Chii chikamu sero chinonyanya kukosha? Masero nemaikorosikopu

Kune mamiriyoni akasiyana kwemarudzi ezvinhu zvipenyu. Ava, chete nemavhairasi ndivo vasiri cellular zvipenyu. Vose ake duku, asi huru STRUCTURAL chikwata vane keji. Saka - chinokosha chokukomborerwa aivapo munhu, yomumwe kana mumwe umambo zvakasikwa. Parts uye Sero organelles anogona kutsanangura sei muviri mupenyu inokura uye izvo kurongedza kuitika mukati maro. Izvi STRUCTURAL chikwata maumbirwo ruzivo inokosha kunzwisisa yose zvakasikwa zvavo.

Total muchitokisi mamiriro urongwa

Cell nemaikorosikopu - kushamisira zvikuru dzinonakidza. Zvinoshamisa sei yakavigwa zvikuru kubva yevanhu ziso, uye panguva ufanane Microcosm pane! Nokugadzirwa iyi yakasiyana Manyiminya mudziyo yava tikwanise kuva chikamu ichi sandara, kuongorora uye kunzwisisa nzira yeupenyu, kudzidza sei kurara mavari uye kushandisa kubatsira vanhu.

Saka, zvakanga vakawana kuti kwete zvinenge zvose zvakafanana chivakwa chikwata. Kusiyana varipo anenge nhengo ose oumambo. Somuenzaniso, mukuru chikamu chirimwa sero yakasiyana neyemhuka. Its mamiriro zvinhu zviri utachiona uye hunokuvadza. Zvisinei, unogona achiri kuziva huripo foni mamiriro.

1. The majini zvinhu muchimiro DNA molecules (nokuti eukaryotic zvinenge - zvinomera, notumwe tupukanana mhuka - iri kusimbiswa musimboti, prokaryotes (utachiona) regai zvamatonga musimboti).
2. Cytoplasmic Kamudzira delimits zviri womukati nzvimbo uye kwokunze izvi.
3. The cytoplasm pamwe organelles uye inclusions.

organelles zvakawanda zvakare saizvozvo masero zvose, izvo kamwe zvakare anosimbisa vanhuwo kwakabva zvose upenyu pasi redu. Structural zvikamu neimwe chairema mupenyu chaizvo chaizvo. Zviri Somuenzaniso, musi:

• mitochondria;
• lysosomes;
• Golgi midziyo;
• EPS (reticulum kana endoplasmic reticulum);
• ribosomes;
• inclusions mapuroteni uye carbohydrate, uye vamwe.

Kune kusanyatsotsanangurwa dzakananga organelles kuti nevamwe kuti vamiririri chero chipi zvacho umambo zvakasikwa. Somuenzaniso, mukuru chikamu chirimwa masero - kwete chete tsanga, asi sero parusvingo uye vacuole. An plastids zvinokosha, asi zvivako izvi vasiri mhuka dzakabatana.

Chii chikamu sero chinonyanya kukosha?

Mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu zvikuru kunzwisisa. Pashure pezvose, pasina chimwe chacho STRUCTURAL chikamu sero havazokwanisi kurarama kuitiswa uye kukudziridza. Asi zvakadaro pane vanoverengeka rinonyatsooneka pakati mashandiro ari organelles uye zvikamu.

1. Neerekitironi pamwe nucleoli uye majini zvinhu pfungwa dziri okutodza.
2. Sero rusvingo (nokuti miti), cytoplasmic Kamudzira (masero ose), mucic goko (nokuti utachiona).
3. The cytoplasm of STRUCTURAL zvinoriumba.

zvinoriumba izvi - ndiyo hwaro chero sero, pasinei muviri yomumwe kana mumwe chimiro. Pakati cytoplasmic organelles kunogonawo dzinoratidza chikamu sero chinonyanya kukosha.

1. Mitochondria.
2. Ribosome.
3. EPS.
4. Lysosomes.
5. Midziyo (kunzwisisa) Golgi.

Zviri pachena kuti mukuru wechikoro anogona kudana zvikuru zvose STRUCTURAL vamapoka chivakwa chairema zvipenyu.

The tsanga yayo mamiriro

Kare kuti pfungwa kuti chikuru chikamu sero - musimboti. Zvisinei, havasi vose vane nazvo. Saka, hapana nuclei mu:

• dzinovaka masero matsvuku;
• kuitisa masero ose chirimwa munyama ;
• mabhakitiriya.

Kunewo marudzi, izvo, nekusiyana, nuclei akawanda. Somuenzaniso:

• poperchnopolosatye tsandanyama;
• howa;
• matope;
• miriwo lactiferous midziyo.

Kazhinji, zvinonyatsorehwa nemamiriro urongwa ndechimwe vaiona mamiriro. Kune akawanda zvinhu nhengo anoumba chinoumba upi.

1. Karyotheca (hamvuropu yenyukireya) - chinomiririra miviri Kamudzira mamiriro nokuita sezvo zvipingamupinyi pakati cytoplasm uye yomukati core. To vanonzi vasiyana kunze ribosome, ivo CSE, ari Golgi kunzwisisa.
2. Karyoplasm - womukati gel chizvaro richizadza core. Chimwe zita - nucleoplasm. Rine mapuroteni siyana, ribosomal RNA.
3. Chromatin anokwanisa zviparadzanise helical zvakasimba akazara okutodza. sezvamunoita Its dzinowanzotsigi- inopiwa tambo kuti DNA. calcium magnesium ions vari kuuyawo, mapuroteni, RNA, lipids.
4. Nucleoli, vemunyika nzvimbo yakapoteredza okutodza. Zvinosanganisira RNA, DNA, mapurotini. Rakashandiswa ungano subunits ribosomal kwetunhu S.-RNA (ribosomal RNA).

Zviri vakawanda urongwa mamiriro zvenyukireya, izvo zviri pachena kuti kukosha mamiriro ichi muchitokisi chimwe nechimwe - inokosha nokuda kubereka, kuchengetwa uye kupararira kuvabereki mashoko, tichibatanidza nemagene zvinhu.

The cytoplasm uye kukosha

Kukosha mamiriro uyu chete akazarurirwa nokugadzirwa iri kunyanya simba kuti kuwedzera midziyo. zvakanga zvisati kuti kufanirwa - bedzi maberekero pasi nokuda organelles. Zvisinei, zvino, vakawana kuti cytoplasm ane zvinotevera marongerwo.

1. Cytoskeleton - microfilaments uye kunzwisisa mapuroteni sepombi kuti vanoumba pokupedzisira Network. Inside uye kufambisa sero organelles.
2. Cytosol kana hyaloplasm - colloidal cytoskeleton dzakawanda mukati, sezvamakaropafadzwa ichiputswa zvicherwa, mvura, ndivo lipids, mapurotini, makabhohaidhiretsi. Kuti pezvakaitwa Sero muviri yaitwa vari akashuma hurongwa pamwe chete.
3. Ectoplasm - the cytoplasm, zvakananga yakabatana membrane. Endoplasma - zvose nzvimbo pakati karyotheca uye ectoplasm.

Mune cytoplasm pamusoro intracellular chokufambisa pezvakaitwa kuitika unobvumira kuva pedyo kuonana pamusoro constituent nhengo. Zviri nemhaka kuramba simba kwebasa mamiriro ari organelles mukati masero kutama.

The cytoplasmic Kamudzira

Rinomirira bilipidny kwakavharwa nenyama rukoko rakapinda nokuda mapuroteni mamorekuru. Vakawanda yokuti sechivako organelle ichi - imvura-waMosesi womuenzaniso. Inoshanda yokuparadzanisa kwokunze uye munyika ezvinhu muchitokisi. Ane permeability vanosarudza, saka, rinovatadzisa uye kunodzivirira pamusoro ingress vokune dzimwe nyika inoramba. Muzviitiko zvakawanda izvozvo vanochengetedza muchitokisi chimiro.

Kana mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti: "Chii chikamu sero anokosha", wokutanga vachava chaiwo Kamudzira, nokuti mumwe nomumwe wavo. Kusiyana mamiriro kuitika siyana kwemarudzi ezvinhu zvipenyu. Nokuti utachiona maitiro vanobatanidzwa Zvinoumba chitin, mhuka - ake asipo.

mitochondria

zvivako izvi hazvisi pasina anonzi simba kana "zvirimwa simba" nemasero. Zviri azvaiitwa zvichiitika oxidative phosphorylation zvichiguma kusunungurwa simba kubva ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Mune ramangwana, simba iri ndiro tsime roupenyu hwose pezvakaitwa, zvose nechinzwano zvekunze.

Mazita zvikamu masero havana nguva dzose vakatorwa pakarepo. Kana mitochondria pakutanga muna 1894, zvivako izvi zvinorondedzerwa pasi zita bioblastov.

Roga, sechivako organelle ichi panzvimbo dzinonakidza. The yokunze Kamudzira bilayer. Yomukati rukoko ane akapeta chimiro, anoumba cristae, pamusoro zviri akaronga dzakawanda ribosome.

Mitochondria vane DNA zvavo uye vaviri RNA marudzi (chokufambisa uye chizvaro). Uyewo pane kunzwisisa kwemapurotini. Kuwanda hurongwa muchitokisi anogona siyana, kuti runotsamira basa nhengo. Nhamba huru mitochondria ane tsandanyama masero.

ribosomes

Small kumativi mamiriro rima kuti kunogona kuonekwawo kana kuongorora masero pasi Erekitironi maikorosikopu, akadana ribosomes. Zviri chikuru muchitokisi, nokuti ivo vari zvakananga kushingaira chikamu paungano mapuroteni mamorekuru.

By pachavo, izvo akapa ribonucleoprotein vanoumba mumwe muzvina rose muchitokisi vakawanda. Rinoumbwa vaviri dissimilar subunits, vakabatana rimwe kumativi ari chimiro. Vasiyana Golgi zvakaoma, EPS, mitochondria, neerekitironi. Zvayaiva mukati zvimwe zvikamu.

Zvinonzi synthesized ne ribosomes mu mapuroteni mamorekuru zvakakodzera ose dzinotsanagura epurasitiki uye simba muviri.

endoplasmic reticulum

masero nemaikorosikopu chakafanana zvikuru striated inovhiringidza. Ichi chivako nokuti zvakadai EPS kana endoplasmic reticulum, reticulum. Rine wose richikurukura mapazi migero, sepombi, ndiro, izvo entangle organelles zvose, uye kunyanya kunyatsotevera pfungwa kumativi musimboti.

For ducts izvi uye migero ndiyo sangano (chokufambisa) kuti nezvimedu zvakasiyana chete muchitokisi chimwe chikamu. Naizvozvo EPS - somumwe yayo huru hurongwa.

Vacuole uye Sero rusvingo - hwomuti sero

Kana mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti: "Chii chikamu sero chinonyanya kukosha miti", kuwedzera kune apa, unofanira kuwedzera zvishoma. Izvi chikuru muchitokisi rusvingo. Hazvina gobvu hamvuropu akatevera cytoplasmic membrane. It rinoumbwa cellulose nezvimwe makabhohaidhiretsi uye anopa anokosha simba masero. Miti iri akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya chaiyo zvinhu - lignin. Ndokusaka hunde dzacho zvao. Uyewo, zviri sero rusvingo mamiriro akaita sero chimiro yose.

Vacuole - ichi ndiko kuri chikamu chirimwa mamiriro dzakabatana. Zvinotora rinenge rose vhoriyamu womukati nzvimbo muchitokisi. Liquid akazara mukati, inova sero muto. muvhenganiswa remvura, mavhitaminzi, zvicherwa, mahormone, makabhohaidhiretsi.

plastids

Dzimwe zvinoumba chirimwa sero - plastids. Rinomiririrwa mhando nhatu:

• leucoplasts - Hauoneki;
• chromoplasts - red, orenji, yellow pigments;
• chloroplasts - ane mutema ruvara chlorophyll.

Anokosha ndiwo okupedzisira, nokuti dzinoshanda photosynthesis.