Chemical shanduka: matanho uye musimboti

The Kutendeuka kwacho chakazadziswa nesayenzi kemisitiri mune dzinonzi makemikari shanduka, uye chakachinja kubva echimurenga muitiro kwakaitika pashure zvisikwa 1777 maererano French dzinongoitika musayendisiti Lavoisier combustion yokuti achirondedzera basa okisijeni. Zvadaro akatanga kudzokorora zvose chinokosha Pfungwa uye mirayiridzo inokosha kemisitiri, akachinja mazwi uye Nomenclature ose zvinhu.

chepuraimari kosi

1789 akaona pakabudiswa bhuku Lavoisier, pakarepo rakava musimboti panotaurwa kuti vaongorori uye vanoita nesayenzi akaberekwa. The "chepuraimari kemisitiri kosi" kwave yokutanga munyika mazita - Zviri nyore miviri, uchinyora anozivikanwa zvine maatomu akafanana. Hwaro Tomé ichi Lavoisier akarara chaizvo okisijeni dzidziso combustion, mauri makemikari shanduka wakayambirwa naMwari zvachose itsva nzira. The chinhu chinonyanya kukosha tsanangudzo - ruzivo, riri chii musayendisiti uye akasarudzwa chikuru chokuratidza, uye zvinhu zvose zvisina akatsinhira ruzivo, zvakadai somunhu mabhomba kana samolecular yakarongeka, Lavoisier haana kukurukurwa.

Chemical shanduka rabva kuburikidza mitemo iye akagadzira - kuchengetedza gobvu, pamusoro yezvakaita zvivako zviri yeimwe, avo kusiyana zvokuvamba sezvamunoita. Panguva iyoyo kemisitiri ava sayenzi kuzvida, kudzidza Zvinoumba mitumbi experimentally. Handaikwanisa kuita pasina makemikari shanduka ari rationalization yenyaya, uye nokudaro, vanhu pakupedzisira akasiya alchemical kare, sezvo pfungwa nezvokuva yacho uye ayo zvivako kushandura zvikuru uye nokukurumidza. Asi zvakasimbisa kuti izvi vakashumira Lavoisier tsvakurudzo. Zvino, kunyange vechikoro vanoziva kuti nzendo kwemakemikari shanduka (kana prebiotic shanduka) dzinofanira kuzokurukurwa kubva panguva yokutanga kuti chidzoke upenyu Panyika. Mugore regumi namasere remakore, zvakadai pfungwa dzenyika hapana munhu wamboitwa.

upenyu

Chemical shanduka yakatanga Pasi upenyu zvachose nyika kana makemikari fuma iri zvishoma nezvishoma vakatanga kubuda inorganic mamorekuru, izvo zvakananga kukanganisa simba uye kusarudza zvinhu. Kuzarurwa pezvakaitwa okuzvibatsira sangano, izvo yo kunyange nekaupenyu kunzwisisa hurongwa. Saka, carbon paNyika kukaonekwa. Asi, pane carbonaceous morekuru zvinokosha kwete chete yokuoneka asiwo pakuzadzisa zvose zvipenyu nyaya yokutanga.

Hatizivi saka kure, chii ndiwo kwemakemikari-shanduka mune tanga upenyu. The anozivikanwa kemesitiri chero fuma ichikutadzisa ari shanduka muitiro miganhu aqueous kabhoni uchapupu. Zvichida, zvose kune nzira imwe kwadzinoita kuvapo kwenyaya mupenyu uye kwakabva mapuroteni yedu - haasi "nzira yokubuda" chete. Pane yakazadzika rakasiyana mubatanidzwa polymer zvivako vane kabhoni depolarizing ehupfumi zviri aqueous svikiro iri mvura chokutambudzika. Izvi zvinhu zvakanga zvakakwana kutanga makemikari shanduka upenyu uye kudiwa kukura zvose akatizivisa akasiyana siyana muupenyu siyana.

Kutanga izvi

Humanity kunyange zvake mbereko handizivi zvose. Kunyanya pamusoro apo uye kana kutanga nzendo kwemakemikari-shanduka Panyika. Izvi ndizvo zvatinofanira, zvakare, unogona chete zvokufungidzira. Pano, kutanga, pangava zvachose chero nguva.

Paunopedza ichitanga nyeredzi inotungamirwa chechipiri apo yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa zvibereko nokuputika kwezvinhu supernovas, waiita yomuchadenga nzvimbo zvinhu inonzi rinorema, ane uremu runopfuura makumi maviri nematanhatu. Kana nyeredzi muchizvarwa wechipiri vakawana yavo yemapuraneti gadziriro, apo zvaida inorema zvinhu zvave mari yakakwana. Akaona musimboti makemikari shanduka aigona chero nguva pashure Big Bang mu penguva hafu bhiriyoni nehafu bhiriyoni makore.

Where upenyu hwakatanga

Apo iye angadai yakamuka - uyewo mubvunzo yakavhurika. Paaisika zhinji zvimwe kanda kwemakemikari ekolyutsii mamiriro anogona kuitika dzinoitika muzvinhu zvose zvakatipoteredza. subsoil ichi uye mapuraneti, uye kudzika penyanza uye pose, kunyange protoplanetary inotungamirwa akakodzera.

Uyezve, gore yomuchadenga gasi zvinogona kuva springboard kurwiswa kurarama upenyu nyaya uye kunosimbiswazve mairi Organic zvinhu dzakaonekwa - uye shuga alcohols, aldehydes, amino acids, glycine uye vanogona kushanda kutanga zvinhu upenyu pachishandiswa makemikari shanduka yakatanga.

pfungwa

Ancient Earth anochengeta zvayo zvakavanzika, uye vanhu haasati ave mashoko akavimbika pamusoro geochemical ezvinhu ivepo pamberi chidzoke upenyu. Geological tsvakurudzo varege kuzvigutsa zvose mibvunzo, uye saka kudzidza zvakawanda zvinobatanidzwa zvenyeredzi. Naizvozvo akavaka dzidziso kwemakemikari-shanduka. mamiriro Venusian uye Martian ano vanoonekwa kuti zvakafanana Earth zvimwe zvokukura kwemakemikari-shanduka.

Kuedza pamusoro mienzaniso uye nokudaro vawane zvose anozivikanwa dzinokosha mashoko. Somuenzaniso, kushandisa simulation-siyana zvemakemikari nziyo uye okunze mumhepo, iyo hydrosphere, lithosphere kunzwisisa Organic mamorekuru avapo. Pakuunganidza mashoko itsva kuedza anogara pasi kuvakwa Anopfumisa dzidziso. Saka, akanga nominated munyika dzinoverengeka hypotheses chokuita yakananga zvigadziriswe uye zvakananga kutyaira mauto akabata mushonga shanduka.

Research muRussia

Upenyu Panyika yakaumbwa kuburikidza abiogenesis, kureva, kuberekwa Organic yeimwe vane kuvapo maitire mhuka mhiri muviri uye pasina kuchangotanga kutora chikamu kwe makemikari. Ndiwo Danho rokutanga, kana pane vapenyu kubva nonliving.

By pfungwa dzinofinha Oparin ari maviri remakore rechimakumi maviri, zvingaitwa pamatunhu-samolecular yeimwe vanokwanisa kuumba imwe nzvimbo umo wevasungwa yavo rwuchiwanzwa, uye kuparadzana kubva kwokunze mhoteredzo hakutadzisi kuti kukurukurirana nayo. nzvimbo idzi dzinonzi coacervates kana coacervate madonhwe.

mhiri kwemakungwa

Origin abiotic kwetunhu chinozoiswa mune chinyakare pasi kupedzerwa 1953 godu Stanley Miller, synthesizing amino acids nevamwe Organic zvinhu. Naizvozvo akazviratidza hypercycles pfungwa kuti anotsanangura ariko upenyu mukufamba makemikari Kushanduka pamberi CATALYTIC maitiro, anotevedzana, apo rapfuura chigadzirwa anova tiwedzere chinotevera.

Chete wokutanga "protocell" akasikwa 2008 by rokuAmerica uyo kubudikidza mumuhara kuti mafuta acids uye lipids vakakwanisa kuwana nucleotide monophosphate kubva zvakatipoteredza. Izvi kusashanda imidazole "zvidhinha" kunokosha nokuda kwetunhu DNA. Uye muna 2011 muJapan vakasikwa vesicles vane DNA zvinhu pasi cationic Kamudzira, iro vakakwanisa vagovere, sezvo akanga polirazmernaya cheni maitiro, ari kuberekana kuti DNA.

chikuru hypotheses

Chemical shanduka upenyu Panyika pfungwa rinotsanangura zvinotevera zvinokosha pfungwa.

1. Faniro ikaonekwa Earth kana nzvimbo mamiriro, iyo pane autocatalytic kwetunhu ugrerodosoderzhaschih mamorekuru, pamwe kwetunhu anofanira kuva Mavhoriyamu guru uye refu-siyana, zvakakwana kutanga muitiro kwemakemikari shanduka.
2. Chiitiko protocellular hurongwa zvichiitika kubva mamorekuru pamusoro apa. Izvi kugadzikana up aggregates kure zvakatipoteredza, simba kupanana zvinhu uye anopfuura navo zvokusarudza. Naizvozvo protocellular marongerwo.
3. The akaumba zvidzidzo pane kukwanisa kuzvidzora-budiriro - nokuzvidzora kuberekana uye kuzvidzora-kuchinja zvose mashoko kwemakemikari gadziriro. Saka pane dzinokosha vamapoka nhaka remitemo.
4. The rakatevera Danho - ukama pakati chitarisiko uye mashandiro anoita makemikari ari zvivako kwemapurotini vane RNA uye DNA sezvo mashoko vatakuri. Saka hapana chaizvoizvo nhaka remitemo kuti zvinodiwa chaivo-shanduka.

kuwanikidza

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, Alexander Oparin kare maviri remakore rapfuura akazarurwa coacervates. Next Stanley Miller uye Harold Urey muna 1953, akarondedzera chidzoke rekare mumhepo simulating nyore Biomolecules uye chirongwa panowanikwa yavo. Next Sidney Foks akaudza nyika pamusoro microspheres ose protenoidov. Muna 1981, T. uye S. Ceku Altmane anokwanisa kucherechedza weboka autocatalytic RNA sezvo ribozymes vanokwanisa nokusangana mashoko uye catalysis ari Morekuru, "kuveza panze" pachavo kubva cheni uye unobva vakasara "kumugumo".

Muna 1986, William Gilbert of Cambridge yakatanga pfungwa "RNA World", uye Gunther of Kidrovski kubva Germany panguva iyoyo yakapiwa yokutanga hurongwa anozvipira replicating kwakavakirwa DNA, iyo yaiva nomupiro inokosha kunzwisisa anozvipira replicating hurongwa hwavo kukura mabasa. Sayenzi vakakurumidza aenda mberi mune mirayiridzo iyi: Manfred Eigen akazarura hyperframe, dzidziso pamusoro ensembles RNA mamorekuru, uye Yuliy Rebek akasika yokutanga chakagadzirwa Morekuru kuti kuzvidzora-replicating mu chloroform.

Space & Earth

The Space Flight Centre NASA Dzhon Korlis akadzidza kukurukura kwacho ari chafariz zvitubu yamakungwa simba uye mishonga kuti makemikari shanduka yakazvimirira nzvimbo kwezvakatipoteredza, uye nhasi vane kwokutanga archaebacteria dzinogarisana zvachose. In simbi sulfides nyika, vakawanda hypotheses Washington Well Vehterskhoyzera.

Akatsanangura wokutanga kuzvipira replicating zvivako muviri kunokonzerwa pamusoro pemvura pyrite (simbi sulfide), randakapiwa simba zvakakodzera kuti kupanana zvinhu. Maererano kukura kusarudzwa uye kuora pyrite crystals vanogona kukura uye tinobereka, ndinosika dzakasiyana-siyana vanhu. nevhu zvicherwa kuonekwa Organic mamorekuru vave kunyatsotevera kudzidza. Zvisinei, rakabatana muenzaniso makemikari shanduka haasati kurarama, sezvo mirayiridzo inokosha kufamba izvi haisati rakashama.