External uye nechomukati Politika Ekateriny 2. Features Catherine mumhuri negwaro 2

Kubvira pauduku, akazvimirira uye kuongorora Catherine II akakwanisa kuita kumukira chaicho Russia. Kubva 1744 rainzi Empress Elizabeth muSt Petersburg. Ikoko, Catherine akatora Orthodoxy uye akava mwenga Prince Peter Fedorovich.

Kurwira chigaro

Future Empress akaedza munzira dzose kuhwina nyasha wake, mai vake uye vanhu. Catherine aipedza nguva yakawanda yokudzidza mabhuku dzezvoupfumi, mutemo, nhoroondo, icho chakabata yawo maonero. Apo Peter III asvika choumambo, ukama hwake nomudzimai wake kwakawedzera kuva yakawiriranwa kuvengana. Panguva ino, Catherine akatanga kugadzirira rangano. At wake divi vaiva makondo, KG Razumovsky. ARMENIA Panin nevamwe. Muna June 1762, apo mambo haana muSt Petersburg, Catherine akapinda matumba Izmailovsky chemazana chehondo akaziviswa mutongi autocratic. Pashure yakawanda nekukumbirira hurukuro yake kunyora murume abdicated. Internal, kwokunze Politika Ekateriny II yakatanga kukura kwayo.

Zvakakurukurwa bhodhi

Catherine II akakwanisa kuti vakombe pachangu unyanzvi uye asina vanhu. Iye zvakasimba zvinofadza pfungwa kuti aigona kuva zvakanaka kushandisa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvavo. With vanotongwa Empress vakaita nounyanzvi uye nokungwarira, aiva chipo kuteerera interlocutor. Asi Catherine II aifarira simba uye vaigona kuenda chero divi, chete kuramba naye.

Empress akatsigira Chechi yeOrthodox, asi haana kuramba kushandiswa chitendero mune zvematongerwo enyika. It akabvumira kuvaka Protestant uye Catholic machechi uye kunyange mosques. Asi vachiri kurohwa achichinja kubva pokutenda mumwe chitendero.

Domestic Catherine 2 (pfupi)

Empress akasarudza postulates matatu, iyo yakavakirwa remapazi ayo: urongwa, zvishoma nezvishoma uye Zvidavirire pamusoro paruzhinji pfungwa. Catherine muromo aiva mutsigiri abolition ose serfdom, asi akatungamirira kwamachinda kutsigira mutemo. Iye akaisa uwandu chavagari nerimwe dunhu (vagari hazvifaniri anopfuura zviuru 400), uye County (kusvika 30,000). Maererano nekupatsanurwa mumaguta mazhinji dzakavakwa. In neimwe wepurovhinzi muzinda dzakawanda hurumende nemasangano izvozvo rakarongwa. Ava, sezvo huru kudunhu sangano - utariri - pamwe nagavhuna aitarisira, Criminal uye Civil Chamber, Financial Management Authority (House of Treasury). Pane yave dzakatangwa: High Provincial Court, Provincial wedzimhosva uye Upper mhirizhonga. Vakaita basa dare kuti makirasi siyana uye yaiva pamusoro chairmen uye assessors. muviri akasikwa kuti rugare chisarudzo yokurwisana, inonzi hana dare. Zvinoitawo anonzwa nyaya criminally kuvapengesa. Anodana zvikoro mano, matumba uye almshouses vaiita Order of paruzhinji rudo.

Political shanduko mune mumaruwa

Inner Catherine 2 gwara zvakakanganisa guta. Panowo wandei namapuranga. Saka dare repasi woruwa anokonzera mabasa mapurisa uye kutarisira. The dunhu dare mudiki High Provincial Court namakurukota vaiona nyaya. A nzvimbo vagari vakatongwa, raiva wedzimhosva guta. Kugadzirisa zvinetso vanhuwo zvavo akasika Lower vauraye.

Kudzora yakarurama kuurayiwa mutemo basa amachinda muchuchisi uye vaviri vachikumbira. The Gavhuna-General akatevera basa mumatunhu akawanda uye aigona kushandisa zvakananga Empress. Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2, matunhu tafura anorondedzerwa mumabhuku akawanda nhoroondo.

zvaakatonga nadzurudzo

Muna 1775, yakatanga gadziriro itsva kugadzirisa kusawirirana. Muchikoro chimwe nechimwe dambudziko akagadzirisa nezvakatongwa simba rayo. Matare All, kunze Lower Kuuraya akasanangurwa. High dzeMatunhu akaongorora nyaya varidzi uye murimi mudiki kukakavara (kana murimi aiva state) inoremekedzwa okumusoro mhirizhonga. Kusawirirana Assorted serfs vomuridzi womunda. Kana vafundisi, vaikwanisa chete kutonga mabhishopi iri mumaruwa consistories. The Seneti aiva nezvamakatonga simba repamusoro.

Municipal nadzurudzo

Empress akatsvaka kuumba masangano dzomuTrinidad kirasi imwe chete kodzero kuzvitonga. Muna 1766 Catherine II akataura Manifesto pamusoro paumbwe Commission kugadzirisa vemo nyaya. Pasi kutungamirirwa Sachigaro vavakuru vakasanangurwa musoro kweguta kwakaitika nesananguro wevatariri, uyewo kuchinjwa wemirayiro dzavo. Somugumisiro, vakawanda zvemitemo mabasa, izvo ngadzirambe vamwe mitemo yeko. Kwamachinda akapiwa rusununguko kodzero vasanangurwa dzoruwa uye dzematunhu chairmen, munyori, dunhu mutongi uye assessors nezvimwe mamaneja. Urban utariri anotora pfungwa mbiri: General uye Shestiglasnaya. Aimbova anekodzero yokuita mitemo panyaya iyi. Rakanga sachigaro nokuda meya. Zvinonyatsorehwa Pfungwa Unoenda pamwero zvakakodzera. Shestiglasnaya kuenda ose zuva. Iye ndiye muviri Executive uye yaiva vamiririri mukirasi nerimwe uye meya matanhatu. Pane achiri City Council, iro rinoita pamakore matatu. muviri ichi anekodzero vasanangurwa Shestiglasnuyu pfungwa.

Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2 haisi akateerera mapurisa. Muna 1782, iye akasika chirevo icho yacho. maumbirwo Vezvemitemo, mirayiridzo yavo mabasa, uyewo maitiro kwechirango.

kwamachinda upenyu

Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2 nhamba magwaro zviri pamutemo akasimbisa zvakanaka chinzvimbo mukirasi iyi. Tongai munhu aikudzwa kana kubvisa pfuma yake yakanga chete zvinogoneka pashure akatironzesa chakakomba mhosva. Mutongo hazvo kunoenderana Empress. Jinda aisagona pasi kurangwa chaiko. Kuwedzera kurasa zvichaitirwa vanhuwo zvavo uye wemunda nyaya, mumiririri kuchamuka aigona kungobuda kunze, tuma zvichemo zvavo zvakananga kuna Gavhuna-General. External uye nechomukati Politika Ekateriny 2 kwakavakirwa zvido mukirasi.

vamiririri murombo zvishoma kuvhiringidzwa kodzero. Saka, kuita amachinda kukereke kwamachinda aigona munhu ane imwe pfuma zvinodiwa. Aivawo mvumo chinzvimbo, muchiitiko ichi, mamwe mari hakufaniri zvishoma pane $ 100 pagore.

upfumi nadzurudzo

Muna 1775, akanga averenga Manifesto, umo vose dzakabvumirwa "nokuzvidira vanodzamara zvemarudzi ose zvigayo uye kuagadzira nemhando dzose rwokugadzira vasina vatopa mvumo" vose omunharaunda uye pemasimba epamusoro. Mfu Kunze yaiva nyaya kuti chimiro bhizimisi hurumende yakatora kusvikira 1861, uyewo mapoka kushumira hondo. Past zviitiko chakakonzera kuti kukura upfumi zvomutengesi mukirasi. kirasi iyi akatora Zvinoshingaira kukura itsva kugadzirwa uye nevemabhizimisi. Nokuda Zvakaitwa vatengesi akatanga kukudziridza yomucheka indasitiri, kushandurwa gare gare Whitehead Textile muchikamu. Catherine II muna 1775, akasimbisa vatatu mushambadzi chikwata, izvo vakaparadzaniswa takarirana huripo guru. With nomumwe tichibatanidza filmed muripo weUS 1% guru, iro rave richiziviswa uye zvikasadzorwa. Muna 1785 yakaitwa chitupa pachena, iyo yaiti kuti vatengesi vane kodzero kuitawo yeko uye dare, vakanga vasingachafaniri koporo kurangwa. Ropafadzo chokuita chete wokutanga uye wechipiri guilds, uye vari kudzokera aifanira kuwedzera kukura rakaziviswa guru.

Domestic Politika Ekateriny II rinoshanda dzokumaruwa vagari. Vakabvumirwa Dzinogara kutengeserana dzavo uye kutengesa zvichiguma zvigadzirwa. Varimi yaitengeswa pachechi, asi vakanga zvakawanda mune Implementation vazhinji chitoro kushandiswa. Makurukota aigona kuronga nhumbi, uye ivo undotengesa chigadzirwa, asi vane kodzero kuvaka mafekitari mumaguta kwete. kirasi iyi vakaita zvavaikwanisa kusunda uye dzinovabata vatengesi Textiles uye distillery indasitiri. Uye zvishoma nezvishoma vakabudirira, sezvo mangwanani sezvo pakutanga XIX remakore 74 wamambo akanga ari wayo dziripo mafekitari, vatengesi uye chete gumi vakatungamirwa Enterprises.

Catherine II akazarura Assignation Bank, hwakasikwa kuti vabudirire kushanda rokumusoro makirasi. Financial kupfungwa anogamuchira deposits, aiitisa choutsi yakabereka chizvidavirire zvikwereti. Izvi kwaiva Fusion kuti kwekuratidzira uye sirivha Ruble Assignation.

Reform of Education, Culture uye Science

Features 2 Catherine kuti mudzimba mitemo munzvimbo idzi ndeinotevera:

1. Nokuda Empress II mudzidzisi Betskoi yakatanga "General Institution nokuda dzidzo vechidiki aroorane." Nzanga Noble Ladies akazarurwa pahwaro hwayo (Smolny Institute), zvokutenga kukoreji uye chikoro panguva Academy of Arts. Muna 1782, ivo Commission pamusoro pakagadzwa muzvikoro rakavambwa kuchikoro kuchinja. wake hurongwa yakazokudziridzwa nokuda yeAustria mudzidzisi FI Jankovic. Nokufamba zvinhu muguta vose kuvhura zvikoro pachena - zviduku nezvikuru. Institutions inochengetwa neHurumende. Medical College, Mining School uye zvimwe zvikoro akazarurwa pasi Catherine II.
2. Kunobudirira zvemukati Politika Ekateriny 2 makore 1762-1796 chamuita kuti kukura nesayenzi. Muna 1765, kwakanga sangano iri Free Economic Society, iyo yakagadzirirwa kuwedzera zivo nyika jogirafi. Munguva kubva 1768 kusvika 1774, masayendisiti ari Academy of Sciences vaiitawo shanu nzendo. Kuburikidza mishandirapamwe akadaro rakatsaurirwa ruzivo kwete chete jogirafi asiwo zvipenyu uye nedzimwe sayenzi zvakasikwa. Munguva 80s, Russian Academy yakavakwa kuti kudzidza mutauro uye mabhuku. Paitonga Catherine II, mamwe mabhuku dzakabudiswa kupfuura vose XVIII remakore. In St. Petersburg, akazarura yokutanga State Public Library. kwazvo kuverenga mabhuku anenge ose mukirasi. Panguva ino, dzidzo yava anoongwa.
3. Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2 haina wakarega, uye pakuonekwa yakakwirira munzanga. Active munzanga upenyu dzokumusorosoro madenderedzwa ane vakadzi naanamai vanosungirwa kutevera fashoni. Muna 1779, munyika inonzi "Fashion pamwedzi rondedzero, kana vakadzi chimbuzi Library" dzakabudiswa mienzaniso mbatya itsva. Chirevo 1782 akarayira vakuru kupfeka zvokupfeka anoenderana mavara ari chiratidzo mudunhu. Papera makore maviri, kuitira ichi kuwedzera zvinodiwa - mumwe Style yunifomu.

vatorwa negwaro

Catherine II haana kukanganwa pamusoro kuvandudzika ukama nevamwe anoti. Empress kubudirira zvinotevera results:

1. Nokuda accession of Kuban nharaunda, muCrimea, ari Omani enyika, yokumadokero Russia, ari Duchy pakati Courland miganhu ehurumende yekudyidzana kuwedzerwa.

2. George bhuku rakanga yakasainwa, izvo zvairatidza basa Russian protectorate pamusoro Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti).

3. Paiva hondo dzakarwiwa kuti ndima pamwe Sweden. Asi pashure kusaina imwe runyararo chibvumirano pamiganhu hazvina kumbochinja.

4. Development vokuAlaska uye Aleutian Islands.

5. Somugumisiro wokuRussia-Turkish hondo yakakamurwa chikamu nharaunda kwePoland pakati Austria, Prussia uye Russia.

6. Greek chirongwa The. Chinangwa nedzidziso yakanga kudzorerwa Byzantine Empire, icharwirwa Constantinople. Sezvo nemimba musoro wehurumende aifanira kuva muzukuru Catherine II, Prince Constantine.

7. Pamugumo wenyika 80 zvakatanga hondo yeRussia-Turkish uye hondo pamwe Sweden. Musungwa muna 1792 Iasi norugare richengetwe simba yeRussian Empire kuCaucasus uye Bessarabia, Akazvisimbisira annexation pakati Crimea.

Catherine 2. Results vemamwe uye mudzimba negwaro

Great Russian Empress akasiya zvisingafi chiratidzo munhau yeRussia. Mushure vachipidigura choumambo wake, iye akabata nhamba zviitiko, huzhinji yekudyidzana kwakavandudza upenyu vanhu. Achipfupikisa migumisiro dzakawanda zvematongerwo enyika Catherine 2, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa chaiwo ezvinhu kwamachinda uye kufarira panguva mudare. Empress zvakasimba kirasi iyi uye vadiwa vavo pedyo.

Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2, zvishoma kutsanangura kana ine zvinotevera zvinhu zvikuru. Nemhaka yairwirwa nezviito Empress, mundima Russian hwacho yakawedzera zvinooneka. Vagari munyika chaiva kuwana dzidzo. Yakabuda chikoro rokutanga, vanhuwo zvavo. Mibvunzo pamusoro kurapa mumatunhu uye neyenyika zvakagadziriswa. The Empress akabatsira Russia kuva mumwe inoti makuru European.