Cerebrospinal Brain. Maitiro uye basa re cerebellum

Iyo cerebellum ("uropi hudiki") inorongwa huri kumashure kwouropi, pamucheto wesipipital uye temporal lobes ye cortex. Kunyange zvazvo cerebellum inenge 10% yehuropi yehutu, inowedzera zvinopfuura 50% yehuwandu hweeuroni mairi.

Nguva yakareba kubvira apo cerebellum yainzi inogadzirwa nemotokari yemunhu, nokuti kukanganisa kwayo kunokonzera kuora mwoyo kwekubatana kwemafambiro, kuenzana kwemuviri.

Mufananidzo uri pamusoro apa unoratidza uropi. Iyo cerebellum inoratidzwa nemuseve.

Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo uropi hudiki hunotarisa mucheka.

Iyo cerebellum cerebrum inoita mabasa anotevera.

Kuramba uchienzanisa uye kuronga

Iro cerebellum yakakosha zvikuru kuti urambe uine mutsa mumuviri womunhu. Anogamuchira dhamusi kubva kumagadziro emakona uye vemu-proprioceptors, uye anogadzirisa mirairo yemakumbo emotokari, sekunge achivanyevera nezvekuchinja mune chinzvimbo chemuviri kana kuti kunetseka kusina kufanira pamisungo. Vanhu vane cerebellar machesi vanotambura nechirwere chepfungwa.

Kugadzirisa kwekufamba

Mune mafambiro akawanda emuviri, mapoka emarudzi akawanda akasiyana, anobatana pamwe chete. Icho chishuvo chinokonzerwa nekubatanidzwa kwekufamba mumitumbi yedu.

Motor training

Iro cerebellum inokosha zvikuru pakudzidza kwedu. Rinoita basa rinokosha mukugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa mapurogiramu emotokari kuti zviite zvakananga kuburikidza nekuedza uye kukanganisa (somuenzaniso, kudzidza baseball uye mamwe mimwe mitambo inofanirwa kutungamirirwa nemuviri).

Kuziva njere

Kunyange zvazvo cerebellum inonyanya kuonekwa kubva pakuona kwezvipo zvayo kune imwe shandiso yekufambisa, inosanganisirawo mune mamwe maitiro ekufunga, semuenzaniso, semutauro. Aya mabasa eucherebellum yeuropi haasati adzidzwa zvakanyanya zvokuti anokwanisa kurondedzerwa zvakadzama.

Nokudaro, cerebellum inonzi yakatorwa sechikamu chemotokari, asi mabasa ayo haagumi ipapo.

Maitiro e-cerebellum

Inoumbwa nezvikamu zviviri zvikuru zvakabatanidzwa nehonye (mukati-kati nzvimbo). Izvi zvikamu zviviri zvakazadzwa nemuchena mutsvuku, wakafukidzwa nechepamusoro-soro ye grey cortex (cerebellar cortex). Uyewo mumuchena mutsva pane zvishoma zvakagadziriswa gorozi-nucleus. Pamugumo wehonye ndiyo duku shoma - amygdala ye cerebellum. Inobatanidzwa mukubatana kwekufamba, kunobatsira kuchengetedza. Tinopa kutarisisa zvakadzama pamusoro pechinhu checerebellum.

Iro cerebellum yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviduku zvakawanda, imwe neimwe ine zita rayo, asi munyaya yatichakurukura nezvinyatsotsanangurwa chete zvikamu zvakakura.

Nhamba yacho inoratidza cerebellum. Numeri inoratidza humispheres ye cerebellum uye kwete chete:

1 - anterior lobe; 2 - uropi hwepakati; 3 - zvinyorwa zvinoputika bhiriji; 4 - scrapie-nodal lobe; 5 - kuitika kwemazuva matatu; 6 - posterior lobe.

Nhamba yacho inofananidzwa ne:

1 - honye ye cerebellum; 2 - anterior lobe; 3 - hurukuro; 4 - hemisphere; 5 - kuitika kwemazuva matatu; 6 - scrapie-nodal lobe; 7 - posterior lobe.

Zvikamu zve cerebellum

Matutu makuru maviri, anoshandisa mediolaterally, aparadzanisa cerebellar cortex mumaturo matatu makuru. Iyo zadnobokovaya fissure inoparadzanisa chikamu che-scrapie-nodular kubva pa medulla, uye iyo yakakura inoparadzanisa medulla mu anterior uye posterior lobes.

Iro cerebellum inoparadzanisawo sagittally muzvikamu zvitatu-maviri hemispheres uye nepakati chikamu (worm). Mhonye iyi inzvimbo yepakati pakati pemakumbo maviri (hapana misiyano yakasiyana yemafungiro pakati pepakati pezvenzvimbo uye the lateral hemispheres, i amygdala ye cerebellum iri pakati pehonye uye hemispheres).

Cerebellar cores

Zvose zvinoratidza kuti cerebellum yeuropi inopinza, kwete pasina rubatsiro rwe cerebellar deep cores. Nokudaro, kukanganisa kumakumbo e-cerebellar kune zvakafanana nekuparadza kwakakwana kwese cerebellum. Iko kune marudzi akawanda emareji:

1. Mutsetse wetende ndiyo nucleus inonyanya kuwanika ye cerebellum. Vanogamuchira zviratidzo kubva kune afferents (nerve impulses) ye cerebellum, inotakura zvigadzirwa zvemashoko, zvinyorwa, zvinyorwa uye zvakaonekwa. Izvo zvinowanikwa munzvimbo inonyanya mubhuku dhena rehonye.
2. Rudzi rwechipiri rwemukati we cerebellum runosanganisira panguva imwechete maviri e-nuclei-globular uye akafanana nemakona. Vanogamuchirawo zviratidzo kubva kune imwe nzvimbo (worm) uye zvinyorwa zve cerebellum, zvinotakura musana wemusana, somatosensory, kuongorora uye kuona.
3. Toothed nuclei ndiyo yakakura pane cerebellum uye iri kune rumwe rutivi rwepakutanga. Vanogamuchira zviratidzo kubva pavanonzi healpheres lateral and afferents of the cerebellum, iyo inotakura mashoko kubva kune cerebral cortex (vachishandisa nuclei yebhodhi bhiriji).
4. Vesiti nuclei iri kunze kwecerebellum, mu medulla oblongata. Nemhaka yekuti, haisi tsvina yeyo cerebellum, asi inofungidzirwa kushanda zvakaenzana neyuclei idzi, nokuti zvivakwa zvavo zvakafanana. Vesitirai nuclei inogamuchira zviratidzo kubva ku-scrapie-nodal lobe uye kubva ku vestibular labyrinth.

Mukuwedzera kune zviratidzo izvi, zvose nuclei uye zvikamu zvose zve-cerebellum zvinogamuchira zvido zvakakosha kubva kumuorivhi wepasi we medulla oblongata.

Ngatitsanangurirei kuti nzvimbo inotaridzika ye cerebellar cores inoenderana nenzvimbo dze cortex kubva kwavanogamuchira zviratidzo. Nokudaro, pakati, nheyo yepamusoro yemumvuri inogamuchira mafungiro kubva kune honye iri pakati; Nhambai inokonzerwa neyemagetsi uye yekorki yakagadzirirwa ruzivo kubva kune chikamu chechikamu chemukatikati (iyo mhonye imwe); Uye iyo inonyanya kushandiswa yakagadzikana nucleus inogamuchira zviratidzo kubva kune imwe kana imwe nzvimbo inotenderera ye cerebellum.

Cerebellum makumbo

Mashoko kune nuclei uye kubva pachikamu checerebellum inoparidzirwa nekubatsira kwemakumbo. Kune mhando mbiri dzemugwagwa: zvakasiyana uye zvakajeka (kusvika kune cerebellum uye kubva pazviri, zvichienderana).

1. Pasi cerebellar pedicle (iyo inonziwo miviri yembambo) inosanganisira afferent fibers kubva medulla oblongata, uyewo zvakakonzerwa ne-vestibular nuclei.
2. Pakati peti cerebellar pedicle (kana bhuti refudzi) kunyanya ine zvinyorwa zvakasiyana kubva pachikamu chebhiriji re variolium.
3. Iyo yepamusoro cerebellar pedicle (kana kuti inosangana nefudzi) inonyanya ine yakagadzirwa nemagetsi kubva kumakumbo e-cerebellum, uyewo mamwe maonero akasiyana kubva pamapepa epinocerebellar.

Nokudaro, ruzivo rwemukati rwecerebellum runoparidzirwa kunyanya kuburikidza nemakumbo apasi uye epakati cerebellar, uye kubva pa cerebellum inoparidzirwa kunyanya kuburikidza nepamusoro cerebellar pedicle.

Pano zvikamu zve cerebellum zvinoratidzwa zvakadzama. Mufananidzo unotora kunyange chimiro cheuropi, kana kuti, chimiro chekatikati. Nhamba idzi ndezvekuti:

1 - musoro wetende; 2 - tsvina yakagadzirwa nemakona; 3 - serred nuclei; 4 - ganda nuclei ye cerebellum; 5 - kumusoro diochloria yemukatikati; 6 - pasi dysthonia; 7 - kumusoro kwechikepe chikepe; 8 - yepamusoro cerebellar pedicle; 9 - katikati cerebellar pedicle; 10 - muzasi cerebellar pedicle; 11-tsvina ye nucleus yakaonda; 12 - zvipingamupinyi; 13 - pasi pemhepo yechina.

Kushanda zvikamu zvebasa re cerebellum

Zvinyorwa zvemaatomical zvinotsanangurwa pamusoro apa zvinoenderana nemitatu mikuru inoshandiswa zvikamu zve cerebellum.

Archiscerebellum (vestibulocerebellum). Chikamu ichi chinosanganisira lobe scrapie-nodular uye kubatana kwayo ne lateral vestibular nuclei. Mu phylogenesis, vestibulocerebellum ndiyo chikamu chakarekare checerebellum.

Paleocerebellum (Spinocerebellum). Inosanganisira nzvimbo yepakati ye cerebellar cortex, pamwe chete netende rekona, globose nekork-shaped nuclei. Izvo zvinogona kunzwisiswa nezita, rinogamuchira zviratidzo zvikuru kubva pamapepa e spinocerebellar. Anobatanidzwa mukubatanidzwa kwemashoko anonzwisisika kubva kumagetsi emagetsi, zvichiita kugadziriswa kwemotokari.

Neocerebellum (pontocerebellum). Nocerebellum ndiyo inoshandisa chikamu chikuru, kusanganisira inonzi lateral hemispheres ye cerebellum uye jagged nuclei. Zita rayo rinobva pakushamwaridzana kukuru pamwe nekodekisi yeuropi pamwe nekubatsirwa kwechikamu chebhiriji (afferents) uye ventrolateral thalamus (efferents). Anobatanidzwa mukugadzirira nguva yekufamba. Mukuwedzera, chikamu ichi chinosanganiswa mukugadzirisa kwebasa rejerebhuum yeuropi.

Histology ye cerebellar cortex

Iyo cerebellar cortex yakakamurwa kuva zvikamu zvitatu. Iko mukati, granular, inogadzirwa ne 5 x 1010 maduku, akasungirirwa masero ari mufananidzo wegranules. Pakati pepakati, hutatu hwePurkinje, hune mutsara mumwe wemasero makuru . Icho chinyorwa chekunze, molecular, inogadzirwa nemashikoni emasero granular uye dendrites ePutkinje masero, pamwe nemamwe mhando dzemamwe masero. The Purkinje cell layer inoumba muganhu pakati pezvinyorwa zvegranular uye mashecula.

Granular cells. Yakanyanya kuduku, yakasimba yakazara neuron. Cerebellar maginular granular inoumba zvinopfuura hafu ye-neurons muhupi hwose. Aya masero anowana ruzivo kubva kune massy fibers uye anozvigadzirisa iwo maPutkinje masero.

Purkinje masero. Icho chimwe chezvinhu zvinotyisa zvemasero muuropi hwezvipfuwo. Vadzidzisi vavo vanoumba hukuru hukuru hwehutano hwakagadzirwa nemaitiro. Zvinoshamisa kuti iyi dendritic muti inenge inenge mbiri-inenge. Mukuwedzera, masero ose ePurkinje anotariswa akafanana. Ichi chigadzirwa chakakosha kugadzirisa maitiro.

Mamwe marudzi emasero. Mukuwedzera kune maitiro makuru (granular uye Purkinje masero), cerebellar cortex inewo zvakasiyana-siyana zvekutsvaga kwemukati, kusanganisira Golgi cell, basilar uye senyeredzi yakagadzirirwa nyeredzi.

Chiratidzo

I-cerebellar cortex ine zvishoma, yakarongeka yakaratidza simba rekuisa ruzivo rwakanga ruchifananidzirwa mu-cerebellum yose. Mashoko ekupinda mu cerebellum anogona kuitwa nenzira mbiri:

1. Misi yakasvibirira inobudiswa mumoyo we bhiriji, musana wemagunha, brain brain uye vestibular nuclei, dzinotumira zviratidzo kune cerebellar nuclei uye granular cells mu cerebellar cortex. Vanonzi massy fibers nekuda kwekuonekwa kwe "crests" pavanosangana nemasero ekudzivirira. Nhengo imwe neimwe yakasvibiswa inosvibisa mazana emasero granular. Masero emaginha anotumira zvinyorwa zvichikwira kumusoro kwekorix. Nhengo imwe neimwe yeAxon inoenda mumusorositiki, kutumira zviratidzo nenzira dzakasiyana. Izvi zviratidzo zvinopinda nepfungwa, iyo inonzi inofananidzwa, nokuti inomhanya yakafanana nemapanga e cerebellar cortex, ichiita synapses nemaseja ePutkinje ari munzira. Nhengo imwe neimwe inofanana inosangana nemazana ePutkinje masero.
2. Iyo makwande ekukwira anogadzirwa chete mumuti wemuorivhi wepasi uye achiisa mapurisa kune cerebellar nuclei uye masero ePutkinje cerebellar cortex. Vanonzi kunokwira, nokuti kukwira kwavo kwe-axon nekuputira zvakapoteredza dambudziko reSeki yePutkinje kwakafanana nemuzambiringa unokwira. Sero rega rega rinonzi Purkinje rinogamuchira imwe chete, yakasimba zvikuru kubva kune imwe chete inokwira fiber. Kusiyana nemasikironi emasi uye mapuranga akafanana, kukwira kwega kwega kwega kunosungirirwa kumasero gumi ePutkinje pavhareji, zvichiita ~ 300 synapses nesero rimwe nerimwe.

Purogiramu yePutkinje ndiyo chete inopa ruzivo rwakaparadzirwa kubva kune cerebellar cortex (ona chinyorwa pakati pePutkinje masero anounza zviratidzo kubva ku cerebellar cortex uye cerebellar cores inopa ruzivo kubva kune cerebellum yose).

Iye zvino mava nechinangwa chekuti chii chinonzi cerebellum yeuropi. Mabasa ayo mumuviri anonyanya kukosha. Zvichida munhu wose aive nemamiriro ekudhakwa? Saka, doro rinonyanya kukonzera masero ePutkinje, nekuda kweizvi, chaizvoizvo, munhu anorasikirwa nehutano hwake uye haakwanisi kufamba zvakanaka panguva yekudhakwa doro.

Kunyange kubva pane izvi zvinogona kugumiswa kuti cerebellum yakakura (inenge inenge 10 muzana yehuwandu hukuru hweuropi) inobata basa guru mumuviri womunhu.