Chii bhiri? Ndezvipi yacho?

Mumatanda, zvisungo, mabhiri zvokutsinhanisa - ndiyo kuchengetedzeka, imwe neimwe ine pachake zvachiri. Vanhuwo migove Somuenzaniso, vanekodzero kuvhota, pamwe nekupinda mukuru musangano shareholders, vadzo vanogona mibayiro. Uye vanhuwo migove, sezvinoita mutemo, vane ropafadzo kumusoro, kana kuchengetedzeka aya vaitengerana pachena.

Bond - icho chiridzwa chikwereti chinopa anaro kodzero yokugamuchira mashoko chezita kukosha uye, mune zvimwe zviitiko, rimwe fomu somunhu chikamu chezvinhu aizviti ukoshi. Nokuti avo makambani zvinobuda zvisungo, ivo chikwereti nerokuti. Nokuti avo anotenga navo - kukwanisa kuita fomu muripo, izvo dzimwe nguva kusapfuudza mubereko pamahombekombe deposits. Mumatanda uye zvisungo zvinowa- wakabudiswa uncertificated chimiro, muchimiro vakanyoresa zviri munhoroondo uye nokururama kuchengetedzeka.

Kana nyanzvi kutaura pamusoro wenyaya "Chiiko rugwaro?", Dzinotaura yaro chaiyo hunhu. Hazvina wevimbiso chikwereti kuchengeteka uye zvakakodzera wakashongedzwa bepa gwaro, izvo zvinoratidza kuti muiti vanosungirwa kubhadhara mirawo yakanatsa mari (wevimbiso kucherechedza). kuchengetedzeka aya rakapa kazhinji musi chaiwo siyana kuti ridhinde kudhinda pamwe mvumo. Kudzivirira, zvakadai siyana vane zvishoma aikosha bepa, watermarks, polymer shinda, micro rwezuva. anokwereta Large vobva kuchengetedzeka ane akasiyana magadzirirwo mamwe madhigirii chinodzivirira.

Uyezve, kunewo nyore kutendeutsa pfungwa kuti kuzvipira. Ndechipi wevimbiso katsamba wakabudiswa chimiro ichi? It presupposes kuvapo murayiro (pfungwa) kubva munhu anopa kuchengeteka, ari Billing kero nokuda kwokuripirwa muridzi imwe mari munguva yakati. Kuti mudziyo zvemari kwakadaro zvakachengeteka akazvibata ari pamusika, panguva Issuer kuti mukurumbira kuva akavimbika "anokwereta", iro zvinozadzisa ayo mitoro. Dzimwe nguva, kuwedzera Kukwezva chiso, anovhurira mitoro iyi, kupinda vakawanda vanobvumirana kana imwevo chibvumirano (eg kadhi sangano), umo yauri kushandisa kuti zvikwereti. oparesheni Izvi zvinoreva kuti bhanga vanofanira kubhadhara chikwereti munhu akafanirwa kuchengetedzwa.

Zvichida vamwe vachava kufarira kuziva kuti akadaro rugwaro kubva kare maonero. Gwaro iri akazviratidza muItaly kumativi remakore rechi12. Nyika yaiva muzinda yezvokutengeserana, vatengesi akauya pano akasiyana dzenyika vavo mari. A siyana mari kwakaita kuti chokwadi chokuti akatora vemari. Vakatora pamusoro oparesheni uye vamwe nokutsiva anofanira kunyora kutengeserana mumabhuku avo, izvo panguva kuenzaniswa notarization. With kuwedzera tengeserana kutakura mari kubva guta mumwe zvava nengozi. Saka vanamuzvinabhizimisi vakapa mari moneychanger bhenga, akaita kupinda mubhuku, akadzokorora ine yoga jira, izvo zvinogona kubudisa imwe bhenga. Saka paiva rakashandurwa shanduro imwe chiridzwa zvemari.

Chii bhiri nokuda Russian dzemari hurongwa? Mugore pre-perestroika nguva riparadzirwe kuchengetedzeka izvi ainyanya ari kwokunze zvoupfumi hunhu. With veMubatanidzwa pamisika ukama akazviratidza uye bhiri kushandiswa. Mukutanga 90 wacho, havana kupararira nokuda yakakwirira mitengo, slowdown ari upfumi. Vanoremekedzwa anokwereta zano rakadaro akaonekwa chete muna 1994-95. patinosangana makambani makuru uye mabhanga. Pashure ivo 1998 dambudziko , bhiri akaita sezvo zvokushandisa kuti anotsigira liquidity mari ino. Pari, vari kushandiswa nevakawanda, pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana muripo kwema uye kwemari.