Budget - ndiko ... rokugadzirira uye akabvumirwa bhajeti

Mumwe mamiriro ane yayo bhajeti. Tsanangudzo iyi izwi rakajairika kune vakawanda vomunyika Russian. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, rinonzi "Chief Financial Mutemo" kana "gwaro" Hurumende. Zvisinei, panewo kwematunhu uye matunhu neminisiparati zvemari. mashandiro avo ane zvinhu. Chii nemamiriro bhajeti hurongwa? Sei "mukuru" mutemo fiscal pamusoro mamiriro?

The tsananguro

"Budget" - zviri Chirungu, "bhegi". Ndizvo kuchengeterwa, iyo nhasi kakawanda kunzwisiswa se zvemari. Vanogona kuva mamiriro, chero zvayo nhengo wehurumende, guta, mhuri, kana munhu. Pane bhajeti iri sangano, risingagoni kuva noukama kuti hurumende. Izwi iri mubvunzo - waifarirwa. Mumwe anogona kuva yayo bhajeti mamiriro. Chokwadi, izwi iri kazhinji kureva kuridza voruzhinji zvenyika. Sei kuti icharira tsananguro yakarurama?

The nyanzvi Russian akabudisa zvinotevera kwezvakatipoteredza. Bhajeti - kwaswedera naMweya Hurumende nyika, nharaunda kana guta ndandanda mari uye mari pachinhu yakananga kwenguva, iyo anzverwa maererano nomutemo kusimbiswa. Kukarukureta zveminda uye mari kazhinji dzaona - kuratidza ungangotarisa kuitika.

The Russian upfumi, basa rinoitirwa kwemauto zvikuru chinokosha. Dzimwe nyanzvi kunotsanangurwa so ngaatungamire. Uye nekuti kuchinja kwokunze ezvinhu kukanganisa zveminda zvinogona kuonekwa sezvo kunaka zvinhu nokuda Russian National zvoupfumi uye kukura mari.

bhajeti mumatunhu muRussia

Munguva Russian tsika pane dzakasiyana siyana kugadzirira uye kuurayiwa zviri bhajeti - yeUnited, kwematunhu uye nemakanzuru. The unitary inoti remunharaunda pamwero chinogona kusiyiwa. Avo vari tsika simba zvikurukuru federalism Somuenzaniso, muna US - kunyange matunhu neminisiparati zvemari kunogona kukamurwa zvinogona siyana.

Pane musiyano wezvinyorwa umo nhamba kuti nerimwe kwevari Russian bhajeti wedzera kumusoro. Akaumba vakawanda akagadzirwa zviratidzi zvemari. Muchiitiko chino, pane Consolidated bhajeti renyika. Rinoshandiswa kana uchida kufungidzira kana overenga macroeconomic.

Zveminda uye havashandisi mari yakawanda

Izvo zvinyorwa anowana mamiriro, nharaunda kana Municipality? Ndezvipi chikuru manyuko ari bhajeti? Mari mitero kazhinji semunhu, excises, mabasa nezvimwewo kupomerwa vakarondedzera kwavari. Vari akatumira muchivigiro hazvishanduki murayiro. Kunyange zvazvo mune zvimwe zviitiko mutemo inopa nokuti yaanobhadhara imwe mhando, umo zvigadziriswe nekaupenyu pedyo chimiro kuderedza mari kubva bhajeti, asi vari kushandiswa.

Mari zvinosanganisira mari, izvo, maererano nemitemo yakatangwa mutemo, akaronga mari mabasa anoitwa neHurumende uye matunhu neminisiparati masimba. Kutaurirana kwavatori pakati nomumwe zvinhu vawane mari iyi inonzi bhajeti sistemoy.Raskhody bhajeti inogona Classified mu mbiri dzinokosha zvinodiwa. Chekutanga, ndiko dzavo departmental chavanopinda. Mari iyi nyaya dzikarongwa kwakavakirwa kuparadzirwa appropriations maringe zvakananga kuagamuchira. Chechipiri, sezvo zvichiita uye zvoupfumi kupatsanura. Muchiitiko chino, mari dzikarongwa kwakavakirwa hunhu hwavo, bazi dzidziso.

Mabasa uye bhajeti ukoshi

We kupedza tsanangudzo "bhajeti" pfungwa mashoko chii mabasa huru nayo anoita. Chekutanga, ndiko kwakanaka redistribution mari mukati kuumbwa National mari. Chokwadi chokuti kumatunhu akasiyana-siyana munyika, kana toreva Russia, kuva akasiyana kwevari zvoupfumi. Kubva Pakuva nefuma apo mamwe ruyamuro anoenda kunodiwa kudiwa mari. Chechipiri, kuti bhajeti anokurudzira kukura National upfumi kuburikidza vagari masimba, kushanda muhurumende masangano, kutenga simba. Chechitatu, inopa mukana kukura anokosha zvinokosha munzanga mabhora - dzidzo, mishonga, hondo.

Marongerwo kwevari bhajeti

Ngatione kuti nemamiriro ehurumende bhajeti. Hatina akaritumidza mabasa. Kururamisa Implementation yavo zvinoda runoenzanirana hurongwa anogadziriswa chinetso redistribution mari kwaizotevera vadzore kushandiswa kwayo. Nokudaro, bhajeti - iri chinogona, kazhinji centralized, uye inopa kuti akanyatsorongwa nyaya, rinoshandiswa.

Sei kugovera simba nokuda kukura paruzhinji mari? Huru basa pano ndohwaJehovha Federal Treasury. Sei nesungano pakati nepakati uye nyaya Federation pakutaura nezvayo departmental zvinangwa? Nokuti basa rake mumunda dzidzo iri anokonzera Federal Ministry kwazvinoita kudzora sechivako akaderera chinzvimbo. Saizvozvowo - mune mamwe madhipatimendi - Bazi Health, Ushumiri Affairs Internal. bhajeti mamiriro ari zvatinoita kuparadzirwa mari pakati yeUnited nepakati uye kumatunhu muRussia zvakafanana nokutongwa womuenzaniso. Kune zvenharaunda Office of Federal Treasury. Kwavari, uye ari tasked nokuparadzira mari uye budgetary kurapa Rwako zvemari.

The bhajeti iri nharaunda, nokudaro vari yakatanga mukufamba zvakananga kusakarongeka pakati zviremera pasi Treasury of Federation. Panguva iyoyowo, mutemo rinorondedzera migero kuburikidza iyo nharaunda anogona kuzadza reserves zvavo zvemari. Bhajeti iri nharaunda nezvimwewo vanotongwa Federation zvinogona vaisanganisa nokuda emunharaunda nemitero, uyewo migove vakawana mamwe mhando yeUnited mhosva.

Siyanei zvakadaro, kana isu kutaura pamusoro matunhu neminisiparati chechetere. City bhajeti kutarisirwa uye zvikurukuru kure nehurumende kugona. Zveminda nokuti replenishment pakati makanzuru dzinonzi kuti dzosa yavo. Huru pfuma kuti chinangwa ichi - kutengeswa pfuma muridzi guta kana dunhu, uyewo akabhadhara mabasa inopiwa vehurumende. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, pachiyero vomunharaunda bhajeti vakagamuchira mamwe appropriation kubva mamiriro. Uyewo, matunhu neminisiparati papfuma iri kukasawedzerwa ne kuzviuru maererano mutero mitemo - zvakananga, kana sezvairayirwa nemirau yacho Federal Mutero Service pezvivako mari. Zvichida replenishment paguta bhajeti tichiregeredza mamwe ehurumende mari yechikoro mhosva nokuda nemabhangi kuti vari kushanda mundima Municipality.

Zvemari makanzuru, kufanana zvavo yeUnited analoginen anogona yabatanidza format. Kureva, ndiko yakatarwa yemibairo uye Nokurasikirwa, kufungisisa kuzvitsaurira ugari. Zvemari, akavapindurawo, zvingaite riri munharaunda dzavo dzomumisha. Pokumuka magwaro aya vemo zvemari kunogona kuitwa nenhanho miviri kuzvitonga.

Basa makanzuru - kupa zvakafanira nepakati vemo zvemari, zvaidiwa mitemo anosimbisa batana mutemo. Izvi zvinosanganisira mitemo vachitoenda chishoma kuurayiwa zvirongwa zvemari uye chikwereti.

Nzvimbo chikuru nekuita pakati makanzuru uye voruzhinji miviri munzvimbo fiscal mutemo - wokutanga nhau chokuremekedza kune yokupedzisira. Hurongwa, zvakatemwa nokuda kuMudzidzisi mitemo, makanzuru akatumira remunharaunda simba mamiriro rinotaura sei womunzvimbo bhajeti akaurayiwa.

Dhefisiti uye pachisara

The bhajeti angave ari mashoma, pachisara uye mwero. Muchiitiko chokutanga, Pakuva nefuma kuti iyoyi - ezasi mari. Kana yechipiri - pamusoro zvinopesana. In wakaenzana yechitatu iri kuchengetwa (nemutengo tolerances). Pakati nezvoupfumi, vanamazvikokota vakawanda vanodavira dhefisiti ndozvakajairwa (chero kuti hazvisi guru chaizvo). The vakaronga bhajeti nokuda default muzviitiko zvakawanda wakavhomorwa kudaro. Kazhinji, wakaitwa, kukwikwidzana zvoupfumi nguva dzose chinhu kuzadza. Chii?

Chekutanga, ndicho kusunungurwa-siyana kuchengetedzeka (kazhinji hurumende zvisungo). The investor akatenga navo mukutsinhana nezvomutoro vamwe mhando (kazhinji ndiro muripo kufarira pashure imwe nguva), hurumende - kushandisa yacho kubhadhara bhajeti dhefisiti. MuRussia, zvisungo zvakadaro zvakare.

Chechipiri, zvinogona budgetary kwezvikwereti. Urongwa uhwu, izvo zvinogona kuwanikwa kubva kwematunhu uye matunhu neminisiparati reserves zvemari.

Chechitatu, bhajeti anogona kubatsira Central Bank nokupa mari inodiwa.

The pamusoro urongwa vanoumba dhefisiti vari zvemukati. Asi panewo kwokunze kupfuma. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

- kutengeswa kusungwa kutengeswa dzakawanda;

- kukwezva zvikwereti kubva vatorwa private masangano;

- zvikwereti kubva hurumende vatorwa;

Kazhinji dzomunyika uye zvimwewo zvigadziriswe vari kushandiswa panguva. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga kuti kunokonzera chivimbo upfumi neHurumende paNational uye dzakawanda chikwereti, shoma kutya kunogona kuva hurumende pamusoro bhajeti dhefisiti. Naizvozvo, vaongorori vanodavira pane pfungwa hazvishamisi kuti munyika dzakabudirira dzakawanda, kusanganisira United States, maererano hurumende chikwereti mitoro zvakaenzana 100% GDP kana zvakatowanda. Saka Lenders zviri zvakakwana kuvimba kutsiga upfumi nyika yavari kutenga zvisungo. Kunyange zvazvo, pane pakatarisana pfungwa maonero. Kubhadhara dzake bhajeti kuburikidza nokukwereta nokusingaperi kupa asingagoni. Nokufamba kwenguva nehurumende achaguma zvinhu pabasa dzimwe zvikwereti.

Sei Russian bhajeti

Funga bhajeti yenyu, tsanangudzo rokuti, ongorora sei chichigamuchirwa. On muenzaniso zvigadziriswe anoshandira Russia. Chokutanga, sei kuronga mari kunoitika.

The nzira iri mubvunzo, kunosanganisira kuziva zvakakodzera uwandu mari kuti zvinokosha kuti hurumende mari basa mitumbi mutoro kugadzirisa zvimwe zvinetso. Gwaro bhajeti iri kukura Bazi Finance kweRussia. Kazhinji, basa iri mari imwe gore kunotanga atova January okupedzisira.

Danho rokutanga, Bazi Finance simulates nezvezviitiko zvakasiyana umo upfumi angatanga. Kana vari aifarirwa Hurumende, inoshandiswa anotanga nekutatamura manyuko mari uye zvekushandisa avaiita. Zvakakosha kuti nguva yokuita izvozvo kusvikira 15 July. Mushure - gwaro bhajeti kamwe zvakare akatumira Hurumende nezvawo. Ane mwedzi panze kuti mazano kuti uvandudze yacho gwaro. Mushure - the bhajeti inoenda State Duma. Izvi zvinotora nzvimbo mumatanho dzakawanda.

Chokutanga, nekubatwa bhajeti of State Duma wevatariri vari kudzidza pachavo. Izvi zvaisanganisira nyanzvi munyaya Budget Committee. Zvichitevera, gwaro rwunotumirwa mamwe mamiriro Duma, President uye Tichiverenga Chamber, saka kuti mhedziso rakapiwa. Apfuudza zvose muzvikamu izvi kunotanga Nokubvumira bhajeti.

Pfungwa bhajeti mvumo

muitiro uyu, uyewo gadziriro huru zvemari gwaro wenyika, kutanga muna State Duma. All unofanira kuenda kuburikidza kuverengwa mana.

In wokutanga State Duma kukurukura pfungwa yacho bhajeti, zviri tichienzanisa for okukura National upfumi, uyewo zvainyanya kukosheswa mutero nehurumende. Ko kudzidza dzinokosha zvechadenga gwaro - zvinopa mari, mari, kana mune zvirongwa dhefisiti bhajeti.

In kuverenga yechipiri aifarirwa zvinhu zviri zvekushandisa maererano isingachinji kupatsanura zano. Zvinonzi pakutsvaga kukosha inotsigira Fund nokuda Russian Federation. Nguva mukati iyo State Duma anofanira nguva yokuongorora bhajeti iri kuverenga wechipiri, kubva nokuita rokutanga - mazuva 15.

The kuverenga wechitatu rinozivisa nyaya mari uye wakaiswa madhipatimendi anokonzera kushandiswa kwakarurama mari. Shoko rokuti, izvo zvakafanira kunosangana State Duma pakati kuitwa gwaro pakuverenga rechipiri - mazuva 25.

kuverenga chechina zvinosanganisira kufunga zvichibvira yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita kuti bhajeti. Zvinoitawo rinoongorora nzira kugoverwa zveminda uye mari iri Quarterly hwaro.

Kwave kuchiita muzvikamu zvose nhaurirano iri State Duma gwaro bhajeti rwunotumirwa rokumusoro imba Russian Paramende - Federation Council. Kana vakuru kugamuchira gwaro, zvinonzi akatuma siginicha kuna President. Mushure - akawana mamiriro mutemo batana. Kutanga gore rinouya, urongwa akapa imomo vari kutanga chinozoiswa.

Implementation of bhajeti

Budget - ndiwo mutemo kuva akarurama kuurayiwa. Mhosva dhipatimendi ake - the Federal Treasury, kuzvidavirira Hurumende. Dzimwe nyanzvi usimbise chokwadi kuti panguva kuurayiwa bhajeti nemamiriro nevarikutonga havagoni kuita chero yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita kuti gwaro racho. Vanofanira kuva mamiriro yeUnited mitemo kuti vari kubatwa chikamu of State Duma, Federation Council uye President. Budget - iri gwaro, inova default Implementation achipfeka zvayo yepakutanga chimiro. Kana pane vanoda kuti adzokorore zvinhu zviri zvekushandisa chikuru zvemari gwaro weHurumende (sechipiriso mutemo, mune zviitiko zvakadaro tiri kutaura pamusoro yokuderedza navo), nzira ine sequestration chaitwa. MuRussia, ayo chikuru chinhu ndechokuti, kana hurumende kutora sarudzo zvakakodzera, mari iri bhajeti vari wakaderedzwa pane zvinhu zvose - zvose mwedzi kubva kuitwa mutemo pamusoro sequestration kusvikira pakupera kwegore.

Kuzvidzora kunoita bhajeti iri akaurayiwa panguva imwecheteyo, mbiri mapazi ehurumende. Kana ichi chiri mumiririri hurongwa - ndiwo mubvunzo kuti kuzvidzora yeparamende. Kana boka iri, kuzvidavirira hurumende - the unoenderana administrative achitarisirwa akataura.

Basa rokudzora yeparamende vanotumirwa kune Chamber of Accounts. The sangano rine simba kuitisa inspections - mu hushumiri, mukati zvivako zvavo, uyewo emakambani, izvo zvinogona mune dzimwe nzira munyaya Implementation pamusoro bhajeti. The odhita Chamber vanosungirwa pasi Quarterly mishumo zvemitemo yemibvunzo sei kupemberera huru dzinowanika mari mutemo. Uyewo, muviri dzeparamende anopa pfungwa pamusoro nemishumo kunotangira Hurumende, iyo kunorevawo kuti bhajeti kuurayiwa mberi.

Kuita zvakafanana nzira panguva kwematunhu uye matunhu neminisiparati mumatunhu? Kazhinji, kuti nzira yakafanana neiya kuitwa yeUnited simba zvivako pasi zvaidiwa RF Budget Code.

Mukuru misiyano inogona kuchengetwa ari nzira kunze panguva matunhu neminisiparati chechetere. Somuenzaniso, mune dzimwe maguta uye kumatunhu Russia basa meya - achitungamirira, mune dzimwe nzira rakafanana nezvenzvimbo President wenyika correlative nevamwe vakuru vakuru. Asi pane makanzuru apo pambiru musoro chourongwa - panzvimbo chezita. Pane basa guru kuridzwa neparamende vemo.

The peculiarity zviri kufarirwa uye kudzokorora matunhu neminisiparati zvemari pakuti zvose zvinobatanidzwa pamusoro izvi zvinofanira pamutemo kubudiswa. Izvi zvinoshanda mumatanho ose basa zviremera zvemo. Kutanga kubva chisarudzo hunotendera bhajeti uye anopera mushumo aurayiwe huru zvemari gwaro kubva Municipality. Uyewo, mashoko kuitwa pachena, zvinosanganisira Quarterly hunhu mashoko sei bhajeti iri vaurayiwa.

Subsidy, subvention kana subsidy?

Sezvo achitsanangura basa rebhajheti, achinyatsoongorora chinangwa chechiitiko ichi, zvichange zvakakosha kuziva mamwe mazwi ane chokuita nehwaro guru rezvemari rehurumende. Pakati pezvenyanzvi dzeRussia, dzimwe dzadzo dzinoshandiswa nguva dzose.

Zvinobatsira kuziva kuti zvipi zvipo. Izwi iri muRussia rinoreva mari inopiwa nebhajhini yeimwe chikwata kune imwe. Kubatsira kunotarisirwa mumamiriro ezvinhu apo chinhu icho chavakawana chiri kuwana kudiwa kwekutora mari chaiyo yekushandisa. Ichi chiyero chebatsiro rebhajimenti inopiwa pachena pasina.

Kazhinji izwi rokuti "rubatsiro" rinoshandiswa mune chimwe chirevo ne "zvipo". Dzimwe nguva kunyange pfungwa idzi mbiri dzinozivikanwa. Asi izvi hazvisi chokwadi. Pasi pemitemo muRussia inogamuchirwa kuti inzwisise nzira iyo bhajeti yeimwe nhanho inopfuurira kune imwewo pasina, zvisinei, nezvezvinangwa, zvakananga.

Zvose izvi, zvinotaurwa pamusoro, zviri pedyo ne "rubatsiro". Asi kusiyana pakati payo, rubatsiro uye rubatsiro, zvinoonekwa. Chinangwa chekuwana mari hachirevi bhajeti yemamwe mazinga, asiwo munhu kana sangano. Chikonzero chinokosha munyaya iyi ndechokuti nyika inotangira sei. Sezvo mutemo, rubatsiro rwekubhadhara chikamu chekubhadhara chikamu chemari. Zvinonzwisisika kuti chinangwa chekubhadhara chinowanikwawo zvimwe zvekuwana mari.

Kune chimwe chiitiko chinonakidza - bhaaribhadha chikwereti. Uyu ndiwo hupo hwehupfumi hwehurumende huripo, uyewo, nehuwandu hwekubhadhara zvakakwana.