Border - chii ichi? zvichireva

Pfungwa yokuti 'Muganhu "kwava With kukura yebudiriro uye kwaita hurumende urongwa kupinda kushandiswa. была линия, отделявшая территории разных правителей. Waiva mutsetse rwaiparadzanisa nharaunda vatongi siyana. changamire ose kuchengetedza nokudzivirira munzvimbo yomumwe vanhu vake. не были определенными и четкими. Munguva dzekare miganhu emarudzi havana kunorondedzerwa uye yakajeka. Vari kazhinji akazoongororazve panoperera ruvengo. и транзит по территории государства. Zvinhu zvakachinja pashure pakatanga tsika mabasa nokuda chokufambisa kwenhumbi mhiri muganhu uye dzaifanoiswa nomunharaunda yacho mamiriro.

Shandisa rokuti mumutauro Russian

In mudzimba midziyo yokutanga yezana XIV remakore. kutanga kushandisa pfungwa itsva - "kwekumaodzanyemba". Tsanangudzo iyi yakatanga kushandiswa contractual zvinyorwa wakasainwa pamwe wokuLivonia Order Novgorod January 28, 1323 Zvichakadai, formalization mafungiro yakaitika zvikuru gare gare - pakazopera rechi18 - kwezana remakore rechi19. Pakutanga yacho XVIII remakore. Rus yakaumbwa, vamwe mazwi chokuita zvechechi urongwa kudzivirira kumuganhu. Pakati pfungwa yaishandiswa aiva "murindi", "vakavandira", "wachi", "kuti", "tsika", "musha." Muna 1847, mukati duramazwi yeChechi kwechiSlavonic uye mutauro Russian akatsanangurirwa kuti muganhu yakadaro. Shoko iri zvichishandurwa sezvo muganhu, paunogumira kusiyanisa imwe nzvimbo nomumwe.

chipo

государствами представляет собой линию, а также проходящую по ней вертикальную поверхность, определяющую пределы соседствующих территорий и их суверенитета. Muganhu pakati inoti iri mutsetse, uyewo pakukoka yaro wehunyambiri penyika nokududza papi dzakavakidzana ndima uye uchangamire. Sayenzi kuti vanodzidza kumiganhu, rinonzi limology. Zviri mumwe nzvimbo enyika jogirafi. National miganhu kunogona kuva gungwa, rwizi, gungwa, mhepo uye nenyika. Ekupedzisira ndiwo mutsara raiparadzanisa nharaunda dzakavakidzana inoti. Vari kunorondedzerwa nyika pachavo kazhinji iri contractual hwaro. Maererano zvibvumirano wakasainwa kunze ari yakaiswa zvakananga pasi. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pari pane nyika vasina miganhu kana tsika. Rimwe rinoti izvi ndizvo hugota pamusoro Monaco.

существуют? Ndezvipi miganhu varipo?

Orographic muganhu - tambo vakadzinganiswa kufungisisa zvakasikwa ematongerwo. Ivo Somuenzaniso, angava rwizi, nyanza, makomo, gungwa, uye zvichingodaro. Geometric miganhu vari inoumbwa kuita akarurama mitsetse kuti rinobatanidza maviri pfungwa. Funga kuti miganhu kunogona kuva nehurumende. Lake uye rwizi miganhu vari kuisa zvakafanana kunyika - maererano kondirakiti. By navigable muganhu aibuda kazhinji ichipfuura kunonyanyisa dzakadzika kana panguva huru gwara. On asiri zvenzizi, uye nehova pamusoro mutsetse wakaiswa pakati aibuda kana mukuru webazi. Zvinofanira akati kuti mitemo yakadaro pasi dzinongoitika kuchinja. In pave miganhu nguva dzimwe nguva hurukuro voga. States zvinogona tara mutsetse, zvisinei kuchinjwa. Mhepo mutsetse ndiyo hunyambiri ndege. Nepano nemvura uye nyika nenyika. Pari zvino hakuna tsanangudzo mukuru-kuwedzera muganhu yakajeka. Its ukoshi zvichisiyana 90 kusvika 110? Km.

nepagungwa miganhu

Vari akagadzawo kana womukati chiito munyika, kana chibvumirano rinopikisa / pamuganhu mamiriro. Panguva iyoyowo, uye chokwadi, uye mune imwe nyaya, zvinyorwa vanofanira kuita zvinoenderana dzakawanda mumatare nemitemo. Miganhu mvura vangava widths zvakasiyana. Pari, izvozvo anoda kubva 3 kusvika 12 nautical mamaira. Kunze ndiyo mvura kwazvakarerekera. Izvi zvinosanganisira, kunyanya, kusanganisira dunhu. The Danube, Chirungu Channel, Gibraltar, Magellan, Panama yaNire, ari neSuez, Korinde, Kiel, nhoroondo Hudson Bay uye Varanger Fjord.

pave mitsetse

государства, проводят демаркацию и делимитацию. Kuti tizive muganhu mamiriro, pavaiita demarcation uye delimitation. Ekupedzisira ndiwo muitiro kutsanangura ndima dzokai uye kushandisa munhu akadarika mutsetse pamepu. Kana mapato vakabvumirana delimitation kiyi dzemitemo kutsanangura uye kutsanangura miganhu. Izvi anofunga yakawiriranwa zvinodiwa, kuti kuremekedza miganhu kuvimbika, vzaimoustupchivost uye nokunzwisisa. The delimitation anofanira kuita zvinoenderana dzomunyika mitemo, zvinyorwa nenzvimbo, munhoroondo tsika. Mushure hurukuro, mapato vanogumisa chibvumirano pamuganhu kuyambuka. To aishandiswa Mapping. Yemanyorero Zvibvumirano yakadaro nokusingaperi.

demarcation

It rinoitwa mushure kuguma delimitation - pamutemo kunyoresa mitsetse. Panguva pavaipfuura demarcation muganhu chinorondedzerwa zvakananga pasi. Zvikurukuru, panyika kuisa chaiyo vatambi, uye pamusoro mvura - floats uye buoys. Demarcation kunoitwa vagari komiti, izvo zvinosanganisira vamiririri nawo anoti. Pamusoro kupera, yakasainwa ne Protocol. Rinotsanangura muganhu zvinoenderana nemitemo uye mepu nechimwe yakatarwa chiratidzo. Zvinyorwa izvi zviri uyewo kuda huru chibvumirano. Nguva nenguva, mapato vanofanira kuongorora nokudyidzana mutsetse, kutsiva usashanda uye ukama zviratidzo kana zvakakodzera. Izvi zvinonzi apiwa demarcation.

pemipata

Mudzimai mutemo mumwe hurumende pane normative chiito yokudzora mibvunzo pamusoro kugutsikana miganhu, achiyambuka chokufambisa dzavo uye vagari, kupesana chisarudzo uye zvichingodaro. Vakavakidzana nyika anogona kusaina chibvumirano pave nyore hurumende muganhu. Somuenzaniso, vanhu vari zvachose kana zvomwaka kushanda, kudzidza panguva pedyo ndima, angabatwa rakapa anokosha pemipata. Zvinyorwa izvi zviri uyewo pedyo nevaya vanoshanyira yokuviga, vanosangana nguva nehama, yezvechitendero, uye zvichingodaro.

rwonzi demarcation

Zvinofanira kusiyaniswa kubva kumuganhu. Mitsetse demarcation dzinokonzerwa mukurwisana nezvombo uye kwakatevedzana nguva yekumbotaurirana. Muzana remakore rapfuura pakanga mutsetse Somuenzaniso, muna 1949 muna Korea, uye muna 1954 yokuVietnam. Chero Bato mutsara demarcation haina sevanhu muganhu mamiriro. It chete anoudzawo mapato kuti mukakavadzane. Therealong akatakura demilitarized mapazi.

Fancy kwekumaodzanyemba

Vatican uye San Marino wakakomberedzwa mamiriro Italy kunze. muganhu Vatican - iri yakakwirira Ages masvingo. Its kureba 3.2? Km. Pamadziro pane masuo akawanda, ayo agara kuvharwa nokuti usiku. muganhu San Marino anoratidzwa mune chakafanana nedenga ane rechikepe uye mashoko "Vagamuchirei kunyika rekare rusununguko."

zvinhu zvisingafadzi

Vamwe kwawakabva akagoverana kwete chete neHurumende asiwo kweguta. ezvinhu akadaro, somuenzaniso, waiva muBerlin. Kazhinji, kuparadzana uku nokuparurwa zvatinosiita mararamiro uye zvoupfumi basa. Izvi imhaka yokuti kazhinji mumaguta, vanhu vaiva kwezvinhu, tsime, mukuru utilities. Paaiita miganhu izvi zvinhu zviri Akagoverawo, nokusika kuzvuzvungudza kune veruzhinji.

Pamuganhu kuEstonia uye Latvia ane achitema / Cutting. guta rino aiva munhu chaizvo nheyo dzaro (kubvira 1286). vagari vemo ndiye Latvians uye Estonians. Muna 1920, guta yakakamurwa uye zvakare muna Soviet nguva, kwakabatana, uye ipapo zvakare demarcated muna 1991

Narva - pakupera kwezana Estonian uye Russian sezvo chete guta ikoko. On chikamu Russia uchanzi Ivangorod. Muganhu anomhanya nepakati mai. Izvi zvinoita nematambudziko zvarakanga basa.

Mai pemipata uye nomuganhu Turkmenistan uye Uzbekistan. Pakati Czechoslovakia uye West Germany akamhanya mutsetse harisi chete guta Eisenstein / simbi mhangura, asiwo chete yemapurisa pano.

Uzbekistan uye Kyrgyzstan mushure Soviet Union akaparadzanisa mutaundi Kara-Sưu. Muganhu Anotambanudza kuburikidza bhazaa, riri kumativi maviri chiteshi.

yakazaruka miganhu

Vakawanda dzeEU dziri Schengen mapazi. Inside vagari varo zvizere norusununguko rwokufamba. The Schengen Agreement anoratidzwa nenzira magwaro maviri. First akadzima vhiza kuzvidzora pane munyika miganhu, wechipiri - Chibvumirano - kunotema murayiro hwomukova chibvumirano ichi kushanda. Zvinyorwa izvi zvave kushanda muna 1995

Miganhu ine nomunda

Iye zvino, vanhu vazhinji vari munyika zvarinoroora chaiyo wemunda. Izvi zvinosanganisira kusanganisira kwokurangana uye nenyika. Nokuti kunyoresa kodzero kwavari vanofanira kumbotambudzika fanira hurumende kunyoresa pakuvhiya. Muchiitiko chino, kazhinji zvakakodzera kuti miganhu nzvimbo. Kuti aite kudaro, kupa vamwe zvinyorwa kune gona zviremera. Zvinosanganisira:

1. Identity gwaro.
2. Paper vasiri dzinogarwa uye dzinogarwa zvivako iri mukati mugove.
3. mitsara miviri. First anowanika UGRTSKK, wechipiri anotaurwa UFGRP.
4. A kopi cadastral zano munzvimbo mukati iyo kupfeka.
5. Acts, maererano vaiva nako muganhu mugove akabvuma.
6. Tora cadastral pasipoti.

Nzira kuti pave nemitsetse

Border nzvimbo inotaurwa ne Office Federal nechepakati kuroorwa chiratidzo uwandu uye Mapping. Sangano pasi kushanda, akaisa munzvimbo kuita basa waishandiswa hunhu. Yomunharaunda Kutarisirwa atore kopi ndima urongwa Holdings. Inopa cadastral injiniya. Maererano nezano kuitwa vanachiremba uye chokuguma kadhi iri rakapa. Uyezve, mashoko topographical ongororo yacho inoitwa. Sezvazvakanyorwa rinoratidza chaiyo nzvimbo hama kuti pedyo mugove. Uyezve, zvinokosha kuyeuka mutoro kubvumirana pamuganhu nzvimbo nevavakidzani vayo vose. Vakagamuchira mapepa anofanira vanopupurirwa pakati Municipality. The akaunganidzwa mapepa anowanika panguva kunyoresa simba. Pano nyika kuisa kune cadastral kunyoresa uye vawane akasiyana nhamba. After 1 mwedzi muchapiwa Tsvene muridzi.

litigation

Kazhinji, vavakidzani havagoni kuuya yakawiriranwa chibvumirano maererano miganhu yenyika yavo. Muzviitiko zvakadaro, gakava rinoitwa paruvanze. Stakeholders ari kukumbira chete akakodzera zvinodiwa. Dare anekodzero kuumba nzira kushandiswa munyika. Kana kuongororwa iyi kuitwa, akasarudzwa papi minda.

mhedziso

Pfungwa yokuti "muganhu" rinoshandiswa munyaya dzakasiyana-siyana zvoupenyu. Saka, akaisa mutsetse raiparadzanisa hurumende, kumatunhu uye maguta. Areas yaiva mukati kwavari anogona kuva akasiyana nzvimbo. Change pamiganhu rinoitwa maererano hwakagadzwa zvemitemo muitiro. Vanobviswa, zvikurukuru, anoita National uye emunharaunda mumatunhu.

Somuenzaniso, akatanga mepu, maererano iyo yakasimbiswa miganhu mutsva Moscow munzvimbo 2017 nzvimbo yeguta achaparadzwa yekudyidzana kuwedzerwa, ayo akafanana kuchasanganisira misha inoverengeka, mugwagwa junctions nezvimwe kwezvivako.

Miganhu nyika, sezvo mutemo, havasi pasi kuchinja. Kunze ndiko kana imwe nyika anosarudza kubatana mumwe. nzira iyi yaifanira maererano dzakawanda nemitemo. Somuenzaniso, muna 2014 nharaunda Russia yakawedzera maererano kupinda kwayo marongerwo kweItari pamusoro Crimea. Kuwedzera miganhu rakaitirwa maererano migumisiro referendamu musi Peninsula. Kazhinji, asi geopolitical mepu hachina kuchinja yekudyidzana kubva pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II. Pakati zvinenge zvose kunyika chesungano iri kugadzwa miganhu uye mitemo kuwana kuzvidzora.