Astronomical Clock. Astronomical awa - ndiwo sei?

Time - mumwe zvakaoma kunzwisisa zvikuru Mapato zvoruzivo uye wefizikisi. Nyore nzira chidzore sechinhu zvakakodzera mamiriro ezvinhu kuti mukana shanduko chero. Vanhu vari kare panguva mambakwedza nhoroondo yacho, isu akaona kudiwa kuti zvimwe kuona kwenguva. Chokutanga, tinofanira yera hombe zvikamu zvakakwana: gore, mwedzi, zuva. Drop kubudikidza donhwe, vanhu kupukunyuka nehanya zuva kusvika parinonyura, changing nemwaka, ravo kuchembera. Zvishoma nezvishoma akaratidza kudiwa chidzore kupfuura kwenguva pfupi. Kune maawa, maminiti, seconds. Nokuwedzera kunzwisisa basa dzevanhu akavandudzika nzira kuyera nguva. pakakoromoka nomumwe akatanga kuwana munhu zvakarurama ukoshi. Chero mabhomba uye ephemeral nemasekonzi, muchadenga awa ( "Uyu sei?" -. Vabvunzei kupindura pazasi). Nhasi, pfungwa dzedu iawa, kupfuura yaiwanzoshandiswa hwezuva nezuva chikwata upenyu kwenguva, uyewo wachi, pasina iro zvakaoma kufungidzira ano nyika.

A Nhoroondo shoma

Zviri nyore kuona kuti vremyaischislenie vangasimudzira zvakasiyana panzira kutora nhoroondo nhasi. Zvinonzi inobva duodecimal hurongwa, yaishandiswa sevaSumer kare. Weboka maawa kupinda maminitsi uye rine midzi yawo yakadzika kupinda nguva. Zvinonzi inobva sexagesimal nhamba hurongwa, uyewo yakagadzirwa mumupata rwaTigrisi uye rwizi rwaYufratesi.

Gurai rokutanga zuva kwemaawa 24 vakava vaEgipita. Hour ipapo aiva durations zvakasiyana, zvichienderana nenguva uye kana vaiva usiku kana zuva. VaEgipita VaBhabhironi vakakamura zuva munzvimbo mbiri dzakaenzana zvikamu. Masikati nousiku, kuti rima uye masikati, yaisanganisira maawa 12. Saka, kureba kweawa zvakasiyana neimwe hafu, zvichienderana nemwaka.

Similar hurongwa zviripo neGirisi uye Roma. KuMiddle Ages muEurope vakanga vakakamurwa minamato zuva chechi.

Shoko rokuti "awa" vakapayona kushandiswa nevaGiriki. The shanduka rebei zvikamu zvinochengeterwa munyika refu zvakakwana. In nyika yedu, muna XVI-XVII emakore ya paawa kwakanga kugara asi dzaisiyana uwandu maawa masikati nousiku zvichienderana nemwaka. MuRussia, pedengu nguva akafanana Europe akatanga pashure 1722.

Astronomical awa - ndiwo sei?

Shoko "awa" rinowanzoshandiswa kunan'anura siyana nguva nguva pedyo maminitsi 60. Munhu wose anoziva kuti chii Somuenzaniso, pasi kana kusvika pamba nenguva yakatarwa. Akataura izvi uye zvakafanana Dzidziso nguva hunogara pemaminitsi 60, zvishoma zvishoma kana zvishoma kupfuura kana kunan'anura hapana gwanza, uye chaiyo zuva, pashure iro rinofanira kupedzwa mumwe mutoo uye kutanga itsva.

A awa muchadenga - ndiwo maminitsi sei vakawanda? Izwi rinoreva mureza nguva penguva wakaiswa refu. awa kuti muchadenga iri maminitsi 60, kana 3.600 masekonzi, uye kazhinji inongotaurwa sa "awa". Iyi nguva chikwata haisi chikamu ano arşive hurongwa SI (International System vezvikwata muviri zvakawanda). Chimwe zvikonzero - haisi zvatinosiita awa nhasi grade. Zvisinei, zviri zvikuru kushandiswa munyika yose pamwe kuitwa SI dzakabatana.

Rinhiko chidzidzo?

Academic uye isinganzwisisiki awa - zvakasiyana pfungwa. Chokutanga izwi rinomiririra nguva penguva apo rokupedzisira chidzidzo. Its ukoshi kunosiyana-siyana kuti akasiyana mapoka zera. Kana kushanda nevana vari muminda nevadzidzisi kupfupisa ya rokudzidza maawa kuti maminitsi 20-30 rimwe gore asati kusunungura dzimwe nguva chinowedzera maminitsi 40. Muzvikoro, zvidzidzo dziri 40-45 maminitsi, vaviri payunivhesiti - 90 min. Chikonzero misiyano iyi - ari kugona kuisa pfungwa. With zera, izvozvo anowedzera. Kana pamunopinda kukireshi boka maminitsi 45, uye kuchikoro - pa 90, vadzidzi vachava kuneta zvikuru uye hakugoni kurangarira uye kudzidza zvinhu ari kunodiwa mari.

Munoyerera maminitsi

mupfungwa dzedu nguva zvakabatana chaizvo kuti mashandiro nawo tinozviona achimhanya. Watches vaiva panguva imwecheteyo, apo vanhu vokutanga vakasangana kudiwa zvimwe kuyera zvikamu mazuva pfupi. Musi chaiwo chiitiko kwavo zvino hazviiti kuziva - saka kare raiva. The makopi chokutanga akayera nguva, tikacherechedza kufamba kwezuva mhiri pedenga, uye achibatsirwa inoyerera mvura. Uyewo, sezvo hwaro maawa vaishandisa jecha uye moto.

With kuvandudzika wokuziva uye kuwedzera kumhanya upenyu zvaida rakanyatsorurama mazano. Sand, moto, uye mvura nenguva yeko vakanga kunyorwa kwenyaya uye vakava yakagozha, ipapo vakatsiviwa zvokuimba nguva mamita.

Gears, tsime uye zvakavamba kuchinja

The tanga zvemaziso nenguva yeko akawanikwa nemuGungwa pedyo nechiwi Antikythera. Ivo ndeyemunguva 100 BC. Antikythera zvenyeredzi wachi rakasiyana: vane zvikuru kunzwisisa chivakwa uye havana analogs iri tsika nevaGiriki. The mashandiro maererano akawanda ashandiswe pazvinhu raiva 32 rachulis. Wachi akaratidza kusuduruka mazuva, sangano kwezuva uye mwedzi. Pachiratidzo chenguva unoratidza kwezviratidzo zvenyeredzi. Zvinogoneka kuti akagadzira akakwanisa vatevedzere sangano uye denga pamusoro Venus, Mars, Mercury uye Jupiter.

Clock pamwe escapement mashandiro kutanga akatanga China mugore 725. Gare gare, muna 1000, Germany yakatanga kushandisa zvakavamba kuchinja. Clock shongwe kutanga Western Europe dzakavakwa Vestmintere muna 1288.

Zvigadziriswe kuyera nguva akava yakawanda uye yakarurama zvikuru. Kugadzirwa yavo zvaida unyanzvi. KuMiddle Ages uye Renaissance muEurope ndivo Cherechedza runako uye nezvehukorokodzwa yokuongorora zvomuchadenga wachi kuti nhasi nyika yose kufarira.

Nyanzvi kubva Lyon

Dangwe kushanda muchadenga wachi muFrance vashongedze Cathedral Saint-Jean (Lyon). Vakanga vakasikwa XIV remakore, akaparadza uye akadzorerwa kubva 1572 kusvika 1600, yakashongedzwa Baroque chatiri kushongedzwa muna 1655. Pakutanga, kufanana varindi zvose yaitonga ichi, vakanga vakagadzirira pamwe chete Kutenderera. Minute raundi iri akagadzawo chete XVIII remakore.

Kuwedzera nguva, achitarisa yokuongorora zvomuchadenga wachi pakati Lyon, munhu anogona kuwana musi, nzvimbo mudenga nyeredzi huru mbiri, mwedzi uye zuva. The mashandiro inoratidzawo kana guta kutsigira chakajeka nyeredzi. Muzuva maawa akazviroverera nguva mana (12, 14, 15, 16 h.). In yokumusoro chikamu chacho yaiva pupae, izvo kutanga kufamba munguva yokuridza.

Prague kuzvikudza

Astronomical wachi muchadenga wachi iri pamusoro peshongwe Town Hall muPrague, inozivikanwa munyika yose. Nhoroondo yavo anogona kunzi zvinoshamisa. Orla yakavambwa makore anopfuura 600 apfuura, muna 1402, akawana gare gare - muna 1410-m. "Vanababa" maawa vanoonekwa kuva zvomuchadenga Jan Schindel uye tenzi Mikulas pamusoro Kadan.

guta horo kushongedzwa kakawanda yaifanira kugadziriswa. Muna 1490, Hanus pakati Rouge vakachinja kuti mashandiro, uye maererano nengano, akanga vakapofumadzwa sezvakarayirwa Prague zviremera kumisazve rusingabviri kudzokororwa zvakare. Panguva iyoyo wachi yakanga yakashongedzwa ndeyokufananidzira Nhamba uye vakagadzirira nekarenda disks.

New zvinokosha zvakagadzirwa kuchinja vakatora nzvimbo muna 1865. Ipapo Yozef Manes akawedzera Orloj karenda raundi pamwe medallions yakashongedzwa kwokufananidzira mifananidzo kwemwedzi, kuongorora nyeredzi. The Golden Cockerel, yomuka pashure pakupera kufamba manhamba akaonekwa wachi muna 1882.

Orloj nhasi

Prague wachi achirova kwete chete nokuda kworunako kwayo, asiwo virtuosity basa vanatenzi. Orloj anoratidza Old Bohemian, Babylonian, rakazara nenyeredzi, Italian uye, chokwadi, "chaiye" nguva. Kwemaawa unogona kuona zuva, nzvimbo Pasi uye kwezviratidzo zvenyeredzi. Vanoona kumabvazuva uye kwezuva, mwedzi. awa ose, zvivezwa, akajeka Orloj, kutanga kufamba, vanotaura pamusoro uipi hwevanhu, nowenyika nokusingaperi.

Clock Strasbourg Cathedral

Astronomical Clock Strasbourg Cathedral vakanga pakupedzisira kuvakwa muna 1857. Dzavo vamutangira dzakatangwa muna 1354 uye 1574, ukuwo. Kusiyana maawa - zvavo kukwanisa kuverenga musi ichifamba mazororo echitendero, uyewo mashandiro unoratidza precession kuti akabatana Wepasi. It rinopedzisa wenguva majana makore anopfuura chiuru 25. Strasbourg wachi inoratidza dzemo nguva uye zuva, muchadenga paNyika, mwedzi uye mapuraneti kubva Mercury kuna Saturn.

Izvi hazvisi mazita rakakwana ounyanzvi kuti vashongedze maguta akasiyana-siyana pasi pose. Kunyange muchadenga 1 awa (chete iyo maminitsi 60) hakurevi anobvumawo tsanangudzo zvose uye urongwa zvishongo anofadza zvisikwa zvakadai. Zvisinei, ichi hachisi anodiwa - ounyanzvi zvokuti embody ari Fusion zivo, unyanzvi, akarongeka kukarukureta uye kurudziro, zviri nani kuona nameso angu.