Kana nheyo yezvisikwa suffrage kunge hwakatangwa? suffrage Universal - iri ...

Chii nokudenga suffrage? Izvi mukana kuvhota musarudzo kuti vagari vose pasinei zvavo bonde, chitendero, nyika, munzanga, mari pamwero, etc. Kana nokudenga suffrage pane chimwe chete chinodikanwa - .. Age. Vagari vane kodzero kuvhota, saka yakasarudzwa vamiririri vavo vehurumende, chinhano referenda uye kuti vasanangurwa musoro wehurumende.

political mberi

Nhasi, nokudenga suffrage - ndiwo mutemo unoti chokufunga democratic inoti. Zvisinei, vanhu vakanga refu uye minzwa nzira kuzadzisa pahwakagadzwa munyika dzakawanda munyika.

Zvinokoshawo kuti pakatanga yezvisikwa suffrage mu eras siyana aireva zvinhu zvakasiyana. Kokutanga, musimboti ichi rakatangwa echimurenga France of XVIII remakore. Asi zvino vanhu vaidavira kuti zvakasikwa suffrage - seropafadzo chete kune varume vakawanda.

The chimurenga French

Muna 1792, vapanduki akabata Parisian Palace. The mambo rakaparadzwa. The kuipandukira dzakasarudza akamisa itsva mukuru zvemitemo uye mumiririri muviri. Iri raiva rakakurumbira National Convention.

Panguva iyoyo musi August 11 chirevo wakabudiswa muna 1792 kuti yacho. kukasaitwa sarudzo kupfungwa itsva. Hazvina gwaro iri chaizvoizvo akatanga yezvisikwa suffrage munyika. Chaiva chiitiko chikuru, kukosha raiva kunyanya kuoneka pamusoro nguva.

Elections kuna National Convention

Mutemo asati 1792 French vavhoti vakanga vakakamurwa kuva vanoshingaira uye kungogara. Kuti vawane kodzero dzokuvhota aifanira kuva mugari weguta uye kubhadhara mitero zvakakwana. Raiva chaiwo pfuma zvinodiwa, izvo quashed chirevo "Pamusoro convening of National Convention." Zvino, nokuti kubvuma kuti sarudzo zvakanga zvakakwana kuva wokuFrance makore 21 uye une wepagore ndakagara panzvimbo yavo yokugara. Uyewo, mutemo mutsva akatanga tsika yokuunza vehurumende mhiko imwe.

Kusarudzwa 1792 zvichienzaniswa magetsi nesarudzo muitiro, somuenzaniso, saizvozvo French vaiva kure yezvisikwa (vachigere kuvhota vakadzi). Asi zvakanga zviitiko Revolution Great akaita zvakawanda kuti vawedzere democratization. It yakaguma pfuma zvinodiwa, uye vanhu vane zvakasiyana munzanga (somuenzaniso, vairemekedzwa uye vanhuwo zvavo) vakapiwa vakaenzana kodzero. Kuderedza zera racho kubvira 25 kusvika pamakore 21 uye nezvido zvavo.

Old uye New Order

MuEurope, kurwa kuti vimbiso pose suffrage rikavapo XIX remakore. Pakutanga kwezana remakore pamwe French Revolution muTestamende World akatanga muitiro Achabvisa vakasara Ages feudal nhaka.

nyika All European (kunze Switzerland) vachiri monarchies. Rakanga nderechinyakare uye va neudhadha chehurumende. Kuvapo umambo, ukuru duchies havana aenderane bourgeoisie anoedza kusimbisa nzvimbo ayo kuburikidza democratic zvigadziriswe.

vakananga chinja

A remakore mberi munharaunda, vadzidzi, vashandi, madhorobha murombo uye vakadzidza vakaedza kumanikidza hurumende yavo kusuma zvakasikwa suffrage. Izvi zvave kuoneka 20s. XIX remakore pakati nhengo British dzaishandiswa mibatanidzwa. Zvisinei, nesarudzo kuchinja vachipikiswa ne kuchinja monarchical uye revatongi yeChina. Vakaziva kuti hweruzhinji ane ngozi yavo yemberi pachavo nzvimbo.

Kunyange France pashure kuguma Napoleonic hondo uye kudzorerwa umambo yakanga kuzodzosera akasuma pfuma zvinodiwa. Yakanga chete mushure 1848 chimurenga uye pakaparadzwa King Lui Filippa mubumbiro idzva rakazozivikanwa enshrined kodzero dzevanhu vose kuvhota. Sezvo pasina reactionaries havana akadzima izvozvo. Pashure zvokuchinja kuwanda French vavhoti yakawedzera kubva vanhu 240 zviuru mamiriyoni 9.

suffragettes

Kunyange zvazvo mugumo XIX remakore munyika dzakawanda vaibvumirwa kuvhota varume vose, nyaya vakadzi suffrage asina kugadzirisa zvayo inoti izvi. Kurwira zvinhu zvakakodzera akatanga suffragette. Kokutanga yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita dzakadaro vaiva New Zealand mutemo muna 1893. Nheyo yezvisikwa suffrage uye vakatanga kuudzwa nezvechokwadi munyika ino, nekuti pasina kunobatanidza sarudzo munhukadzi nevanovhota havagoni kutaura chero zvavo "yose sezvakaita."

In mashomanana emakore, suffragists akaita zvinoda dzavo munyika dzinoverengeka. Sezvineiwo, zviri Russian Empire vakadzi akabvumira kuvhota 1906. nadzurudzo nezvezvakaitwa Wechokwadi rapararira chete mundima Grand Duchy pakati Finland. Yakanga isiri chete kuedza kwakadaro. In Finland, ndimo makapiwa Russian aiwanzotanga yemhando zvakagadzirwa kuti vari, nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana vasingagoni chinozoiswa mune mamwe hwacho.

Kodzero kuvhota Russian

Pashure pokuchinja kwezvinhu 1905 akazviratidza muna State Duma kweRussia. Zvisinei, sarudzo dzeparamende dzakanga achingopiwa zvinodiwa zvakasiyana. Tiri inoshora zvakasiyana nokushorwa, kunyanya kuruboshwe. Urutakure kuti yezvisikwa suffrage wakatangwa munyika. YeParamende shanduka mune tsarist Russia zvakavhiringidzwa neDare kwakatevedzana World War. Yakanga chete pashure October Revolution pakati 1917 akauya simba, ivo Bolsheviks yakazivisa kuti vachaita kubvisa mashoko "Bourgeois" mutemo nesarudzo.

Kunyange zvazvo Lenin akatsoropodza zvirevo zvizhinji capitalist nyika, kubva musarudzo, akanga asiri kuenda mapfumo. Mumiririri miviri (makanzuru) Akasiyanisa chikare parliamentarism. Muna January 1918 musangano hwakavhiringidzwa richangomuka ari Constituent Assembly. Pashure pechiitiko ichi, kuti Bolsheviks dzakatanga kuvakwa vayo mamiriro, pasina panyaya dzavo political vavengi.

Bolshevik nadzurudzo

Maererano Lenin kuti dzematongerwe mune ramangwana rakanga kuuya komiyunizimu - dzakanakira mamiriro munzanga. pakuva Izvi aisava chokuita hurumende, asi panguva imwe chete mutungamiri Bolshevik akafunga kuti vamwe nguva hurumende iine kusarudzwa zvikoro vanofanira kusiya. Kutanga izvi zvose zvakaitwa kuchengetedza pfuma yacho chimurenga. Kuwa autocracy akazarura pamberi Bolsheviks yakawanda nzvimbo kwacho pakuvaka muenzaniso itsva ehurumende.

July 10, 1918 Constitution of RSFSR (the USSR asati achiri makore 4) rakazoshandiswa. A yoga chikamu chakatsaurwa kuti mitemo yayo pamusoro nesananguro neSoviet. Mugwaro iri, nheyo yezvisikwa suffrage kwave pamutemo wakaiswa kokutanga munhoroondo Russia. Vote kugona ikozvino nevakadzi. Maererano mashoko, kodzero kuvhota, "rusununguko zvose vagari yeRussian Federative Soviet Republic." The zera muganhu wakaiswa pa kumativi 18 makore.

Panguva iyoyowo, manzwi kunyimwa vanhu vanogara unearned mari (tupukanana), vatungamiriri vechechi, vamiririri vaimbova mapurisa tsarist, wamatsotsi uye pfungwa anorwara. The Constitution of RSFSR, 1918, dzinokosha inopikira pose suffrage vakanga akaratidza. Zvisinei, gwaro akanga wandei yepamutemo Makwanza chokuita sarudzo. Vanoita nemitemo omunharaunda uye omunyika munhu.

Chirungu ruzivo

MuUK, vashandi 'kutengeserana mibatanidzwa vaiva mutungamiriri kurwira zvakasikwa suffrage. Gore negore, vakatsvaka shanduko enyika. Yakakurumbira chichiwanikwa Chartist kufamba. Hwatsvuka yakaitika zvishoma nezvishoma. By pakuguma XIX remakore zviremera kubvumirwa yezvisikwa suffrage varume. Izvi zvakaitwa pasina nokumukirana, sezvo ari mamwe Europe.

Kurwira zvematongerwo enyika wakaenzana nevakadzi UK mberi emakore. The suffragette sangano munyika yakanga chimwe chezvinhu simba iri Old World. Zvisinei, ayo yepamusoro nokurwisana Society uye hurumende haina asvika. The First World War, izvo nemhuru zvematongerwe, kwete chete muna Albion, asiwo dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope.

Mukutanga 1918, hurumende Prime Minister Lloyd George vakapfuura mutemo rabvuma kodzero dzokuvhota vakadzi vose vakura kupfuura makore 30. Zvose zvakaitwa pasina pakukakavadzana kwose. Kunyange Paramende aishora ne wevatariri chete 23. The nyika aitoita nehondo, uye hazvina kusvikira kuchinja zvematongerwo enyika. With veMubatanidzwa yorugare weBritish yakawanikwa kuti vanorarama zvakanaka muvanhu itsva pasina chechikadzi rusaruro.

United States

Pakarepo shure US Department of Education munyika ino, Constitution rakazoshandiswa. Nokuti kuguma XVIII remakore yaiva zvemberi uye mberi gwaro. It yaidzorwa uye vamwe inokosha zvaiva nesarudzo mutemo. Zvisinei, mumwe mamiriro nomumwe anosarudza mitemo yayo, kusanganisira mumwe kuti nechokuita sarudzo. Somuenzaniso, pakutanga pamusoro XIX remakore muna Massachusetts, Connecticut, Maryland, nokuti nesananguro nhengo pfuma kodzero iripo.

Dambudziko chakakomba kodzero dzokuvhota uye varanda kwakanga mukuru munyika. Zvaiva zvakajairika kumaodzanyemba zvokurima inoti kuti yakura chisingadzivisiki vachinetsana dzakabudirira North. hondo yevagari yakatanga (1861-1865 gg.). Chete yapera rouranda pakupedzisira kuregwa.

Paiva yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita akawanda kuna Constitution, izvo zvishoma nezvishoma zvakawedzera nhamba yevanhu vachinzwisisa kodzero dzokuvhota. boka iri akabatana vatema. Uye muna 1920 nayo kushandisa Mutemo XIX, izvo vakadzi kodzero dzokuvhota. Zvakanga kusiko kukunda suffragettes. Saka muUnited States nesimba zvakasikwa suffrage.