Angiosperms: mienzaniso. maruva miti

Group angiosperms akaumba pamusoro mamiriyoni 125. Makore akapfuura. Uye kusvikira zvino, pane kusawirirana pamusoro chaiyo nguva (nguva) kuti chiitiko chavo. Vamwe akadana ari Cretaceous nguva, vamwe vanotaura imwe yapfuura pachikuva, wechitatu kutaura mu gare gare.

Hapana mubvunzo kuti chimwe chinhu chinoramba: category ichi zvinomera achiitei hukuru nechinzvimbo uye ragara zvakakwana pamusoro zvose penhindi panyika, kubva anogara achinaya mvura uye anopera inopisa uye nechando mumarenje pakati Africa uye kweArctic.

Ndezvipi, angiosperms? Mienzaniso, unhu uye zvivako taxon kupatsanura inokurukurwa pazasi.

Angiosperms: munhu mukuru muchidimbu

The Zita vamiririri boka iri akagamuchira nemano ayo vachinzwa mbeu zvakaoma nyoro kana nyama yacho mudumbu. Chokwadi, nzvimbo yacho ruva, unova pakuva taxon inoumbwa siyana maumbirwo uye hukuru, ruvara uye muviri kukosha chacho. Ndivo vakadanwa zvibereko.

The chirimwa pacharo - chiri kutiza, vachisiya nyika mudzi ezvinhu uye ane neruva, chokumisa uye mashizha. Dzokubereka nhengo, zvinoratidza mamiriro uye anobvumira kuchinja upi dzinogarisana uye kukunda kundima itsva kugarwa - ndiwo ruva.

More mberi mamiriro, yakabuda panguva shanduka zviri uye zvokushandisa kubvumira vamiririri bvikinyidza gymnosperms, mosses uye Fern. Nhasi, nyika yedu panozosvika iri hunodzorwa rakanaka, inopenya, zvakasiyana-siyana muupenyu rinoumbwa angiosperms. Mienzaniso izvi zvinogona kuguma refu zvikuru nguva, nekuti kubereka mumwe chete kunopfuura zviuru 13. Muchidimbu tinogona kutaura izvi: zvose miriwo pamwe maruva - nayo angiosperms.

Zvinonyatsorehwa nemamiriro urongwa

Huru nhengo kuti ane mumwe nhengo dzeboka - avo kuti ndezvemamiriro zvose yepamusoro miriwo: mudzi, chokumisa, mashizha. Zvimwe mamiriro vaipa angiosperms mukana kwete kuvimba mvura maberekero anga ruva.

ruva zvikamu, stipules, mudziyo, peduncle, Corolla pamusoro petals, maruva, pistil, rusarura, Stamens. All pezvivako izvi zvakafanana nhengo dzokubereka nadzo, uyewo avo ayo mamwe kutendeuka kupinda mudumbu, iyo inodzivirirawo mbeu zvizere pakunamata.

Vanhu vanoonga miti nemaruva zvinoshamisa runako nounyoro, chinonhuwira zvakanaka. Kushandisa semushonga kuti pawanike anobatsira atakatora yairimwa kuti vawane ramangwana manune uye zvinonaka zvibereko.

Nokuti miti pachavo ruva - anobatsira inokosha yokubereka nayo, izvo avanunura kubva mumvura, zvichienderana maberekero, nekuti zvino zvinoitwa uchibatsirwa kaviri muchangosangana. Fruits zvinopa vakachengeteka uye kuchengetedza mbeu, uyewo kubatanidzwa dispersal avo vachidya mhuka, ariwo ndinoiitawo guru chinosiyanisa maumbirwo angiosperm zvinomera pakati vamwe.

Siyana maumbirwo maruva, zvakasiyana siyana siyana avo vanogona kuwedzera nzira pollination, izvo kunoitawo kuti yakafara kuparadzirwa uye dispersal zvinomera.

zvinhu

Chokwadi, kukosha uye yakavimbika utsanzi nokuda maruva waiva paumbwe ruva. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina chete, asi zvimwe zviratidzo angiosperms zvakanaka zvinosimbisa uye kuzosimbisa kutonga kwavo mukanyiwa pakati nemiti. Sewevhu somuenzaniso:

• Zvaakanga akavandudza conduction hurongwa zvinosanganisira phloem nomusero zvinhu uye phloem tishu. Izvi zvinobvumira nokukurumidza anofambisa anodiwa zvicherwa uye mvura uyewo Organic zvinhu kusimudzira zvinodiwa chirimwa zvikamu vaine maonero mamwe dzokufusha nokuchengeta.
• Kudzivirira mbeu pericarp zvivako, kazhinji gobvu-dzakaonda muchero.
• The dzakasiyana-siyana pamusoro pollination (mhepo, tumbuyu, mhuka, shiri, kuzvicheka-pollination, muchinjikwa-pollination, uye vamwe).
• Nhengo dzokubereka nadzo (gametophytes) vanokwanisa kuumba nokukurumidza uye nyore, vari pasi kudzivirira muti sporophyte.
• The nokukanganisika Zvinoumba munyama. Vamiririri zhinji dzine chepfu alkaloids, flavonoids, kugadzikana, uye zvichingodaro, izvo kwakavatadzisa achidya mhuka uye kuvatendera kudzvinyirira kukura vamwe zvirimwa.
• Sechivako angiosperms zvinosanganisira kuvapo avo zvakasiyana muupenyu siyana - miti, nemiti, makwenzi, nemiti, rekushongedzesa, mizambiringa.

Izvi zvinoita zvinhu kuti boka iri miti kwakakurumbira chaizvo, akaomarara, akaderedzwa zvakanaka uye Resettlement. Uyewo zvakakodzera uye zvakakosha munhu uye basa rake.

kupatsanura

Kune pamusoro 250,000 mhando angiosperms, zvakabatana 13.000 kuzvarwa kubva 350 mhuri. Systematics yakawanda zvakakwana taxa uye vamiririri.

The kupatsanura kunobva anonyanya angiosperms makirasi, izvo pane zviviri:

• monocots;
• bipartite.

kirasi imwe neimwe inomiririrwa nhamba mhuri, kusanganisira siyana zvoupenyu, uye zvakajairika ose mundima.

Class dicots

Zvinosanganisira angiosperm miti, mienzaniso iyo anenge munhu wose ane pamba muchimiro potted maruva. It violets, begonias, spatifillyum, rabha zvirimwa. Of mubindu Rosaceae zvose uye Solanaceae, Cruciferae uye shavishavi, Compositae - rosehip, madomasi, magaka, mbatatisi, makabheji, mazambiringa, eggplant, Buckwheat uye vamwe vakawanda. Pakati mhando matanda vane maruva zvirimwa, mienzaniso: pomuouki, dota, Maple, Linden, Birch uye zvichingodaro. Mune zvoupfumi kukosha Vamiririri, manyuko zvinokosha mbishi zvinhu: donje, mucheka, jute, Hevea, sinamoni, hemp, Laurel uye vamwe vakawanda.

Total Dicotyledones ane pamusoro 170 zviuru. Species, rinomiririra vanenge 75% vose maruva miriwo. In kupatsanura dzavo chikamu 360 mhuri 60 Mirayiro yakaungana akaiti kubva 7 subclasses.

Ine bipartite

Pane zvakawanda zvinokosha.

1. Hupo iri mbeu cotyledon maviri (sezvikamu). Izvi zvinonyanya zvinogoneka kuona muenzaniso mbeu bhinzi. Pane kunze chete kana 3-4 cotyledons.
2. Mhando midzi: tsvimbo. Rine anenge ose date maruva miti. Mienzaniso pazviri nyore kutevera: mhiripiri, hemp, yorukato, begonias, sipinachi uye zvichingodaro. Anosiyiwa - huni siyana.
3. Flower zvinenge zvose four- kana shanu-membered. Kashoma vamwe.

kirasi Monocotyledones

Kune vanenge zviuru 80 zvakasiyana Vamiririri, vakabatana mumhuri. Zvakawanda angiosperms zvinokosha, mienzaniso kusanganisira zvinotevera: zvose zviyo, Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Banana, petsanga, vakawanda michindwe. Uye kuti haasi yose list, nekuti mhuri imwe neimwe zvinosanganisira vakawanda pakubhadhara chaiwo vamiririri.

kukosha zvikuru zvokudya kwevanhu bhizimisi zviyo. Ava ndivo vazhinji kurimwa mutsika kwenyika gorosi, mupunga, bhari, rye, chibage uye nevamwe.

Key zviri monocots

Kune akawanda anokosha:

• Midzi - fibrous, ane kusara shoma;
• kunosiya lanceolate, elongated;
• ruva tripartite kashoma four- kana mbiri;
• cotyledon ari mudumbu chete.

Makirasi angiosperms uye vamiririri vavo vakawanda ndinoumba siyana uye nokunaka nemiti, izvo saka zvakanaka kunakidzwa uye kuti anotipa upenyu. Ndizvozvo, nokuti miti kubereka okisijeni, uye hapana mhuka haisi kukwanisa kurarama pasina mafuta ichi.