Chii chingava nenhanho sangano upenyu?

Life pamba redu iri anomiririrwa chaizvo siyana rezvisikwa siyana. Characteristics yaingowanikwa kwavari, takatsunga ne zvinhu zvinoverengeka - ukuru shanduka kukura, kwezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu, uye zvichingodaro. dzinokosha ehupfumi zvitatu yo chero makemikari nyaya, ndivo kupanana yacho uye simba pamwe yose zvakatipoteredza (ndiyo huru zviratidzo zvipenyu zvose), mu kushatirwa (kureva, kukwanisa kupindura zviwane) uye kubereka (playback yavo kwemarudzi). Kwevari sangano upenyu, zvipenyu, zviri akapfuma chaizvo munyika - iri rine hierarchical marongerwo yakarongwa biosystems. The akanyatsorongwa munharaunda iyi vanowanzoyemura kuvakwa panheyo nemamiriro kunzwisisa zvinenge. Kakawanda, nyanzvi dzezvinhu zvipenyu dziri kukura upenyu muzvikamu nomwe: Molecular genetics, akateverwa cellular vanochiva zvinyama pamwero, nhengo, zvokukura (nemamwe mazwi - organismal), vagari-mhando, mararamiro uye pasi pose. Ngationgororei navo zvizere.

Kwevari sangano upenyu Panyika

Molecular nemagene. rukoko urwu rine duku tudonhwe makemikari nyaya, akasiyana-siyana macromolecules: nucleic acids, makabhohaidhiretsi, mapuroteni nezvimwewo Organic zvinhu. Pano vanoberekwa zvikuru utachiona urongwa, akadai yeEncoding uye kupararira enhaka mashoko, muviri, kugaya, simba kutendeuka, uye zvichingodaro.

Cellular Biological Organization. Sero ndiye STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka chairema zvipenyu zvose panyika. Naizvozvo, kwemasayendisiti zviri kuitika, ndivo hwaro hwose upenyu.

Tishu pamwero. Muunganidzwa masero, zviri zvakafanana mavambo, mamiriro, uye mabasa anoitwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuti intercellular fuma.

Nhengo Biological Organization. muviri Chero rudzi kure chikamu muviri ane akafanorongerwa chimiro, nzvimbo, mamiriro, uye kuita yakananga basa.

Organismal pamwero (kana Makuriro). Nhengo iri RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA unicellular kana zvipuka zvine masero akawanda hurongwa mupenyu, vaikwanisa akazvimiririra kuvhiyiwa, kuramba homeostatic kwendangariro. Nhengo - ane akarayira yakatarwa pakati muzvizhinji masero, nyama uye nhengo dzomuviri.

Population (kana rudzi) Biological Organization. View muunganidzwa vanhu kuti vari zvakafanana chivako nevamwe uye kuva zvakafanana mavambo. Vanhu vakadaro vakasununguka hybridize nemumwe, achipa michero uye zvimwe vana. Panguva (s) Vagari pachiyero nedanho speciation rinosundwa shanduka kwendangariro.

Mararamiro (kana biogeocenotic). Biogeocoenosis achinzi kare vakatanga kuisa pamusoro zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana kwemarudzi kuti kudyidzana siyana dzinongoitika zvinoita chete dzinogarisana.

Global (Biosphere) Biological Organization. Biosphere - ndiro-soro chepamusoro mugadziriro kufukidza ose mananara uye dzinotsanagura noupenyu hydrosphere, lithosphere uye mhepo, uyewo kuunganidzwa zvinhu zvipenyu zvose zviri rimwe kunzwisisa. At ufanane biosphere chokuita zvose zvipenyu panyika.