Chii yakakura. Main paakaita Genres

Asati pakubata paakaita Genre, unofanira kutsvaka chii shure ichi izwi. Mumabhuku ongororo, shoko rinogona kazhinji kunzi akawanda mananara siyana.

Pane chikamu sezvo munhu anodzidza mhando. In yose, kune vatatu, uye mumwe nomumwe rinosanganisira nhamba mishonga ine yakafanana mhando sangano rake pakutaura. Chimwe chinokosha - Nhangemutange neimwe yakasiyana dzavo pfungwa panyaya, chinhu, kana chiito romubati okuti.

The huru eremendi

Chinhu chikuru hadzisisina kunoyerwa kugovera mabhuku - shoko. It kuchikonzerwa vanoratidzwa chinhu kana reproduces nhaurirano vatambi, kana anoratidza mamiriro mutauri nerimwe.

Zvisinei, tsika kune marudzi matatu mabhuku. Izvi mutambo, nhetembo, yakakura.

mhando mabhuku

Kana Mutambo hunorondedzera munhu dzevanhu dzinorwisana nevamwe, uye mashoko arwo zvainanga kutaura manzwiro uye pfungwa munyori, Epic Genres kwaimiririra ane chinangwa mufananidzo wacho kuwadzana nyika zvakamupoteredza.

Zvizhinji pfungwa rwakabhadharwa kuna zviitiko, vatambi, mamiriro ezvinhu, magariro uye dzinongoitika zvakatipoteredza. Chikonzero ichi kuti Epic Genre mumabhuku akasiyana-siyana zvikuru pane mutambo kana nhetembo. Kugona kushandisa mutauro ainyatsonzwisisa anobvumira munyori kubhadhara ngwariro chaiyo rondedzero uye raibuda. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera epithets, michina iri kugadzirwa vaitaura, mhando dzose madimikira, idioms, etc. Izvi nezvimwe zvakawanda - yokufananidzira mashoko.

Major paakaita Genres

Kubva hombe kuti yakakura zvinosanganisira zvinotevera Genres: yakakura, yokufungidzira uye mabasa kuti kuwa pasi zvose tsanangudzo. Kunan'anurwa Generic zvichisiyaniswa Genres duku akadai nyaya, nyaya, etc.

Epic inogona akarondedzerwa tsanangudzo maviri:

1. rondedzero Kukuru, ainyanya izvo Yemisi zviitiko.

2. refu uye kunzwisisa nhoroondo, rinosanganisira siyana zviitiko uye vatambi.

Mienzaniso yakakura Genre ndiye "The Akanyarara Don" mabasa Russian mabhuku, MA Sholokhov uye "Hondo uye Rugare" LN NdiTolstoy. Nokuti mabhuku zvose maitire zano, kufukidza makore anoverengeka mumutambo munhoroondo yacho. Muchiitiko chokutanga ndicho World Wokutanga Civil War, achaparadza Cossacks, izvo zvinosanganisira vanonyanya kutaurwa. NdiTolstoy paakaita pamusoro poupenyu kwamachinda tikafunga kunetsana pamwe Napoleon, ropa hondo, uye kupisa Moscow. Vanyori vose teererai dzakasiyana-siyana evanhu uye yemberi, uye kuita chimwe hunhu protagonist yose basa.

The yokufungidzira, sezvinoita mutemo, zvishoma zvishoma yakakura kuvandudzwa uye zvinangwa havasi vanhu vakawanda kudaro nechemberi. Kazhinji, izwi rinogona sokureva "prosaic hwakadzama nyaya upenyu protagonist uye kukura unhu hwake." Nokuda kwayo Kuwanikwa uye pakawanda pamusoro Genre Chokwadi, ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa mumabhuku.

Pane kujeka yokuti yokufungidzira achibvumira kuti patsanura-siyana kwemabasa, dzimwe nguva zvikuru zvakasiyana mumwe. Pane maonero panowanikwa Chiitiko kare ( "Satyricon" pakati Petronius, "Golden Eagle" Apuleius). More yakakurumbira yokuti zviri kubuda ari itsva iri makore chivalry ichatonga zvine mbiri. It raigona reworked chevarwere yakakura ngano kana zvidiki ( "Romance pamusoro Renard").

Akaramba Kugadzirwa Genre iri ano yaitonga. Yakasvika Parainge ari XIX remakore. Panguva ino kusika Classics akadai Alexandre Dumas, Victor Hugo, F. Dostoevsky. Mabasa yokupedzisira zvinogona kutsanangurwa se mupfungwa itsva sezvo Dostoevsky zvasvika incredible miti tsanangudzo rinoti nepfungwa, manzwiro uye mifungo vatambi vake. Nokuti "mupfungwa" dzinogona kuva kuwedzerwa Stendhal.

Other Sub-Genres: kwouzivi munhoroondo, dzidzo, ingano, dzorudo, kutsika yokufungidzira, pakuva, uye zvichingodaro ..

Uyezve, pane kupatsanura pakati enganonyorwa nenyika. Genres izvi zvose sezvo yakakura. Mafungiro, mararamiro uye kushandiswa mutauro akaita Russian, French uye American enganonyorwa zvakasiyana chaizvo zvakavapo.

maduku zvinhu

Maererano kupatsanura pakati genera mabhuku, kuti yakakura zvinosanganisira zvinotevera Genres - the yokufungidzira uye nhetembo. Zviitiko zviviri izvi zvinomiririra pakatarisana yokusvika okugadzira zvinhu pakati vanyori.

Story anotora munhu zvenguva nzvimbo pakati yokufungidzira uye vaduku siyana. Basa rakadaro rifukidze pfupi nguva, pane imwe huru hunhu. Zvinofadza kuti muna XIX remakore munyika yedu inonzi novellas uye nyaya pfupi, sezvo vakadaro rokuti mutauro Russian haisati kuzivikanwa. Nemamwe mashoko, sezvo ruchireva chero chigadzirwa kuti muduku pane chibvumirano yokufungidzira. In vatorwa mabhuku kutsoropodza, somuenzaniso, muna Chirungu, rokuti "yokufungidzira" kwakafanana okuti "munhu pfupi itsva» (pfupi yokufungidzira). Nemamwe mashoko - nyaya pfupi. The kupatsanura izvi mabhuku chakajairika akafanana akashandiswa pakati enganonyorwa.

Kana nyaya rinoreva prose, munhetembo zvakafanana pazviri pane nhetembo, rinova kuonekwa zvibereko avhareji vhoriyamu. Verse chimiro chinosanganisira raibuda cho navamwe yakakura, asi anewo yayo nyore kucherechedzwa zvinhu. Izvi hunhu kudzidza, ari zvokushamisira, yakadzika manzwiro chimiro.

yakakura kwakadaro, mienzaniso rinogona kuwanikwa mutsika dzakasiyana siyana, yakabuda kare. A yorudzii bhuku pfungwa anganzi rwiyo lyric uye paakaita hunhu akachengetedzwa, dzakadai muchimiro nziyo dzekare dzechiGiriki uye nom,. In mamwe mabhuku mabasa akadai vava parumananzombe kuti mangwanani Ages weGermany uye Air mutsika. Vanogonawo kunzi, uye epics, kureva Russian yakakura. Nokufamba kwenguva, Epic hunhu nyaya yakava nomuzongoza yose Genre. Detembo nezvinogadzirwa nomukaka - huru Genres yakakura.

Mumabhuku ano, nhetembo, yokufungidzira akasvimha hukuru chinzvimbo.

diki chimiro

Funga chiduku paakaita Genres. Kana munyori rinotsanangura zviitiko zvechokwadi uye anoshandisa ndeechokwadi zvinhu, inogadzirwa akadaro kuonekwa rondedzero. Zvichienderana kwemashoko kungava kunyorwa kana publicistic.

Epic Genres uye anosanganisira asian gadzira. With ruzivo rwakadaro, munyori wokutanga rinoongorora pfungwa uye unhu gamba. Nyika yakatipoteredza anotamba yechipiri basa, uye rondedzero waro pasi inokosha dambudziko. Dzimwe nguva unonzi asian uye tsananguro oupenyu kwakavakirwa huru nzendo upenyu chinhu.

Kana mufananidzo - ane zvinoyevedza ruzivo, kuti matambudziko rondedzero anonzi chikamu venhau. mhando iyi kwehurukuro, kukurukura muverengi nezveimwe nyaya. Yemunyori basa - kuziva dambudziko uye kuti mupe maonero avo pamusoro ezvinhu. manotsi kwakadaro makazara mapepanhau uye periodicals zvavo chero, nokuda kudzika kwavo uye saizi iri zvachose kufanira nhau.

Tinofanirawo vanotaurawo essays okufambisa, yakabuda pamberi vamwe, uye kunyange zvinoratidzwa Russian dzenhoroondo mabhuku. Somuenzaniso, gadzira uyu Pushkin uye "Rwendo kubva St. Petersburg kuMoscow" A. Radishcheva vakamusvitsa usingafi mbiri. Achibatsirwa kunyora kufamba munyori anoedza kuisa pfungwa dzake pane zvaakaona mumugwagwa. Izvi ndizvo zvinoita Radishchev, kwete kutya kutaura zvakananga pamusoro vanotyisa upenyu serfs uye vashandi vakanga vakasangana nzira yake.

paakaita Genres mumabhuku uye akapa nyaya. Ndicho nyore chaizvo kuwana chimiro vose muvambi muverengi. Mabasa mabhuku Russian muna Genre nyaya akaita nyika yakakurumbira AP Chekhov. Pasinei ayo pachena nyore, zvakaita mapeji mashomanana kusika achirova mifananidzo vakanga iiswe mutsika dzedu ( "Murume Case", "gobvu uye dzakaonda", etc.).

Nyaya kwakafanana rokuti "yokufungidzira" vaibva mutauro wokuItaly. Zvino, uye mumwe ari wokupedzisira danho prose kubudikidza bhuku (mu kutevedzana mushure yokufungidzira uye nyaya). Writers uyo ane unyanzvi ari Genre ichi, anonzi maitiro cyclization, kana chinyorwa anoshanda pachaunga iri dzose rudzi, uye kuunganidza.

Nyaya kunoratidzwa nyore yakarongeka: pebindu, panhongonya, denouement. A Linear zano kukura rinowanzoshandiswa rakasanganiswa zvisingatarisirwi dzinokanganisa kana zviitiko (anonzi chikuru piyano ari pamakwenzi). A kwenzira yakafanana rava guru kunyange mabhuku XIX remakore. Midzi nyaya - a rungano kana zvavo yakakura. Compilations kuti ngano dzechembere vakava nzira vanhu chiitiko ichi. Somuenzaniso, "A Thousand uye Mumwe neusiku" akava nomukurumbira kwete chete munyika dzechiArabhu, asiwo kuratidza dzimwe tsika.

Ko pedyo kutanga Renaissance muItaly vakava rakakurumbira rinonzi "The Decameron" chinyoreso Dzhovanni Bokachcho. Zviri nyaya pfupi izvi kuisa mataurire nokuda chaiwo mhando nyaya kuti kwakakurumbira pashure Baroque nguva.

MuRussia, nyaya Genre akava akakurumbira panguva sentimentalism pakupera yacho XVIII remakore, kusanganisira kuburikidza basa NM Karamzin, uye VA Zhukovsky.

Epic sezvo yakazvimirira Genre

Kusiyana mabhuku yezvakaita vanamwari vatatu vatatu uye "mutambo, nhetembo, yakakura," pane rakatetepa izwi, kutaura kukuru sezvo nyaya, rangano iyo inotorwa kubva kure kare. Muchiitiko chino, chinosanganisira chine mifananidzo, chimwe nechimwe pave yayo mufananidzo wenyika, zvakasiyana tsika neimwe. Basa rinokosha iri muchinangwa mabasa National yakakura magamba akadaro.

Achifananidza maviri maonero pamusoro Fani iyi, hatigoni kuenda mashoko akakurumbira Russian muzivi uye tsika nyanzvi MM Bakhtin. Kuparadzanisa yakakura kubva kare pamusoro yokufungidzira kure, akauyisa matatu pfungwa:

1. Subject of yakakura - National, anonzi mhedziso kare, pamusoro hapana chaiyo uchapupu. The epithet "Mhedziso" rakatorwa mabasa Schiller uye Goethe.

2. kunobva Epic - ndiko chete National tsika, kwete pane zvakaitika, umo vanyori kusika mabhuku avo. Nokudaro, Genres pamusoro pevairwara epics zvine zvakawanda anotaura ngano uye naMwari, saka kuti hapana vhidhiyo uchapupu.

3. paakaita nyika ine chokuita nechipo uye zvikuru kure naye.

pfungwa zvose izvi kuti zvive nyore kupindura mubvunzo pamusoro kworudzii chigadzirwa kana chikamu yakakura Genre.

Genre Midzi zvinofanira kutsvaka kuMiddle East. mararamiro ekare vavapo pakati penzizi rwaYufratesi uye Tigirisi, ane LEVEL tsika pane nevavakidzani vayo. Kurimwa munyika, panowanikwa zvinhu, kuti chidzoke wezvokutengeserana - izvi zvose anovandudza kwete chete mutauro, pasina izvozvo zvinogona kuva mabhuku, asi akasika chikonzero ratanga muchiuto kurwisana, pabindu iri hwaro umhare mabasa.

In pakati XIX remakore British vanochera matongo vakaona guta rekare reNinivhi, raiva tsika kweAsiria. Kunewo mahwendefa evhu, zvine vaakawana akapararira nyaya shoma. Gare gare vakakwanisa chokubatanidza imwe chigadzirwa - "Epic pamusoro rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira". Zvakanyorwa ecuneiform uye nhasi vaiona mukuru muenzaniso kwayo Genre. Dating kunoita iwe uitore kuna XVIII - XVII emakore BC

Pakati iri rondedzero dzechembere demigod rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira uye nyaya mishandirapamwe ake, uyewo ukama nevamwe zvomweya venyama weAkkadian mungano.

Mumwe muenzaniso anokosha kare, izvo zvinoita kuti upindure mubvunzo pamusoro chii Genres vari paakaita - nayo mabasa Homer. Vaviri ake yakakura nhetembo - "The rinonzi Iliad" uye "Odyssey" - ndivo Zvivako zvikuru vekare vechiGiriki tsika dzekare uye mabhuku. Vacho mabasa aya - kwete chete vamwari Olympus, asiwo unofa magamba, ngano izvo kwezvizvarwa vakaramba zvavo yakakura. "Rinonzi Iliad" uye "Odyssey" - prototypes nezveramangwana riri umhare nhetembo kuMiddle Ages. Kunyanya kubva imwe nhaka chomunda building, kupanga usingaonekwi nyaya. It zvimwe Fani rinosvika kunonyanyisa kukura kwayo uye kuparadzira.

Ages yakakura

Iri izwi rinoreva anonyanya paakaita, mienzaniso rinogona kuwanikwa Europe pakati echiKristu kana dzechihedheni dzomunyika.

Panewo unoenderana anotevedzana kupatsanura. hafu First - basa mangwanani Middle Ages. Chokwadi, the saga ichi, akasiya pedu Air marudzi. Kusvika XI remakore, VaViking nechikepe makungwa European, inovhimwa ugororo, vakamboshanda varwi vari madzimambo uye akasika kwavo mamiriro mhiri kondinendi. Ichi vaizotibata hwaro, pamwe chete nokutenda wechihedheni uye pantheon vanamwari akabvumira azviise Zvivako mabhuku akadai, sezvo "Völsunga the saga", "Saga pamusoro Ragner reganda unokutakwairirai", etc. Mumwe-Mambo akasiya umhare nhoroondo. Vazhinji vavo akararama nguva yedu.

Air tsika kukanganiswa vavakidzani. Somuenzaniso, muna Anglo-Saxons. Nhetembo "Beowulf" akasikwa pakati VIII uye X remakore. 3182 mitsetse nezvamavara VaViking mbiri yakatanga inova konung, uye ipapo akakunda chikara Grendel, mai vake, uye dragoni.

Chechipiri hafu ndohwaJehovha yaitonga dzakabudirira feudalism. Izvi French "Rwiyo Roland", yokuGermany "Rwiyo Nibelungs", etc. The chinoshamisa ndechokuti chidimbu chimwe nechimwe zvinopa pfungwa yokukosha nemaonero vanhu.

Chii Genres vanobatanidzwa Epic ino nguva? Nokuti chinonyanya chikamu chiri nhetembo, asi pane ndeokudetemba mabasa, mukati umo pane chikamu mutauro prose zvakanyorwa. Somuenzaniso, zviri kwese kuti Irish dzechembere ( "The Saga pakati Hondo Mag Turied", "The Book Irish kukunda", "zvemadzimambo Four Masters", etc.).

Chinokosha musiyano pakati pemapoka maviri ndiyo pamwero Ages nhetembo vakaratidza zviitiko. Kana Zvivako kusvika XII remakore. akataura pamusoro yose ichikosha, ipapo makore dzakabudirira feudalism chinhu nhoroondo inova yakananga chiitiko (semuenzaniso, hondo).

Kune akawanda dzidziso kwakabva "umhare" uri Ages Europe. Maererano nomumwe wavo, ichi chakava musimboti woupenyu rwiyo ari Genre cantilenas chakajairika VII remakore. Mutsigiri dzidziso iyi yaiva Gaston Paris - yakakurumbira nyanzvi French kuMiddle Ages. Cantilena akadana nyaya diki pamusoro ichi kana kuti chiitiko, kupfeka nyore chiridzwa marongerwo (kunyanya vocal).

Kwemakore, "mafufu" aya yakabatanidzwa kuva chinhu chikuru uye generalized. Somuenzaniso, muna ngano naMambo Arthur, muvanhu UK Celtic kwevanhu. Nokudaro, National paakaita Genres pakupedzisira akabatanidza kupinda chimwe. Kana ari Arthur akazviratidza enganonyorwa "Breton kutenderera." Rakapinda mumba ose zvidzidzo Chronicle, akasikwa dzemamongi. Sezvo Semi-ngano nyaya ikava chokwadi rakanyorwawo. Round Table Knights vachiri kukonzera yakawanda gakava panyaya chokwadi uye nderechokwadi.

Chinhu chikonzero ichatonga zvine mbiri Genre yechiKristu Europe iyoyo vaiona kuwa hweRoma, kuwedzera muranda ino uye kwaita feudalism, iyo yakavakirwa muchiuto basa overlord ravo.

Russian yakakura

Russian yakakura akamuka yayo izwi mumutauro wedu - "paakaita". Vazhinji vavo nomuromo kubva kuchimwe chizvarwa nechizvarwa, uye avo mazita kuti nhasi rinomiririrwa mumamiziyamu uye hwakatamisirwa mabhuku uye vaverengi, kureva XVII - XVIII emakore.

Kunyange zvakadaro, iri nyika paakaita Genres mu Russia yakanga ichatonga zvine mbiri yaro IX -. XIII emakore, kureva pamberi nechisimba eMongolia. Uye nguva iyi vakaratidza dzakawanda mabhuku mabasa ichi mhando.

Zvikamu zve epic genre zvinosanganisira mukuti ivo vanomiririra kutanga kwechiKristu uye tsika dzechihedheni. Kazhinji, kupindira uku kunodzivirira vanyori vezvakaitika kare kubva pakusarudza kwechimiro chechimiro kana chiitiko.

Nhamba dzinokosha dzemabasa akadaro - masimba - masimba mahedheni epasi. Izvi zvinonyatsooneka zvakajeka mune epikics yeKiev cycle. Imwe mufananidzo wekuunganidza ndeye Prince Vladimir. Kazhinji kazhinji zvinotaurwa kuti pasi pezita iri mubhabhatidzi weRussia anovanza. Izvi, zvakare, zvinokonzera kukakavadzana pamusoro pokuti nzvimbo yeRussia yakatanga sei. Vazhinji vatsvakurudzi vanobvumirana kuti ma epics akaumbwa kumaodzanyemba kweKivan Rus, muMoscow Rus mazana emakore akazotevera akazove akazara.

Zvechokwadi, nzvimbo inokosha mumutauro wemabhuku ekunyora ndeye "The Lay of Igor's Host". Iyi chivako chekare cheSlavic tsika inoziva muverengi kwete chete nechinangwa chikuru - kupera kwekubudirira kwemachinda munyika yevaPolvvsia, asiwo inoratidza mufananidzo wepasi rakakomberedza vagari veRussia mumakore iwayo. Chokutanga pane zvose, inhema uye nziyo. Basa racho rinoita kuti zvinhu zvive zvakaitwa neEpiic genre. Icho chakakosha zvikuru "shoko" uye mumitauro yemitauro.

Mabasa akashaya

Kukurukurirana kwakasiyana kunofanirwa nhaka yekare, iyo isina kupona kusvikira nhasi. Chikonzero chacho kazhinji kacho kusabvumiranwa kwebasa rekopiwe bhuku rebhuku racho. Sezvo nguva zhinji nhepfenyuro dzaiparadzirwa mumuromo, nekufamba kwenguva, dzakawanda dzisina kururama dzakabuda mazviri, uye kunyanya dzisina kubudirira dzakakanganwika zvachose. Nhetembo dzakawanda dzakarasikirwa nekuda kwekutsva moto, hondo uye dzimwe mhirizhonga.

Kutaura kwezvinhu zvakarashika zvekare zvakakwanisawo kuwanikwa mune zvekare. Saka, mumiriri weRoma Cicero wakadzoka muzana remakore re BC. Mumabasa ake akanyunyuta kuti ruzivo rwemhare dzinotyisa dzeguta pamakomo manomwe - Romule, Regulus, Coriolane - akanga asina kukanganisika.

Kunyanya kakawanda kazhinji nhetembo dziri kurasikirwa mumitauro yakafa, sezvo pasina vanhu vanogona kutaura ivo vanogona kutamisa tsika yavo uye kuchengeta chirangaridzo chekare chevanhu. Pano pane mazita mashomanana emarudzi aya: Turdula, Gauls, Huns, Goths, Lombards.

Mune zvinyorwa zvekare zvechiGiriki kune zvinyorwa zvebhuku izvo zvisikwa zvayo zvisati zvambowanikwa kana kuchengetedzwa zvidimbu. Icho "Titanomachia", iyo yakatsanangura hondo yevanamwari uye titans kusati kwavepo vanhu. Nezvayo, zvakare, yakataurwa muzvinyorwa zvake Plutarch, uyo akararama pakutanga kwemazuva edu.

Nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzehupenyu hweMinoan, hwakagara muCrete uye hwakanyangarika mushure mekunyengera kunoshamisa, kwakarashika. Kunyanya, iyi nyaya pamusoro pokutonga kwaMambo Minos.

Mhedziso

Ndeapi maitiro akaenzana neavo? Kutanga, iyo zviyeuchidzo zvemazana emakore uye mabhuku ekare, zvichibva pachirongwa chechi hero uye zvinyorwa zvechitendero.

Uyewo mhemberero yakazara yose ndeyedzimwe mitatu yakanyorwa. Inosanganisira epikisi, zvinyorwa, zvinyorwa, nhetembo, nyaya, zvinyorwa.