Ndezvipi nebudiriro rakakurumbira Byzantine Empire pasi Justinian? Nguva Justinian

A yakawanda kumarudzi kuchengeta kuyeuka nguva mutongi mukuru Byzantine Empire uye Justinian somunhu temberi jurisprudence wayo chikuru muparamende. Sezvingatarisirwa, vose kuchinja vakanga kwakavakirwa zvakaoma nheyo mutemo yekare yeRoma, uye kuda Justinian akaberekwa uye anotsigirwa zvinodiwa upenyu pachahwo - the socio-zvoupfumi uye enyika ukama munyika kunge kuchinja zvinhu zvikuru.

Kubva wechina remakore rechitanhatu, nguva yose rinopa munhu wakaoma chaizvo asi zvinokosha. Byzantium iri kukurumidza zvinofamba munzira mberi pasinei kupfuurira rouranda. The Code of Civil Law, ndokuva mashandiro kukwanisa kuunza ehurumende-kuvaka unotevera padariro kukura kwenzanga - the feudal hurongwa. Ndizvo kubudirira akazivikanwa Byzantine Empire pasi Justinian.

Kudzokorora mutemo

In ichi Transitional nguva dzave chinogamuchirika, vamwe masangano kwomutemo weRoma, ari zvishoma dzakachinjwa chimiro, vakashanda nokutendeka mutongo makirasi umambo. Kirasi kutonga, Chokwadi uranda, kirasi uye magariro partitions, ose ropafadzo kudzorwa ino zvakazara asangana zvido rokumusoro echelons munzanga, uye Byzantine Empire pasi Justinian haana kuita matanho zvakare zvikuru kuvakazve hurumende. Justinian akazivisa kuchinja pfungwa kusina mubvunzo kuremekedza kare, inova havakanganisi. Ndokusaka rose remakore rechitanhatu Byzantine vanodzika mitemo akakotamira mutemo weRoma.

Kunyanya mumaguta makuru Byzantine wezvokutengeserana uye rwokugadzira rikabudirira, paiva kusiyana pfuma uye zvinosanganisira kutengeswa kwema. Reality akabvunza uye arayira uye hwakadzama mutemo kodzero, sezvo yakavakwa pamusoro payo upfumi neHurumende. Uye mutemo weRoma unokubvumira zvakazara chokuita, sezvo bhuku iyi kwaibva nuances nechokuita voga vaiva ndege ipi.

Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu matsva dzinoda vakawanda kugadziridza aivapo dzemunharaunda mutemo weRoma. Zvakatanga basa rakaoma chaizvo kare muzana remakore rechitanhatu, uye ikozvino tinoziva chii nebudiriro akakurumbira Byzantine Empire pasi Justinian. nokukurumidza The mutsva kuitira magariro yakatanga, wakakumbira dzimwe ukama pakati zvidzidzo uye matunhu. Uye ukama zvose zvinoda zvakakodzera pamutemo kunyoresa.

Creation mitemo zvazvisingarambiki

Legal zvikonzero izvo vakaumba hwaro codification mutemo:

• kuzvipokanidza mitemo pamutemo;
• Blurred mutemo;
• pasina mitemo uye kupatsanura nehurongwa;
• chikare mazwi;
• zvemasanga machinda.

No chikamu chete mitemo yechinyakare, kana kuti kurishandisa, pasinei ose kunozivikanwa uye ukuru mutemo tsika yeRoma, Justinian vakasagona. Iye akasarudzwa kuti evaMedhia, hafu nzira kuchinja. Uye chete zvinoita nzwisisa.

codification mutemo

Kutanga mukuru basa - codification mutemo - anonzi makore 528. Sezvingatarisirwa, akadai Feat rimwe munhu haagoni kuita. Kunyange zvazvo Code of Civil Mutemo anonzi pashure Justinian, akashanda ari pakasikwa mwana uyu mutemo, Chokwadi, haana.

The mambo aiva chinzvimbo yomudzvinyiriri. Akabvuma kwete chete akatungamirira hondo kudzorera hweRoma, dzomunyika kuchinja uyewo anofarira uye akaita zvose kuti kunzi muparamende mukuru wenyika. Hondo, zvisinei, haana zvinobatanidzwa. A mitemo hadzina yakatanga. Asi ichi - mitemo hondo uye - anozivikanwa Byzantine Empire pasi Justinian.

Aiva zvose pfungwa uye nokutanga zvizere kuita - chaizvo hazvikwani kuti musoro wehurumende? Energy, nguva, mari - Justinian haana chinhu kuumba idzva muviri mitemo: nguva vakatarira akakurudzira vemifananidzo nguva dzose nomazvo, kuwana njere kupfuura, unyanzvi uye ruzivo vanhu. Akaratidza anozviti Caesar wechokwadi, uye saka kushandurwa kuti Byzantine Empire pasi Justinian.

Artists

Legislative kuchinja zvinhu Justinian aisazofarira kutora nzvimbo ine kukunda yakadaro, kana kwete mweya yose zvebhizimisi - quaestor Tribonian. Chaizvo akadzidza, nyanzvi pakuridza tarenda guru uye risingaenzaniswi pabasa, gweta akakurumbira Tribonian aiva mukuru uye zvandinenge zvikuru kuwana Justinian. Pakati pavaranda gumi vagara nebasa vehurumende, akatanga basa pamwe Code of Justinian. Iye misoro komisheni, aimbova quaestor youshe - muprista Patrikiy Ioann. All gumi vemifananidzo vanochinja vaiva varume nesayenzi, aishanda nesimba uye anoshingaira mubasa ravo kune veruzhinji chikonzero. Zvikurukuru nyanzvi zvinokosha, Purofesa Theophilus mutemo.

Start basa

anokosha huru nhamba youmambo emitemo dzaisarudzwa kuti vari akakodzera mafomu vanhasi uyewo aongorora kare akasika Codes - Gregorieva, Theodosiev uye Germogenianova - kuti vasarudze chinokosha pakati emitemo kuti aenderane nezvinodiwa itsva nguva uye vari akakodzera Tsika mutemo. Murayiro kugadzirisa, anobvisa zvose zvisingachashandi, kubvisa kuzvipokanidza uye repetitions. Pfuurei gore akatora masayendisiti vanhu wokutanga shanduro Code of Justinian. Muna April 529, rakava mutemo.

Chokwadi, ndiri kutaura nhokwe. Asi wechipiri edition, kunyange rakapera zvakarurama nokukurumidza, atova anotibvumira kunzwisisa nebudiriro akakurumbira Byzantine Empire pasi Justinian. Justinian Code rechipiri shanduro makore 534 akachengetedzwa nanhasi. Hazvina chimiro ichi, iye akawana mukurumbira pasi pose.

Digesty

Kana isu kushandura shoko iri Latin, zvinova pachena kuti zvitsva mitemo - ndiwo chinhu inounganidzwa uye ukapiwa munyika. Parallel kuti basa iri uye akadana muchiGiriki - kugaya, izvo zvinoreva kuti "zvose-mu-pacharo."

Mugore 530 nechakare kubva pakutanga basa Tribonian pamwe nemamwe mutemo mapurofesa mana akatanga kugadzwa Digest. Vakasvika kubatsira magweta gumi ari mukuru wavarindi yaitonga. Pava paya, creators zvibereko izvi zvikazikamwa sezvo compilers, sezvo vari kunyanya ivo paainyora mabasa jurists Roman. Kunyange zvakadaro, basa racho mberi kwavo zvakaoma zvikuru, ane chinangwa Dual. Kwete chete kuunganidza uye systematize kwakakura nhaka zvemitemo, asiwo kuramba inokosha pamutemo tsika zvakasimba. mabhuku zviuru zviviri hombe, pamusoro pemitsara mamiriyoni matatu. Kwete mabhuku acho, Chokwadi. Sea, Ocean anoshanda!

Justinian ainzwisisa kwebasa racho, saka, akapa Commission kusvikira pakuguma - gumi. Zvisinei, makore matatu gare gare Digesty akatanga kushanda muumambo hwose. Ndizvo zvakakodzera sangano uye kufanoronga chiito! Mumwe gweta racho dzakapiwa vabatsiri - vanyori, vari chaizvo ainyatsoziva mutemo. Nokuti mamwe mapoka zvinyorwa, vatori vose vakanga muzvikamu: magweta kuunganidza uye patsanura zvokuvakisa, uye basa yave ichiongororwa uye edits ndima Digest mu zvarakaita.

Saka Digest mabhuku mashanu zvakasikwa. In migove minomwe. bhuku rimwe nerimwe anewo kutozopesanisa pamusoro madunhurirwa uye snippets. Total - 433 okuremekedza uye anopfuura 9200 zvidimbu. Matatu nemapfumbamwe dzakakurumbira vanodzika mitemo Roman kubva muzana remakore rokutanga AD, riri kusvikira muzana remakore rechitanhatu akapinda Digesty haana: Quintus Mucius Scaevola, Alphen hadde, Elly chant, Paul Papinian, Gayo, Ulpian, Modestian nevamwe.

Mutemberi iyi, mutemo weRoma aiva Chokwadi, uye pakakoromorwa uye kusabvumirana, asi nokuda kwenguva yacho, basa iri rakakura zvokuti zviri pachena zvinotaurwa nebudiriro akakurumbira Byzantine Empire pasi Justinian. Mhinduro pfupi iri: "Digesty".

pamutemo dzidzo nadzurudzo

Mitemo mitsva Kuunza zvinoda kunyorwa kutungamirira kudzidza uye nokudzidzisa mutemo nyore. Kwakadaro mabhuku mabhuku yeRoma inonzi masangano. Ivo vakaita nyore sezvinobvira zvakafanira kunan'anura ezvinhu mutemo, kurasa nderechinyakare canons mururamisire kudzorwa mutemo.

All chete Tribonian Tiyofiro uye Dorotheus kupedzwa November, makore 533 uye basa Justinian. Yaivawo muunganidzwa, kunyanya kubva masangano Gaya, Florentina, Marciana, Ulpian naPauro, asi pachena kurwisana Justinian Code uye Digest.

Institutes of Justinian rakanyorwa nenzira svikika muchimiro hurukuro, rakakamurwa mabhuku mana. Isu vaburukira kwatiri kwete epakutanga, uye wepfumbamwe remakore chinyorwa - saka vagara zvikuru uye zvinobudirira vakashandisa Institutions munyika Western Europe zhinji. Mutemo zvikoro zviri Byzantine Empire, vakanga vadzidza senhungamiro, uye tsika rinoshandisirwa iri kuongorora nyaya, sezvo zvinenge pakarepo akazova mutemo wavarindi.

The akakurumbira Byzantine Empire

Apo Justinian zvemitemo webasa kungoenderera. A zvikamu zvitatu mitemo yevagari mberi: mitemo yakabuda pashure pemakore 534, ainzi Novell. Vakanga akabatana mune chete muunganidzwa panguva upenyu Justinian. Izvi zvakaitwa gare gare. Zvino anozivikanwa matatu muunganidzwa kwakadaro, uye hapana mumwe wavo akanga asiri mukuru.

Saka chii akakurumbira Byzantine Empire pasi Justinian? Mhinduro pfupi kuti kwete kushanda. Murayiro akanga akatanga uye kuvakwa pamutemo dzemunharaunda uye pfungwa dzakadai dzidziso yetsika, kodzero yevagari uye voruzhinji mutemo, tsika, ukama mutemo, vanhu uye munhu, vazhinji mumatare fungidziro, vachiri vapenyu. Ndezvipi nebudiriro rakakurumbira Byzantine Empire pasi Justinian? Mhinduro ndeinotevera:

• dzidziso zvedzidziso kodzero;
• pfungwa yezvisikwa kodzero - kuvanhu vose;
• titling rimwe pfuma;
• wehurumende kodzero munhu akasununguka;
• pfungwa rakabatana pamutemo hurongwa;
• kodzero chizvarwa cheRoma kuna kusunungurwa varanda;
• ropafadzo kurambidza kune kodzero servicemen;
• wepamutemo mamiriro vokumaruwa;
• Kurambidzwa kodzero rouranda: maonero zvakatarisana, pane chinhu;
• anoitwa nzira kusunungurwa varanda;
• mutemo mhuri;
• mutemo yokugara;
• nheyo rusununguko wanano: Romans uye vasiri vaRoma, vagari uye vasiri vagari.

Uyezve, Justinian pavaizoramba zvinobatanidzwa mukusimbisa zvose simba rehondo uye zvematongerwo enyika Byzantium. Pamberi pake waiva chinangwa chinzvimbo - kudzorerwa hweRoma zvayo pamiganhu akare. Uye zvikuru zvinobudirira chinozoiswa izvozvo. The huru kutyisidzira umambo vachimiririra East, uye kunyanya simba Iran. Pakapera hondo pamuganhu pakati Iran uye Byzantium akaramba ari kumashure miganhu, asi nokure vasisanetswi Byzantium vaiva Lazika, Crimea, Arabia, Armenia, apo chiKristu akazokunda. Kukunda ose Justinian vanoteerera Vandals muNorth Africa, yakanga yakakamurwa umambo Ostrogoths kuItaly, venyika vakafirwa guru nharaunda Spain. Justinian akakwanisa kukunda rose muBalkan Peninsula. Ndima yakapetwa kaviri, muganhu pedyo yakare kumiganhu hweRoma. All izvi uye akakurumbira Byzantine Empire pasi Justinian.