Chindingindingi: mienzaniso munyika uye Russia

pane zvakawanda mazwi mune zvoupfumi dzidziso. Zvisinei, chinonyanya kure-kusvika izvi pfungwa chindingindingi. The papi kushandiswa kwakarurama iri uye chii zvayo kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro zvinoreva imwe nyaya inoenderana zvakananga pamusoro akapoteredza. Izvi imhaka rakasiyana dudziro pfungwa iyi.

Musimboti rokuti

Shoko "chindingindingi" muchiGiriki rinoreva kuti "monkey" - mumwe, uye "poriyo" - nokutengeserana. Iri izwi rinoreva zvinhu pamisika ndipo unoshanda chete chete yakasimba. Panguva iyo zvachose hapana makwikwi kana kupfuura hapana ikabereka akafanana zvinhu kana mabasa.

The chindingindingi yokutanga munhoroondo vanhu zvakasikwa nemhaka zvirango ari mamiriro. Hurumende akapfuura mutemo uchipa rakaropafadzwa kodzero chero boka kuti kuchinjanisa mune dzimwe nhumbi. Zvisinei, shoko rokuti "chindingindingi" rine zvakawanda tsanangudzo. Maererano neimwe shanduro, musika ichi Kunyanya apo mamiriro kana sangano anopiwa chete kodzero kutakura pamusoro wayo zvebhizimisi mabasa. Panguva iyoyo chindingindingi, pasina makwikwi, ndiye anosarudza kukosha nenhumbi kana zvinokosha chaizvo nezvainoita Pricing itsika. Tsanangudzo yakadaro ndiyo Qualitative hunhu kumusika.

Main zviri anotambura

Nyanzvi ziva zvinotevera zvikaitika, iyo inoratidza kuvapo chete papurazi wekambani:

• kuvapo imwe kana hombe chaizvo mutengesi;
• Kuwanikwa zvigadzirwa, usina kwikwidzana analogues;
• kuvapo mukuru-pachikumbaridzo dzekuziva kuti panopindwa makambani vatsva chete musika chidimbu.

Pane dzimwewo nzira kuti anechekuita rokuti "chindingindingi". Somuenzaniso, pfungwa iyi inogona kureva yoga kambani, izvo dzinoratidzwa muupenyu basa zvimwe musika chidimbu.

mikana mhirikiro

Shoko rokuti "chindingindingi" zvinonzwisiswa se:

• hurumende kana pamusika, kana mumwe zvikamu zvaro, ine chete mutambi mumwe;
• chete kambani kuti manufactures otengesa zvinhu zvakasikwa naye;
• Market chete vateereri pairi chete zvebhizimisi-mutungamiri.

Kusiyana neboka iri pakutsvaga zhinji zvinodiwa. Zvisinei, chinonyanya inokosha izvi padanho makwikwi. Anofanira kana kuva zvakakwana pasi, kana ndisipo zvachose.

kupatsanura

Kune mhando akasiyana nevhu rakawandisa. Zvisinei, kupatsanura kwavo ndokunge chaizvo. Izvi imhaka yokuti mamwe marudzi nevhu rakawandisa kunogona panguva ndezvedu wandei marudzi avo. Saka, kusunungurwa:

• dzinongoitika chindingindingi, apo sangano rine ropafadzo nzvimbo pamusika;
• chindingindingi yakaisvonaka, kana pane chete nokutengesa mumwe mamwe marudzi mabasa kana nhumbi;
• conglomerate - mashoma marudzi siyana nyaya, asi wezvikamu mari Integrated (somuenzaniso, muRussia rinogona CJSC "Gazmetall");
• up chindingindingi, ine kudzivirira makwikwi muchimiro pemitemo yairambidza, patents uye Copyrights;
• rakavhurika chindingindingi, iyo inozivikanwa mukuti pamisika pane chimwe chete nokutengesa chigadzirwa, usina chaiyo kudzivirirwa makwikwi.

Kuwedzera kune izvi, pane mamwe marudzi nevhu rakawandisa. Funga zvimwe mhando chiitiko ichi.

rwokuzvarwa chindingindingi

Kazhinji, nepamusika pane mamiriro ezvinhu umo kudiwa imwe chigadzirwa inogutswa mapoka rimwe kana kupfuura. Muchiitiko ichi pane zvakasikwa chindingindingi. Its zvikonzero vavete vatengi zvinhu uye muitiro.

Chero mamiriro nyika yedu, pane zvakasikwa nevhu rakawandisa. Mienzaniso iyi - runhare mabasa, simba, zvekufambisa, etc.

Natural nevhu rakawandisa dziri kushanda mumunda:

• kutakura mafuta, gasi uye mafuta mapaipi hunde mutengo;
• rubatsiro kugovera vokuparidzira pachena mabha- uye yemagetsi kutaurirana.

Tora somuenzaniso, magetsi. Pano zvakare pane zvakasikwa chindingindingi. Mienzaniso muRussia - zviri 700 yaivapo TPP, TPP uye HPP, zvakanga akabatanidza mugomba Joint wemari kambani Rao "UES weRussia". Kambani rakaumbwa muna 1992, apo Zvinoumba iri miganhu kuzviisa pasi kuti Regional energos 'zvemberi simba miti mashanu akanga hwokurara. To musi, Rao "UES kweRussia" akabata simba mutsetse wose samambure munyika.

The gasi indasitiri iri kurega yepanyama chindingindingi. Mienzaniso muRussia - shamwari masere gasi kugadzirwa, uyewo gumi remunharaunda chokufambisa makambani kutakura nayo, vakabatana mu Rao "Gazprom". Mugove nekambani munhoroondo kuti kota nehurumende zveminda zvose.

OAO "Gazprom" anoita 56% kubva vazvo kuMabvazuva uye 21% - muWestern Europe. Ane zvinhu kunze kwenyika, izvo pamunenge muchizvivaraidza makambani kuti varidzi gasi kuparadzirwa uye gasi zvokufambisa zvavose.

A dzinongoitika chindingindingi mu Russia ndiyo yakazova indasitiri. Mugove vanofambira zvivako zviri OAO Russian Railways, uyewo turnover ndiyo 80% rwemotokari zvose munyika. uremu Great, uye mutakurwi motokari. Zviri 41%.

Pane dzimwe dzinongoitika nevhu rakawandisa muRussia. Mienzaniso iyi - kuti "Rosneft", OJSC "Rostelecom", etc.

Mienzaniso chindingindingi kwenyika rwokuzvarwa Kutarira siyanei Russian. The mitemo kumadokero nyika vaishandisa mashoko akadai sokuti:

• rinoitirwa;
• basa zvaanofanira zvose;
• zvakarukwa basa, etc.

Somuenzaniso, muna UK pane pamutemo nenzvimbo rokuti "rwokuzvarwa nevhu rakawandisa". Mienzaniso makambani kuti vari "zvakakodzera kuti zvose" pamusoro pengarava zvivako, hutachiwana nokuparadzirwa magetsi, mvura uye utsanana. In France, shoko rokuti "rwokuzvarwa chindingindingi" wakaiswa okuti "maindasitiri uye vezvokutengeserana rinoitirwa." Ava masangano anoshanda mumunda kukurukurirana, njanji chokufambisa uye magetsi zvitengeswa.

Natural chindingindingi muGermany ari mamiriro ezvinhu apo imwe kambani anokwanisa kusangana kumusika charehwa nokupa chigadzirwa kana basa yakaderera, asi panguva imwe chete kuona zvisingatomboiti pamwero vachikanganisa profitability. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune Mapaipi uye njanji zvifambiso.

chakagadzirwa chindingindingi

Pfungwa iyi capacious chaizvo. Maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, ndezvomuzvarirwo chindingindingi, sezvinorondedzerwa pamusoro, mumwe mhando upfumi chindingindingi (chakagadzirwa). Muchiitiko ichi tiri kutaura pamusoro makambani kuti vanokwanisa kuwana aitungamirira chinzvimbo mumusika.

How pane chakagadzirwa chindingindingi? Mienzaniso chikuru chitarisiko akaitwa anoratidza ndingangokuvara mbiri nzira kuzadzisa chinangwa. Chokutanga izvi nhema pakukura pagadzirwe, uyewo wevasungwa pakati guru, uye, sezvo zvakaguma kuwedzera pamwero remapazi. Nzira yechipiri ndiyo nokukurumidza. Its hwaro ndiro centralization pamusoro guru, ndiko kuti, chokuzvidira kushamwaridzana kana takeover kuti kusauka makambani. The vakawanda duku uye svikiro kadikidiki emakambani anova zvikuru. Pane kubata chindingindingi. Rinotaura chokwadi chinokosha musika chidimbu uye asina vakwikwidzi.

Pari, zvikuru kushandiswa chakagadzirwa chindingindingi. Mienzaniso shamwari dzakadaro - ichi zvaimunetsa, anovimba, syndicates uye cartels. entrepreneur ose anoedza kukunda chindingindingi chinzvimbo. It anobvisa dzinoverengeka njodzi uye matambudziko chokuita vakwikwidzi, uyewo kutora pamusika yeropafadzo chinzvimbo. Panyaya iyi, iyo monopolist anokwanisa kufurira vamwe kumusika vechikamu uye kumanikidzira ezvinhu zvavo.

Zidombo chindingindingi kunogona kuitika nedzimwe nzira. Pfungwa dzenyu pamutemo mabasa anokwanisa kupa kodzero goho kana rubatsiro kuti kambani imwe chete. Saizvozvo panewo chakagadzirwa chindingindingi. Mienzaniso iyi inowanika munyika dzakawanda munyika. Sangano iri, yakavakirwa paruzhinji zvavanosarudza. The muenzaniso muRussia - kambani "Mosgortrans". Rinopa guru kubudikidza mugwagwa. Panyaya iyi, simba haabvumiri mudzimu kumusika vamwe vatakuri, ayo vakwikwidzi.

mamiriro chindingindingi

zvisikwa Its rinoitwa tichibatsirwa zvipingamupinyi pamutemo. In apamutemo havatsananguri miganhu yacho chinokosha nevhu rakawandisa uye pamusoro siyana kuzvidzora. Muchiitiko chino, rimwe boka rinopa chete kodzero kutakura kubuda basa iri kana kuti mhando. Masangano ava pachena. Ndivo omurume nechepakati mapuranga, shumiro, etc. Hurumende chindingindingi zvebhizimisi mapoka rimwe indasitiri. Izvi zvinotisvitsa kushayikwa makwikwi pamusoro pamusika.

Kune mamiriro-vaiva nevhu rakawandisa muRussia. Mienzaniso mabasa nokudzorwa mitemo iri pasi apa. Vanosanganisira:

• chiitwa kuti chokuita zvisiri psychotropic uye zvinodhaka marwadzo;
• Shanda mumunda remauto michina murau ;
• issuance Mari, uye sangano wokufambisa wavo munharaunda Russia;
• uye inoda kufunga kupenda akaita zvinokosha simbi;
• kugadzirwa uye turnover pamusoro ethyl doro;
• ekisipoti uye zvainoreva zvimwe zvinhu.

Kupi kunyanya kutaurwa nehurumende chindingindingi? Mienzaniso kushandisa administrative simba kunogona kuonekwa muminda siyana. Ndiro Bank of Russia. Iye ine sangano, kuparadzirwa uye nyaya mari. kodzero kwakadaro dzakapiwa kwaari zvemitemo mabasa.

In hutano zvekutepfenyura panewo mamiriro chindingindingi. Mienzaniso chokuita kugadzirwa mishonga. Saka, rune chindingindingi kodzero FSUE "Moscow kwemakemikari anobudiswa Plant". Inobereka zvinodhaka zvinoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana utano. It wepfungwa uye Gynecology, momuviri uye ophthalmology.

The nzvimbo Indasitiri anewo mamiriro chindingindingi. MuRussia, mienzaniso chokuita zvakasiyana zvinhu zvinoenderana nechipimo ichi, chakajeka vavo - ndiwo cosmodrome "Baikonur".

Mhedziso chindingindingi

Dzimwe nguva pamusoro pamusika vane mamiriro ezvinhu apo ari mutengi zvekutepfenyura, kambani itsva kupa richangobva akasika chigadzirwa kuti haana analogues. Ichi yakachena chindingindingi. Mienzaniso ezvinhu akadaro ava mashoma. Nhasi ndizvo isingawanzowanikwi kutanga. Kakawanda makwikwi mumwe yemakambani akawanda. Pari, sezvinoita mutemo, chete achitsigirwa nehurumende anogona kuva wakachena chindingindingi. Mienzaniso apo izvi zvinogona yakapiwa bedzi masangano kupa zvinhu zvavo pamisika. The nyore wavo, kana zvakasimba dzokwenyu kuti vatengi nemutengo. Zvisinei, mari zvinhu kana mabasa anogona kuva vakachena chindingindingi inotongwa nehurumende. Uyezve, izvi mabhizimisi masangano vanodzivirirwa kubva kupinda kutsanangurwa mabasa avo mamwe vapemhi neHurumende mutemo.

Muenzaniso rakachena chindingindingi anogona kushanda nekambani mabasa "Aluminum Company" (USA). Muna 1945, ichi kambani zvizere nemauto bauxite remigodhi mu America. Ichi zviwanikwa ndiyo huru mbishi mashoko aruminiyamu kugadzirwa.

Muenzaniso unoshamisa yakaisvonaka chindingindingi muRussia - dzeko wekambani magetsi, gasi zvitengeswa misha. Uyezve, ichi kambani inemvura network. Utilities mienzaniso vakabudirira zvikuru kwakadaro mabhizimisi masangano munyika yose.

rakavhurika chindingindingi

The musika mamiriro angamuka kana chero boka iri nezvekutanga chigadzirwa zvachose itsva. Asi kusiyana yakachena chindingindingi, hurumende haadziviriri kubva zvinogona vakwikwidzi. Muchiitiko chino, pane rakashama chindingindingi, izvo zvinogona kunzi mumwe mhando yakaisvonaka chindingindingi. Vamwe nguva boka ndiye chete nokutengesa chigadzirwa itsva. Competitors makambani akadaro aonekwa pamusika gare gare.

Kana ukapa mienzaniso paruzhinji nevhu rakawandisa, zvinokosha kuyeuka kambani Apple, waiva wokutanga kupa vatengi ari kubata rwokugadzira.

bilateral chindingindingi

Dzimwe nguva, nepamusika pane mamiriro ezvinhu apo chigadzirwa inopa chete mutengesi, uye pane kudiwa kubva chete mutengi. Uyu bilateral chindingindingi. Pakadaro, mutengi uye mutengesi vanoziva mumwe. Panguva iyoyo vari kuita kutengwa uye kutengeswa apedza zvinhu pasi zvachose kwemitengo. Mienzaniso bilateral chindingindingi kuitira ezvinhu akadaro kana zvakasimba anotengesa nhumbi dzayo kuti hurumende. kutengwa iyi zvombo neShumiro Defence, uye kushora rimwe wesangano rinomirira chero mumwe mushandirwi.

mhedziso

Kupatsanura pakati nevhu rakawandisa pane zvinodiwa. Mamwe makambani zvakaoma chaizvo kuti titi kune imwe mhando yokutengeserana masangano. Vakawanda vavo vari nhengo mhando akawanda akasiyana nevhu rakawandisa. Mienzaniso inosanganisira mabhizimisi masangano kushumira runhare network. Izvi zvinosanganisira gasi uye magetsi makambani. Vose zviratidzo kwete chete dzinongoitika asiwo namahwindo chindingindingi. Mienzaniso kunogonawo kufukidza dzimwe nzvimbo basa.

Kazhinji, Zvisinei, nzvimbo nebhizimisi sangano iri kuchinja zvinoshamisa. Saka, aripo zvakanakira zvakasikwa nevhu rakawandisa havasi chinokosha kuti kudivi ravo. Mamiriro pamisika remasangano kungachinja kukura michina itsva vakwikwidzi. Hazvina kutsigira uye namahwindo chinzvimbo chindingindingi. Data All Ivo zvinobatsira uye ropafadzo zvinogona akadzima achangobva akasuma mutemo.