Apo USSR yakadhirika? Gorbachev Mihail Sergeevich

Kuparara Soviet Union Akaperekedzwa inofanira disintegration wegadziriro upfumi kunzwisisa, evanhu mamiriro, zvematongerwo enyika uye magariro mabhora munyika. Kana USSR yakadhirika, 15 chinoda yawana rusununguko. Izvi zviri pamwe ne "achimisa mumwe sovereignties". M. S. Gorbachev (Secretary General pakati ari CPSU Central Committee) vakazivisa kugumiswa basa iri pambiru. Akatsanangura chisarudzo chake "Mutemo zvinhu". Republics, Council kushandisa kuzivisa. Gwaro iri pamutemo kwakauraya kugumiswa kuvapo USSR (1991, December 26).

Zvikonzero pokuwa

Kusvikira ikozvino, kare haagoni kusvika tabvumirana pamusoro chii chaizvo akaparirwa izvi zvakanga zvichiita kurambidza nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma uye kuparadzwa dzakawanda munyika. Mumakore Soviet Union yakanga vachishingaira kudzikisirana nezviremera, uye akaona zvinoshamisa kukwegura pamusoro mukuru nhengo chikwata. Zvinofanira akati kuti avhareji yezera vanhu vari Politburo, kubudikidza 80 fung gore rakanga 75 litres. Chokutanga, kwakatungamirira "Nguva mariro." Zvadaro, inonyanya chikwata Gorbachev akapinda. Mikhail Gorbachev akava akakurumidza kuwana simba uye vakaparadzira rayo simba nokuda mudiki ipapo. Panguva sarudzo yake sezvo Secretary General wechishanu aiva 54. Mumakore Soviet Union akacherekedza rakasiyana monocentrism muchisarudza. kodzero iyi ine chete "yeUnited centre" - Moscow. Kazhinji, izvi zvakaita kuti kurasikirwa nguva uye basa Implementation vomunharaunda mhinduro. Saka, mamiriro ezvinhu zvakaita kuti kutsoropodza kumatunhu. Vamwe vanyori vanodavira kuti vadaro vakava pfungwa rudzi kuti vakatora nzvimbo munyika. Kana USSR yakadhirika, kurwisana kwemarudzi kunge kwakanyanyisa. marudzi wega categorically akataura chinangwa chavo kuti vave upfumi hwavo uye tsika. Pakati zvikonzero pokuwa kudanwa uye vasingabatsiri utungamiri. Vatungamiri chinoda vakatsvaka ndeyokubvisa kudzorwa ichibva hurumende nechepakati, uye kushandisa kusununguka kuchinja kuti Gorbachev Mihail Sergeevich akapa. Navo zvakanga aifanira kuparadza vabatane mamiriro ezvinhu decentralized vanhu.

kusagadzikana kwezvemari

MuSoviet Union pasi Gorbachev, sezvo, zvirokwazvo, uye pamberi pake, kwakaratidzwa kusaenzanirana pakati yakakura zvoupfumi. Izvi zvakaita:

1. Permanent kuperevedza nevatengi nhumbi.
2. Kuwedzera hwokugadzira backwardness munyaya dzose mukugadzira indasitiri.

Recently zvaibvira kuripa chete zvikuru anodhura kuunganidza zvigadziriswe. Muna 1987, mumwe kunzwisisa zviyero rakazoshandiswa. Rakanzi "Yechipiri". Zvisinei, kushandisa mune tsika zvakanga zvisingaiti, nokuda kwekushaiwa mikana zvoupfumi.

quantitative urongwa

Kana USSR yakaparara, kuvimba zvoupfumi zvakanga yakaoma ezvinhu. In 1960-70. huru nzira okutambura nokusava nevatengi zvigadzirwa pasi ezvinhu vakaronga upfumi wasimbisa pamusoro vakawanda zvazvingava, pasi mari uye zvakanaka nezvinhu. Vazhinji makambani vachiita majana matatu. Avaindipa zvakafanana zvigadzirwa kubva mbishi zvinhu yakaderera yepamusoro. Sezvo chete nzira zvekuongorora kubudirira makambani akaita quantitative mazwi. Somugumisiro, kunaka zvigadzirwa kugadzirwa muSoviet Union, rawa rinooneka.

mukurumbira kusagutsikana

Zvakakonzera dzose zvinovhiringidza mune zvinogadzirwa zvokudya. A zvikuru chenjera mamiriro ezvinhu akanga ari nguva kurega kunotanga uye perestroika. Deficiency kuchengetwa nezvimwewo zvinokosha uye kushandiswa kwenguva refu (tishu, sefiriji, etc.). The nyika akaita vakaoma kurambidzwa uye inorambidza, anewo inokanganisa ari kufara zvavo. Mararamiro ari kugara akaramba nemasimba dzokuMadokero. Administrative mudonzvo akaedza kubata dzimwe nyika, asi mamiriro aya ezvoupfumi, vakanga kubudirira.

Chakagadzirwa inoti kuvhara

Nemakore 80-fung. zvakava pachena yose kwevanhu. Munyaya USSR, mumwe mutemo unoti nzira kuti achibudisa mavhiza wakatangwa yokufamba kunze. Documents zvinodiwa nzendo kune mugovanisi mamiriro. In hurumende vakavhura zvikuru kwazvo kurambidzwa inzwi romuvengi, vakanyarara, zhinji zvinhu pamusoro pezviri matambudziko enyika, wakakwirira unhu upenyu dzimwe nyika. Paterevhizheni uye pachaunga aiita kusenza. Yakabudiswa vanoverengeka mabasa vasingafarirwi uye vasingazivikanwi zviitiko munyika kare, akaratidza uchapupu kurambidza bhuku. Somugumisiro, ichiteverwa vakawanda zvaisarudza, Novocherkassk vauraye, Anti-Soviet vachimupandukira muguta Krasnodar.

dambudziko

Kana USSR yakadhirika, kuti chirwere yokushomeka kwenhumbi kwakasvika kunonyanyisa wayo. Kubvira 1985, ari administrative mudonzvo akatanga kugadzirisa. Somugumisiro zvikuru yakawedzera enyika basa vemo. Vakatanga kuumbika muhombe, nationalist uye kukuru kusanganisira nemasangano uye kufamba. zvakanzi rinoziviswa muna 1898 kuti matambudziko yakarova nyika. By 1991 ndipo rusununguko pakutengeswa akanyangarika zvinenge zvose zvigadzirwa, kunze chingwa. zvinenge zvose In kumatunhu nokugoverwa muchimiro Coupons yave dzatangwa. Muna 1991, rufu mwero vakapfuura pakuberekwa unodiwa. Rakanga wokutanga pamutemo chakanyorwa wevanotungamirira dambudziko.

"Hondo Yemashoko"

Mumakore okupedzisira makore Soviet Union ndipo vanoshingaira kuzungunutsa mabasa munyika dzokuMadokero. It yaigadziriswa ari "hondo chando." Dzokupandukira Akaperekedzwa 'nevasori' simba 'mukati dare midziyo yacho. pfungwa iyi yakaratidzwa nevamwe Analyses aita, kunyanya, vanoverengeka vaimbova vakuru KGB uye nebato reChikomonisiti.

Boris Yeltsin

Gorbachev vakaedza kuchengeta zvose hondo USSR. Zvisinei, kudziviswa kubva kuita kusarudzwa saka May 29, 1990 nokuti nzvimbo Sachigaro Supreme RFSR Yeltsin. Russia yakanga chikamu USSR somunhu zvokuvhoterwa. Iye raimiririra voruzhinji chavagari of Union. The Central Vakuru Russian zvokuvhoterwa uyewo All-Union, vakanga muMoscow. Asi vakanga vaona sezvo yechipiri. Pashure nesananguro Yeltsin RFSR vakatanga pfungwa kuziviswa uchangamire Union, uyewo kuziva rusununguko zvevamwe Union wayo zvionera chinoda. Sezvo pambiru sachigaro Armed Forces, iye akaitawo RFSR nokutangwa pambiru President. June 12, 1991 akakunda akakurumbira vhoti. Saka akava purezidhendi weRussia rokutanga.

ari kubvuta masimba

USSR asvika gobvu dambudziko munyaya zvose zvoupenyu. Kuti achengetedze Union yaro kushaya kubva panzvimbo iyi yakaumbwa neHurumende Komiti Emergency. muviri ichi aripo kubva 18 kusvika 21 August 1991. The Emergency Committee inosanganisira machinda uye hurumende ehurumende vakuru vaishora perestroika kuchinja ashandiswe nokuita purezidhendi Union. Nhengo Committee akashora munyika kushanduka kuva mubatanidzwa mutsva. Masimba, musoro wakanga Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin, akaramba kuteerera kuumbwa muviri, achivadana Anti-yepamutemo mabasa. Chinangwa kubvuta masimba kwaiva kubvisa Gorbachev kubva yapurezidhendi, pakuchengetedza kuvimbika Soviet Union, kutadzisa zvokuvhoterwa ndichangamire. Zvakaitika mazuva ano, anotaurwa so "August putsch." Somugumisiro ari kubvuta masimba kushanda yakanga woutsinye uye nhengo dzayo dzakasungwa.

mhedziso

In nedanho disintegration of USSR pakutanga akarambazve, uye ipapo vakanga nokukurumidza vakaziva zvinetso vanhu weSoviet. Kupararira aiparadza kwakaita udhakwa, kupindwa muropa nezvinodhaka, chipfambi. Society akanga nehasha criminalized, rinooneka kwakawedzera mumvuri upfumi. Nguva iyi zvakare kwakaratidzwa vanoverengeka channel Ngwavaira (paChernobyl tsaona, gasi Kuputika nevamwe). On yemarudzi chiitiko paivawo nematambudziko. Dzinovarambidza kubatanidzwa munyaya dzomunyika dzimwe nyika zvakaita kuti hombe donhwe aifarira-weSoviet Communist hwoudzvinyiriri muEastern Europe muna 1989, muenzaniso, wokuPoland, zvaakawanda Walesa anogamuchira simba (aimbova musoro wesangano rinomirira "kubatana"), muCzechoslovakia - Vaclav Havel (aimbova dissident) . In Romania vaKomonisiti kusuduruka chakaitika nokushandiswa simba. Maererano mutongo pechigaro chokutonga, purezidhendi Ceausescu wake akapfurwa. Somugumisiro, paiva kuparara Soviet ezvinhu, akasikwa pashure Second World War.