Chii chinyorwa chepi?

Bureaucrak yakasimuka zviuru zvemakore apfuura. Rimwechete panguva yezvokuchera matongo muEgypt, mahwendefa akawanda evhu aiva nemagwaro akafanana akawanikwa. Kunyora kwacho kwaiitwa panguva iyoyo nevaranda vanoverenga.

Kwenguva yekutanga, teknolojia iyo ipi yekupipa mapepa yakatanga kugadzirwa yakagadzirwa nepamutemo paOctober 7, 1806 muUnited States. Iyo pepa yaiva mairi maviri, akazara nekinyorwa yekunyora. Kugadzirwa kwe "" copy "yakakurumbira" ndeyeRalph Wedgwood.

Mumakore ekuma1820, mapepa ekugadzira mapepa akatanga kubudiswa mune zvekutengeserana. Nhamba yekurumbira kwayo yakauya mumakore makumi manomwe, apo michina yekudhinda yakatanga kuoneka yakawanda. Kupfeka kwacho kwakatanga kuwedzera mastic, iyo yakabvumira kudzivisa kusakosha kwechisarudzo chekare - kusvibiswa kwezvose zvakasangana nazvo. Pamberi pekuuya kwemazuva ano ekugadzira zvombo (copier, fax), munyori wacho ainyanya kuda. Nhasi haisi yakakurumbira uye inoshandiswa kunyanya mukusona.

Iyo pepa pepa ine uwandu hudiki. Kune rumwe rutivi rwacho kune peji yepeji, iyo inobatsira kugamuchira makopi akawanda panguva yekunyora, kudhinda kana kutora. Iyo peji inowanikwa pakati pebhuku rakawanda rine ruvara pasi. Apo painyorera pane pepa iri kumusoro, nekusimudzira zvinyorwa, iyo inki inopfuurira kune peji inowanikwa pasi pe carbon paper.

Ne pepa pepa, unogona kugamuchira makopi emagwaro. Nhasi, zvigadzirwa zveblueprinting zvakaparidzirwa, uye kunewo zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvakagadzirirwa zvakasiyana-siyana pigeonholes.

Uyewo ikozvino, pane pepa rekudhiridzira rekudhiridzirwa yemakopi kubva kunezvinyorwa-zvisikwa (zvisina uye zvakapetwa nemaviri) nenzira yekubatanidza kukopa. Kwakanga kunewo photoshoot photosensitive materials (negative, positive) pakuwana makopi kubva pakadhindwa nehafu yezvinyorwa kuburikidza nekopikopi. Chimwe chimiro inonzi photocamera, iyo inoshandiswa kuwana makopi kubva ku-bar-shanduko ekutanga kushandiswa uye kujekesa kudhinda. Uyewo, thermoset kukopa pepa inoshandiswa kugadziridza kutsanangurira mumhepo inopisa (infrared) mabhesi uye kupisa kutengesa kwezvifananidzo pamapepa evanhu vakawanda. I photopolymer photographic materials ine sendima-sensitive semiconductor layer pamusoro pepamusoro pe zinc oxide.

Office copy paper, iyo inogona kutengwa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzinotengeswa, inoratidzwa nekusiyana kwezvifananidzo. Nguva yekuita kopi inogona kubva kubva kumasekondi mashomanana kusvika kuminomwe kana kupfuura. Nesayenzi yehutano hwavo (kugadziriswa, kuratidzika, nezvimwewo) uye nguva yekuchengetwa kwemakopi, kunewo marudzi akasiyana emapepa.

Kazhinji, pakugadzirwa kwemakopi, mapepa asingawanzogadziriswa anoshandiswa, zvichienderana nekutaurirana kana matrix-portable coping method, pamwe nekudzoka kwepakutanga kuburikidza nekushanda kushandiswa kwekodzero.