Attention dhefisiti nyonganyonga. Attention dhefisiti uye wokusagadzikana

The chimiro mwana mumwe nomumwe akasiyana. Munhu anoda kugara chinyararire pakona uye kuverenga, nepo vamwe vanosarudza romps neshamwari. Asi zvose une paunogumira, saka kuti pane imwe nguva amai vangu vana zvakare tamba ndinzwe pamusoro kutarisirwa dhefisiti uye wokusagadzikana. Ndinoita kuva kutya?

ADHD - chii?

Kids kuita vakakwira - mai ose kuuziva. Asi kunyanya basa dzinaro pachavo uye zvimwe zvikonzero dzokurapa. Attention dhefisiti chirwere mune vana chikuru zera chikoro dzinonzi dzakaoma zvimwe zviratidzo kuti kuvatadzisa akabudirira nezvairehwa ruzivo. varume ava zvavasingagoni, ndaigara kutsauswa, uye mumisasa rimwe basa nokuda - dambudziko guru chaizvo.

sayenzi yemazuva anoti ichi ndicho chirwere chiri pasi mumwe chikonzero. Muna US and Canada nokuda nechirwere uye kupatsanura rinoshandiswa pana vairwara nezvirwere zvose. Asi regai chete kutya uye vanofunga kuti vanachiremba iyi, edza uchatamisa mwana kuchikoro inokosha. Kazhinji, nokuti ichi hapana chikonzero. Zvisinei, uye zvikuru hanya ichi zvakare kufanira - kusavapo chero chinhu vave mimwe migumisiro zvakadai nezvinetso zvakajairika kusangana kupinda vanhu, Kuipa kuita, uye pashure anogona kanyama zvivako, zvakaipa ukama vabereki nevadzidzisi, etc. . Sezvineiwo, pane kare nzira nokururamiswa chikamu ichi, kusanganisira kurapwa.

History chirwere

tsananguro yokutanga ezvinhu akafanana nzeve dhefisiti uye wokusagadzikana nyonganyonga, chakawanikwa zvinyorwa chiremba wepfungwa German Heinrich Hoffmann-Donner, yomusi 1846. Zvisinei, hazvina kuitwa magazini kwesayenzi, asi chete vana bhuku rwakazvitsaurira kuna mwanakomana musayendisiti.

Yokutanga yepamutemo panotaurwa ichi chakaitwa muna 1902 nemunhu Chirungu wevana George Steele, chengetai vana maitiro matambudziko, kusanganisira katsika kunyanyisa mufambo uye mabasa anoparadza. Ndiye akataura kuti ichi hachisi mhosva kunaka nevabereki vavo, uye dysfunction zvomusoro tsinga. Kubvira zvakatanga ndichibvunza kudzidza ADHD. Chii, hazvina pachena kudaro kure.

Pakazosvika zana remakore nemakore maviri, zvakare Mobile uye vakapararira vana vakatanga kuita chirwere "usingashandi pfungwa dysfunction", asi mukutanga 80s uyu panzvimbo dzakafara pfungwa yakanga voga dzinounzwa "kuteerera dhefisiti chirwere". Treatment vakawanawo, asi kutaura nezvazvo voga.

mhando

Muna 1990, kupatsanura yave aronga, iyo chinosiyanisa Pakutanga, vaviri akasiyana zvachose pakatarisana kuratidzwa chete ezvinhu. Conventionally, vakadaidzwa HD uye wedzera. Boka rokutanga yaisanganisira vana motor disinhibition murombo wevasungwa, zvechivhurumukira uye zvakaoma kudzora maitiro avo. In varwere asara, nekusiyana, pane hypoactivity, lethargy, kukurumidza kuneta uye kurasikirwa yevasungwa.

Kupararira

Zvakaoma kutaura sei nokukurumidza ndiro dambudziko, chokuita kuteerera dhefisiti chirwere nekuti hapana yunifomu chirwere mitemo. Munyika dzakasiyana akasiyana chaizvo manhamba: muUnited States - 4-13%, muGermany - 9-18%, muRussia - 15-28%, muUK - 1-3%, mu China - 1-13%, uye zvichingodaro. d. haina kufungwa vakuru nezvinetso zvakafanana, saka nhamba chaiyo zvinogona zvaitoshamisa. Zvinonzi yakataurawo kuti pakati vasikana, dambudziko iri mashoma zvikuru pane pakati vakomana. Zvapedzisira ADHD akaonekwa ka3 kakawanda.

umboo

Mabhuku nesayenzi iri dzinounzwa kusvika 100 akasiyana siyana kuratidza hunhu nokuda ADHD. Asi chikuru chinhu chinoramba saka: ungaderedza wevasungwa, wokusagadzikana uye tsika mabasa zvinoparadza. Sezvambotaurwa, pane vakawanda lethargy uye hypotonia zvinogona kutaura mumwe akasiyana dambudziko iri. Uyewo, vose, pangava ndangariro zvinetso, nyanyisa-muropa kufamba, kushaya okuzvibatsira unyanzvi uye kukura yakaisvonaka injini unyanzvi, nemwoyo miviri impulsivity, unopinza uye kakawanda Zvinyamusi, kushatirwa uye kufunganya. Chero zvazvingava, vachiona kuti maitiro wemwana yakasiyana chaizvo chii uye sei kuita zvinenge zvose vezera dzayo, zvinokwanisika uye kunyange zvakafanira kuti chiremba, zvichida nokuda kwangu norugare pachavo rwepfungwa.

zvinokonzera

Kana yapfuura zvikonzero maitiro ichi vari akatsanangura Makwanza dzidzo, mumakore achangopfuura takatanga kutaura kuti nzeve dhefisiti uye wokusagadzikana anogona zvinobva zvinoitwa nhengo kukura, zvinoti - tsinga. Chokwadi kuti uropi inoramba kuumba uye pashure pokuberekwa. Uyezve, vakawanda vanoshingaira nguva basa rake inowira wechipiri cheshanu upenyu makore. Chokwadi, izvi mberi uye gare gare, asi vose CNS kuibvisa kunoitika panguva dzakasiyana.

Ukuwo, ndichiona vana ADHD yakaratidza kuti vane, kunyanya kuwedzera-mhando panguva yakabatikana pakugadzirisa chero dambudziko ipfupi ropa kuparadzirwa frontal akafukidza uropi. Zvino mamwe Mwana kuedza kuisa pfungwa basa, zvikuru kuderera yakanga accentuated. Chimwe pfungwa chokuita kuchinjwa fetus hypoxia, izvo akapindura kwemakore nenzira iyi. Panewo dzidziso kutsanangura mamiriro iyi kutyora catecholamine muviri. Mumwe akaita uye vakatenda kuti zvinoita iri nhaka, nharo kuti maitiro kuchinja Gene mamiriro. Zvisinei, pasinei dzakasiyana zvekungofungira, mhinduro chaiyo kune mubvunzo "ADHD - nayo" maererano pathogenesis anoramba ane chakavanzika.

Diagnostics

Sezvambotaurwa, akasiyana-siyana zviratidzo zvinogona zvaireva nzeve dhefisiti nyonganyonga. Uye sezvo pasina zviratidzo chirwere, kuwedzera zvinetso zvounhu, zvisati zvazivikanwa, vanachiremba vanomanikidzwa kuvimba shaky chaizvo pasi. Rakabatana maitiro nechirwere hakuwaniki muUnited States neCanada vakashandisa nemibvunzo dzavo, uye muTestamende World - iro. Muchikamu ichi nzira dzekuziva vacho vanogona dzinoenderana unhu hwakanaka zvakakwana, asi Somuenzaniso, ari zvikuru akapararira vana. Zvinoitwa kuenda kukireshi zera zvakanaka izvozvo zvinoratidza unhu zvingaitika munguva yakasiyana zvachose nzira, saka kuti nechirwere yaifanira nomazvo chaizvo uye ruzivo nyanzvi.

Zvisinei, vamwe nemibvunzo pakuparwa kupokana haina vadarika. In nechirwere pamusoro ADHD rinoshandisirwa kuri, electroneuromyography uye achine spectrometry, uyewo anenge ose vanoziva eeg, electroencephalogram. izvi zvose zvinobatsira kunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu umo kuteerera dhefisiti vakachengeta nani.

mabatiro

Dzokubvisa ukagadzirisa mamiriro wokusagadzikana uye kutarisirwa dhefisiti nyonganyonga akakamurwa mishonga uye zororo. Rokutanga kunyanya kushandiswa kwose, yokupedzisira vanaamai vakawanda Russian avo vasingadi zvinhu mwana zvakare mishonga kazhinji zvikuru pedyo. Vabereki vari Europe uye America Kusiyana neizvi, kazhinji kushandiswa dzisiri pharmacological nzira, asi kana zvinodhaka simba.

Kakawanda chiremba anosarudza kunzwisisa kugadzirirwa mapoka muviri, mapiritsi, tricyclic antidepressants uye nootropics. In tsika dzakawanda, kuti abudirire pakurapa ADHD akaratidza zvinodhaka mbiri: "Ritalin" uye "Amitriptyline" uye avo analogues.

Non-pharmacological kurapwa anewo kubudirira kwayo akarurama uye inowirirana kushandiswa. Kutanga, zvinokosha kuti adzokorore mufananidzo upenyu hwomwana maererano mudenderedzwa ake shamwari uye mabasa. The mutambo nani kusarudza wakadzikama, pasina simba mupfungwa pakuderedza, uye vadyidzani navo - yakadzikama uye asingavhiringidzwe. Zvinobudirira vakashandisa psychotherapy, umo kurangwa hwomwana atinoitwa ekudzidza. A kunobatsira pamusoro ADHD zvemusangano kusimudzira kutandara uye chokubvisa kufunganya. Mumamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kwete okushamisira kuda uye mhuri kurapa - ongororo dzinoratidza kuti undiagnosed nzeve dhefisiti chirwere muvana kunowedzera ngozi mwoyo vanamai vanenge 5 nguva.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti zvose nzira yavo zvakanaka, migumisiro yakanakisisa dzichiri kubudirira kuburikidza mubatanidzwa yayo.

dziviriro

Tisingazivi kuti zvimwe zvikonzero kuti anokonzera kutarisirwa dhefisiti chirwere kuvana, zvakaoma kutaura matanho kuzvidzivisa. Chokwadi, musoro kuti vanaamai nokungwarira kuongorora kwavo mamiriro uye pashure kusununguka - kukura mwana. neuroscientists Vazhinji vanodavira kuti zviratidzo ADHD kunogona kuonekwa anenge 3-5 makore, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange mugore upenyu rokutanga. Sezvo kuonekwa izvi zvinhu zvinogona kutanga kururamisa nzira maererano kurapwa isiri zvinodhaka - chero zvazvingava havasi kukuvadza chero mwana. Mumwe ane chete kuyeuka kuti vana vane nzeve dhefisiti vakachengeta panzvimbo chaiyo pfungwa basa: pashure maminitsi 3-5 yebasa zvaanoda kuregawo.

mataridzikiro

Kazhinji, kuti Kuyaruka pamwe kuteerera dhefisiti neimwe nzira pamusoro. Asi izvi hazvirevi kuti ADHD hakurevi kurapwa uye Zara woga. It hwakazara hanya kana kwete chetsinga, nezvinetso zvepfungwa. By makore 14-15 mwana kuwana kusanyatsozviremekedza, ruzivo pakakoromorwa, kushaya shamwari. Akapiwa chokwadi kuti iyi, uye saka achaenda panguva yakaoma woga, inenge dambudziko, kana kuti kusiya ADHD zviratidzo pasina kuteerera, nokuti anogona omesa zvikuru mamwe magariro kwadzakabva. Uyezve, ongororo dzinoratidza kuti 30-70% idzi kana zvimwe zvekuchipatara zviratidzo zviri chirwere kuchengetwa vakwegura zera.

Zvirwere zviri Adults

Hongu, izvi zvinoitika kwete chete nevana. Kusiyana nezvinofungwa nevakawanda, ADHD - pasisina yo pre-kuchikoro zera kana kuyaruka, chirwere ichi chinogona kushandiswa munhu mukuru. Doctors vachizengurira vanobvuma, achinyora kubvisa disorganization, kukanganwa uye kugara kunonoka ari yokuchengetera zvinhu hunhu uye kushayikwa pamusoro kwedu. Asi, sezvo vagara vataurwa, muna 30-70% nyaya muvana nechirwere ADHD kana kuti matambudziko zvichaitika pashure.

Zvisinei, zviri basa pokukwegura, siya rupawo yavo, saka kuti kuteerera zvinetso kungaratidzwa kunyatsoti saka somwana:

• "Hang" panguva nyaya kana kukurukura;
• havachanyatsogoni pfungwa;
• kuomerwa vonyanya basa;
• murombo auditory ndangariro, nezvinetso kubereka mashoko akapiwa nomuromo;
• katsika kusateerera mashoko, kunyange kukosha.

Pane rumwe mari. Dzimwe nguva vanhu vane ADHD vangapinda vanonzi ezvinhu pamusoro-yevasungwa. Panguva iyoyowo kutaura chimwe chinhu kunogona kuita kuti munhu kukanganwa pamusoro nguva uye dzimwe nyaya. Kana wokusagadzikana, kazhinji zviri mu vakuru vairatidza shoma zvikuru.