Chiremba chepfungwa cheItaly Lombroso Cesare: biography, mabhuku, mabasa uye kubudirira

Lombroso Cesare ndiye mukurumbira wemhosva, chirwere chepfungwa uye nyanzvi yemagariro evanhu. Iye ndiye tateguru wechikoro cheItaly chechiremba anthropology. Ichi chinyorwa chicharondedzera zvinyorwa zvake.

Vechidiki uye kudzidza

Lombroso Cesare akaberekerwa muVerona muna 1836. Mhuri yemukomana uyu yakanga yakapfuma, sezvo yakanga ine nyika yakawanda. Paaiva achiri muduku, Cesare akadzidza mitauro yeChina uye yeSamitic. Asi haana kukwanisa kuita basa rakanyarara. Mhedziso muimba yakasimba pamusoro pemhosva yekugadzirira, kupambwa kwezvinhu, kupindira muhondo yakamutsa mujaya kufarira zvepfungwa. Nyaya dzekutanga pamusoro pechinyorwa chino Cesare akabudiswa mumakore makumi mana nemashanu, achidzidziswa paChirinary Faculty (Yunivhesiti yePavia). Mavari, remangwana rezvepfungwa vakataurira nezvechinetso che cretinism. Murume wechidiki pachake akawana nyaya dzakadai sehutano hwehutano uye ethnolinguistics. Muna 1862 akapiwa zita repurofesa wezvokurapa, uye gare gare - anthropology mhaka uye yemutemo chepfungwa. Lombroso zvakare akatungamirira kliniki yezvirwere zvepfungwa. Basa rakakosha muhuchenjeri hwake hwakatambiswa nefilosofi ye positivism. Chinyorwa chayo chikuru ndechekusimbisa kwezvinokosha zvezivo yezvesayenzi, iyo yakawanikwa yakaedzwa.

Anthropological direction

Cesare Lombroso ndiye akatanga nheyo yeanthropological mumutemo wezvakaipa nemhosva. Izvo zvikamu zvakanyanya zvezviitiko izvi ndezvokuti mukupomera kwemhosva kunokosha kuti utange nzira yemasayenzi chaiwo - kutarisa uye ruzivo. Uye kuziva kwemuiti wekutambudzikira kunofanira kuve pakati pekudzidza.

Yokutanga anthropometric studies

Zvakanga zvichitungamirirwa nevasayendisiti mumazana makumi matanhatu nezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe. Cesare akashanda sechiremba ipapo, uye akabatanidzwawo nekambani kuti abvise chibharo kumaodzanyemba kweItaly. Mashoko akaunganidzwa nemupurofesa akaita rupo rukuru mukusimudzirwa kwehutachiona hwehutano uye hutsanana hwehutano. Musayendisiti akaongorora ruzivo rwemashoko uye akagumisa kuti hurombo hwemagariro evanhu uye hwehupfumi hwekumaodzanyemba kweItaly hwakabatsira pakuzvarwa kwevanhu munharaunda iyi yemafungiro evanhu uye mupfungwa. Mune mamwe mazwi, ivo vanhu vanowanzopara mhosva. Ichi chisaly Cesare chakaziviswa kuburikidza nehutano hwepfungwa uye anthropometric examination. Pachikonzero cheizvi, kuongorora kwekutsvaga kwemasimba ekuvandudzwa kwemhosva kwakaitwa. Nekufungidzira kwake, musayendisiti akapikisa nzvimbo yehurumende yepamutemo, iyo yaireva chete munhu akaputsa mutemo.

Craniograph

Lombrozo ndiye wokutanga wevatsvakurudzi kushandisa nzira yeanthropometric vachishandisa granografia. Nechigadzirwa ichi, Cesare akayera ukuru hwezvikamu zve musoro uye chiso chevasungiridzi. Zvigumisiro zvakabudiswa naye mubasa "Anthropometry yevanopesana mazana 400", rakabudiswa muna 1872.

Dzidziso ye "akaberekerwa mhosva"

Musayendisiti akazviumba muna 1876. Yaiva ipapo iyo basa rake, The Criminal Person, rakabudiswa. Cesare anotenda kuti vatadzi havaiti, asi vanozvarwa. Izvi zvinoreva, maererano neGwayanaro, mhosva kune imwechete yakasikwa sekufa kana kuberekwa. Mupurofesa akauya kune izvi, achienzanisa migumisiro yezvidzidzo zvepodhological psychology, physiology uye kutomy kwevapambi vemhosva nehana yavo yeanthropometric. Mukufunga kwake, mutadzi wacho anonyangadza, mushure mokukura kwake kubva pakushanduka kwevanhu vanogara. Munhu akadaro haagoni kudzora mararamiro ake, uye nzira yakanakisisa ndeyokumubvisa, kumudzivisa hupenyu kana rusununguko.

Kunewo maitiro evanokanganisa, akagadzirirwa naCesare Lombroso. Marudzi evapambi, mune zvaanofunga, ndeye: vachengeti, varoyi, mbavha uye vaurayi. Chimwe nechimwe chazvo chine zvinhu zvisiri izvo zvekuda, izvo zvinopupurira kuvapo kwechigadziriswa chechivi uye chigadziro mukugadzirwa. Mupurofesa wacho akazvinyengedza (maitiro chaiwo) nemafungiro epfungwa, kuvapo kwahwo kuchabatsira kuziva munhu akaberekwa nekuberekwa nechinangwa chemhosva. Zviratidzo zvikuru zvemukanganisi Cesare aifunga kutarisa kubva pasi pevheta rake, masaya makuru, bhudzi rakadzika, mhino dzakakanganiswa, zvakadaro. Kuvapo kwavo kunoita kuti zvive nyore kugona mutadzi kunyange asati aita utsinye. Muchirevo ichi, musayendisiti akakumbira kuti masayendisiti, anthropologist uye vanachiremba vauiswe kune mutongi, uye mubvunzo wekutadza unofanira kuchinjwa nemubvunzo wekukuvara kwevanhu.

Nenzira, panguva ino anthropometric zviyero zvinoitwa munenge munyika dzose dzenyika. Uye izvi zvinoratidzika kwete kwete chete pamasangano anokosha neuto. Semuenzaniso, ruzivo rwe anthropometry runodikanwa mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvisiri zvevanhu nezvinhu, uyewo mukudzidza kwemisika yebasa (kubasa).

Kukanganiswa kwetsika

Maonero eesayenzi eCesare Lombroso akanga akanyanya kushanduka uye haana kufunga nezvemagariro evanhu ehutachiona. Nokudaro, dzidziso yemasayendisiti yakatsoropodzwa zvakasimba. Cesare aifanira kutora nzvimbo yake. Mune mabasa ake akazotevera, akarondedzera sechikwata chekuzvarwa anthropological chinongo 40% chevatadzi. Uyewo, sainzi akacherechedza kukosha kwekusava nhaka - hutano hwevanhu uye hutano hwepfungwa - hukonzera hupombwe. Kubva pane izvi, pfungwa yake inogona kunzi biosociological.

"Genius uye unyengeri"

Zvichida, iri ndiro basa rakakurumbira zvikuru raCesare Lombroso. "Genius neupenzi" yakanyorwa naye muna 1895. Mune bhuku iri, purofesa anoisa pfungwa imwe chete. Inonzwika seyiyi: "Genius ihwohwo huropi hunoita zvisingaenderani nechepamusoro pehutachiona hwepfungwa." Cesare akanyora izvi mumutauro wepanyama, kufanana kwemasimba kune madmen kunoshamisa. Vane mhinduro imwechete kune zvinhu zvekudenga, uye hutano nehutano zvine maitiro akafanana pakuzvarwa kwavo. Vazhinji vakangwara vaiva neupenzi. Vakanga vari: Schopenhauer, Rousseau, Newton, Swift, Cardano, Tasso, Schumann, Comte, Amper uye nhamba yevanyori uye artists. Mune chimwe chikamu chebhuku rake, Lombroso akatsanangura kusakanganiswa kweguru rezvinyorwa uye mienzaniso yakataurwa pamusoro pemabasa ekunyora evanyori vekunyengedza.

Sociology yemhosva yezvematongerwo enyika

Chikamu chake chinokosha chechizvarwa nenzira yekutsvakurudza Cesare akasiya chikamu ichi. Mutsara unoti "Anarchists" uye "Kubudirira Kwematongerwe Enyika uye Utsotsi" ndiwo mabasa maviri akanyorwa naye panyaya iyi. Aya mabasa achiri kuwanika munyika yekumusha wesainzi. Chiitiko chehutongerwo hwezvematongerwo enyika chakapararira muItaly muzana remakore rechi19-20 sechimiro chegandanga rearchist. Mupurofesa akaifungisisa nenzira yekufunga nezvekuzivikanwa kwemuiti wezvakaipa, uyo akabayirwa kune chinangwa chekuita zvehupfumi hwevanhu. Musayendisiti akataura nezvemhando yehutsika iyi nekuderera kwezvinangwa zvakakwirira zvehutano hwehupfumi, huori hwematongerwe enyika uye dambudziko rezvematongerwo enyika muparamende yeItaly.

Rimwe basa rakakurumbira raCesare Lombroso - "Rudo rweMadmen". Inoratidzira kuratidzwa kwekunzwa uku kune vanhu vanorwara mupfungwa.

Nhanganyaya yekudzora maitiro ehupenyu

Cesare Lombroso, ayo mabhuku anozivikanwa munyika yose, yaiva imwe yekutanga kushandiswa mukufambira mberi kwehutungamiri muhutano. Muna 1880, musayendisiti akatanga kutarisa kusungurudzika kwepfungwa nekumanikidzwa munguva yekuongororwa kwekuita. Nokudaro, aigona nyore nyore kuona kana munhu anenge ari mhaka ari nhema kana kwete. Uye chigadziro chekuyera kushandiswa uye kupisa kwakadanwa ...

Plethysmograph

Muna 1895 Lombroso Cesare akabudisa zviwanikwa zvakawanikwa mushure mekushandiswa kwezviridzwa zve laboratory panguva yekubvunzurudzwa. Mune imwe yedzidzo idzi, purofesa akashandisa plethysmograph. Kuedza kwakaenda seizvi: munhu ari kupomerwa mukuurayiwa akakumbirwa kuita nhamba yakawanda yemasvomhu mupfungwa dzake. Panguva imwecheteyo, chigadzirwa chakabatanidzwa nacho chakasimbisa kupisa. Zvadaro mumwe munhu aive nemhosva aive akaratidzwa mifananidzo yakawanda yevana vakakuvadzwa (pakati pavo pakanga pane mufananidzo wemusikana akaurayiwa). Muchiitiko chekutanga, kupisa kwake kwakasvetuka, uye mune yechipiri kwaiva pedyo nekugara. Kubva pane izvi, Cesare akagumisa kuti uyo anokanganisa akanga asina mhosva. Uye migumisiro yephenyo yakasimbisa kururama kwake. Zvichida, iyi ndiyo yaiva yekutanga mumabhuku ekushandisa nhema nhema, izvo zvakatungamirira kuregererwa. Uye akati kutarisa kugadzirisa kwehupenyu hwevanhu hakugoni kuzarura ruzivo rwaanovanda, asiwo kugadza kusava nemhosva.

Musayendisiti akafa muTurin muna 1909.

Lombroso muRussia

Criminological pfungwa dzepurofesa dzaizivikanwa zvikuru munyika yedu. Ivo vanomiririrwa nehuwandu hwehupenyu uye nekushandurwa kweCesare Lombroso: "Mukadzi-mhosva nehure", "Anti-Semitism", "Anarchists", nezvimwewo. Muna 1897, musayendisiti akauya kumusangano wevanachiremba vokuRussia avo vakapa muItariya kugamuchirwa kwechido. Mune memoirs, Cesare akaratidza nguva iyoyo yehupenyu hwake. Akarambidza rusununguko rwemagariro eRussia pamapurisa ekubvumirana ("kudzvinyirirwa kwehutano, hana, pfungwa dzehupenyu") uye hurumende.

Lombrozianism

Izwi iri rakaparadzirwa zvakapararira munguva yeSoviet uye rakarondedzera anthropological kutungamirirwa kwechikoro chemhosva yepamutemo. Kunyanya kutsoropodza dzidziso yaCesare pamusoro pevakaberekerwa mhosva. Vatongi veSoviet vaidavira kuti nzira yakadaro inopesana nemitemo yepamutemo, uye inewo inoshandiswa uye inopesana nevanhu vanozivikanwa, sezvo inoshora zviito zvekugadzirisa kwevanhu vakashandiswa. Kutaura kwakadaro kwakasarura mazano kunotsvaga huzhinji hwehupurofesa mabasa ekutsvakurudza midzi dzinokonzera kupesana uye mhirizhonga dzemhando dzekugarisana kwevanhu.

Mhedziso

Pasinei nekunyengedza uye kungotsoropodza kune dzimwe dzidziso dzeanamano ake, Lombroso Cesare ndeimwe yemasayendisiti akakurumbira muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe. Akanga ari piyona wekutaura nzira dzechinangwa mune sayenzi yepamutemo. Uye mabasa ake akapa zvakakosha zvikuru pakuvandudzwa kwepfungwa dzepamutemo uye kupomera kwemhosva.