoti uye nyika. Somuenzaniso: Muscovy, Dubna, europium, tenessin. Havasi vose nzvimbo mazita ari sokuti zvaizivikanwa chizvarwa vakurukuri wokuRussia: asiri munhu asina kurovedza nemagariro anodzidza shoko Nihon anozvipira Japan - Nihon (aibvira. The Munyika Sunrise Sun), uye hafnium - Latin shanduro Copenhagen. Kunyange nyika zita iri shoko ruthenium - hakusi nyore. Kunyange zvakadaro, Russia muna Latin inonzi ruthenium, uye akanzi kuremekedza kwake yechi44 namakemikari maatomu akafanana.

Kubuda periodic table uye mazita mitumbi yokudenga: mapuraneti, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, Ceres, ari asteroid Pallas. Kunze mazita vatambi mungano yechiGiriki (tantalum, niobium), kusangana uye Air: thorium, vanadium.

Periodic table

In avanoziva kwatiri nhasi, periodic table, nezita Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev, zvinhu dzaitaurwa mumitsara uye nguva. Muchitokisi chimwe nechimwe, makemikari Kufananidzira runotaurwa makemikari chiratidzo, pedyo izvo dzimwe Data dzinoturwa: zita rake rizere, a Serial nhamba, riparadzirwe akaturikidzana ose maerekitironi, hama mabhomba guru. Sero rimwe nerimwe rine ruvara rwayo, iyo kunobva dzinounzwa s-, p-, d- uye f- maatomu akafanana.

kutsikisa misimboti

Paanenge achinyora isotopes uye isobars kuruboshwe pamusoro hama kuti chiratidzo chinhu anoiswa vanobudisa nhamba - uwandu protons uye neutrons ari musimboti. Kana ichi anoiswa pamusoro kuruboshwe nechepasi mabhomba nhamba vaimiririra uwandu protons.

Ion mutariri ari pana pamusoro kurudyi, uye kudivi rimwe kubva pasi anoratidza nhamba kwemaatomu. Zviratidzo zvine maatomu akafanana nguva dzose kutanga tsamba guru.

National neshanduro Pakunyora

Muna Asia-Pacific nharaunda ine zviperengo zvakasiyana zviri zviratidzo zvine maatomu akafanana kwakavakirwa omunharaunda nzira kunyora. Mugore Chinese mamiriro zviratidzo kuonekwe okunyanyisa zviratidzo, zvichiteverwa vacho zvavo phonetic ukoshi. simbi vatambi rakaitika chiratidzo "simbi" kana "ndarama" magasi - kukuru "chiutsi", nonmetals - Kanji "ibwe".

Munyika dzokuEurope, munewo ezvinhu apo zvinhu kurekodha mavanga waisiyana chakanyorwa yemarudzi pamatafura. Somuenzaniso, muFrance, senitrogen, tungsten uye beryllium vane mazita avo ari mutauro National uye anosarudzwa yakakodzera zviratidzo.

In mhedziso

Pandaidzidza kuchikoro kana nesangano dzidzo yepamusorosoro, kuyeuka nomusoro zviri yose periodic table haisi kuzvireva. Kuyeuka inofanira kuchengeta makemikari zviratidzo okunze kuti kunowanzoitwa kuwanikwa Masvomhu uye equations, uye nguva nenguva kubva nguva nenguva kuona paIndaneti kana bhuku.

Zvisinei, kudzivisa zvikanganiso uye nenyonganyonga, zvinokosha kuziva kuti ndiyo yokuronga patsva humboo iri tafura, pazviri kunodiwa kuwana bhuku data, rangarirai zvakataurwa zita okunze akasiyana mune Russian uye Latin zvakajeka. Zvikasadaro, zvinogona netsaona kubvuma MG pamusoro MN uye N - pamusoro yavaibvisa.

Kuzochera tsika panguva kutanga kwekupwanyiwa, zviitwa. Somuenzaniso, kupinda zviratidzo zvine maatomu akafanana kuti netsaona kutora zita kutevedzana periodic table. Ruzivo zvose achawira munzvimbo uye mubvunzo nokuyeuka mashoko aya anokosha vachanyangarika woga.