Duns Scotus: musimboti maonero

Ioann Duns Skot aiva mumwe mukuru Franciscan vafundisi. Akavaka dzidziso rinonzi "scotism" ndiyo rinokosha scholasticism. Duns aiva muzivi uye logician, rinozivikanwa "Doctor Subtilis" - remadunhu- ichi akanga paakavapa nokuda kwounyanzvi, unobtrusive vaiitawo dzakasiyana worldviews nouzivi mukudzidzisa chete. Kusiyana nevamwe vakakurumbira nevafungi kuMiddle Ages, kusanganisira William pakati Ockham uye Thomas Aquinas, Scotus akabata zvine mwero voluntarism. Vakawanda pfungwa dzake akava chinokosha kwakabatsira remangwana uzivi uye zvechitendero, uye mibvunzo Mwari ariko vari kudzidza kuburikidza vaongorori vezvitendero uye ikozvino.

upenyu

Hapana anonyatsoziva apo Ioann Duns Skot akazvarwa, asi kare vanodavira kuti zita rake, iye vanosungirwa Duns guta iroro, riri pedyo nomuganhu wokuScotland pamwe England. Kufanana zhinji navo nomuzivi ashandira remadunhu- "mombe", zvichireva kuti "The wokuScotland". Ake akagadzwa March 17, 1291. Kwakapiwa kuti mupristi womunzvimbo yakatsaurirwa nechiremera boka nevamwe vanhu pakupera 1290, tinogona kufunga kuti Duns Scotus akaberekwa wokutanga chikamu 1266 uye akava churchman pakarepo kamwe yakasvika pamutemo zera. In pauduku hwake, yemberi muzivi uye nyanzvi akabatana Franciscans akamutuma Oxford munenge 1288. Pakutanga regumi remakore anofunga ndakanga achiri Oxford, sezvo pakati 1300 uye 1301 makore, aiitawo yakakurumbira zvechitendero kukurukurirana - pakarepo, rekukwazisa kosi hurukuro pamusoro "mitsara". Zvisinei, akanga asina kugamuchirwa kuna Oxford somudzidzisi zvechigarire, sezvo yomunharaunda abbot akatuma aizobudirira ndeuke iri zvakakurumbira University kweParis, kwaakanga zvokuita kechipiri iri "mitsara".

Duns Scotus, uzivi iyo akaita nomupiro chaizvo netsika nyika, akasagona kupedza zvidzidzo zvake Paris nokuda kuramba kunetsana pakati Pope Boniface VIII French King Philip Fair. Muna June 1301 kuvapostori mambo akabvunza mumwe nomumwe ari French Franciscan chechechi, mekuparadzanisa royalists kubva Papists. Avo vakatsigira Vatican, akakumbirwa kusiya France kwamazuva matatu. Duns Scotus aiva mumiririri papists, uye nekuti akanga amanikidzwa kusiya nyika, asi muzivi vakadzokera Paris mumatsutso 1304, apo Boniface akafa, uye chikatsiviwa itsva Pope Benedict yacho XI, vakakwanisa kuwana mutauro nevakawanda namambo. Hazvizivikanwi apo Duns akapedza makore akawanda kumanikidzwa kuutapwa; kare zvinoratidza kuti akadzokera kudzidzisa pa Oxford. Kwechinguva inozivikanwa mufananidzo akararama ndikamuraira muna Cambridge, asi nguva puranga zvisingaiti tsanangurai iyi.

Scott vakapedza zvidzidzo ake muParis uye akagamuchira mamiriro tenzi (musoro vepakoreji) vakapoteredza kutanga 1305. Mumakore akatevera, akaita kunze chaizvo nhaurirano pamusoro yepamusoro nyaya. Order ipapo akamutumira kuna Franciscan House of Scientists muna Cologne, apo Duns zvokuita pamusoro scholasticism. Muna 1308 muzivi akafa; musi rufu rwake ari pamutemo kukurukurwa 8 November.

Nyaya metaphysics

Dzidziso uzivi uye zvechitendero ndiyo vasingasiyani kubva zvitendero pepfungwa kuti vakatonga nguva hwake. Medieval rinotsanangura maonero akatambanudza Ioann Duns Skot. Philosophy, muchidimbu inotsanangura chiono chake naMwari, uyewo dzidziso Islamic nevafungi ose Avicenna uye Averroes, zvikurukuru kwakavakirwa siyana munzvimbo yacho Aristotelian zvinyorwa "Metaphysics". Dzinokosha Pfungwa dziri seizvi "kuva", "Mwari" uye "basa". Avicenna uye Ibn Rushd, aiva kumboonekwa kukanganisa kukura yepamusoro Christian muuzivi, vane akasiyana zvachose rinopikisa maonero panhau iyi. Saka, Avicenna anoramba kubvuma kuti Mwari ndiye nyaya metaphysics nokuda kuti hapana sayenzi haagoni kuratidza uye zvichipupurira kuvapo nyaya yacho; panguva imwecheteyo metaphysics anokwanisa kuratidzira kuvapo kwaMwari. Maererano Avicenna, sayenzi iyi inodzidza musimboti yokuva. Murume mumwe nenzira correlates naMwari, nyaya uye nyaya, uye reshiyo ichi zvinoita kudzidza sayenzi yokuva, izvo zvingasanganisira muna chinhu Mwari uye vakaparadzana ayo zvinhu, uyewo nyaya uye zviito. Ibn Rushd pakupedzisira yapera anobvumirana Avicenna, achisimbisa kuti kudzidza kuva dzisiri achipfeka ayo mukudzidza siyana zvinhu uye zvikurukuru zvinhu kuparadzana uye Mwari. Yandakapiwa wefizikisi, pane anokudzwa sayenzi metaphysics anosarudza kuvapo kwaMwari, hatigoni kuratidza chokwadi kuti nyaya metaphysics ndiMwari. Ioann Duns Skot, uzivi iyo zvikuru anotevera nzira zivo Avicenna, inotsigira pfungwa yokuti metaphysics inodzidza zvisikwa, chikuru zvacho, hapana mubvunzo, ndiye Mwari; Iye - chete akakwana munhu, uyo vamwe vose vanovimba. Ndokusaka Mwari ari pamberi iri metaphysics wegadziriro, izvo zvinosanganisirawo dzidziso transcendental kuratidza Aristotelian zano mhando. Transcendentalers - ichi kuva unhu yavo kuva ( "kuroorwa", "zvakanaka", "kodzero" - ichi transcendental pokuti ivo vagare nefuma, uye vanomirira imwe tsanangudzo nefuma) uye zvose rwuripowo hama zvakapesana ( "okupedzisira "uye" haaperi "," zvakakodzera "uye" zvimiso "). Zvisinei, muna dzidziso ruzivo, Duns Scotus akasimbisa kuti zvacho inowira pasi rokuti "fuma" rinogona kunzi ari nyaya Sayenzi metaphysics.

universals

Medieval Uzivi kunobva mabasa avo ose pamusoro hwedzidziso yekurarama kupatsanura hurongwa - zvikurukuru nehurongwa vanorondedzerwa Aristotle basa "Categories" - kuratidzira kiyi ukama pakati akasika zvisikwa uye nechokwadi ruzivo kwevanhu yesayenzi pamusoro pavo. Saka, somuenzaniso, ndivanaani Socrates naPlato ndezvaJehovha mhando dzevanhu avo, uyewo, ndezvaJehovha genus mhuka. Madhongi uyewo nhengo genus mhuka, asi musiyano kukwanisa kufunga rationally chinosiyanisa murume kubva dzimwe mhuka. Genus "mhuka", pamwe nemamwe kuti mapoka yakakodzera (somuenzaniso, genus "zvirimwa") rinoreva chikamu zvinhu. Chokwadi izvi asina nharo ne munhu. Zvisinei, gakava nyaya, ndiye hwedzidziso yekurarama mamiriro genera izvi uye mhuka. Dzinotaura zviripo chokwadi, kana ekstramentalnoy inongova pfungwa, zvisikwa zviri mupfungwa dzevanhu? Ko genera uye mhando munhu vanhu kana vachida kuvabata sezvo yoga, mune hama nemashoko? Ioann Duns Skot, ane uzivi kunobva ake pachake maonero mukuru hunhu, unoripa yakawanda pfungwa yepamusoro nyaya idzi. Zvikurukuru, iye anoti mukuru zvisikwa zvakadai se "vanhu" uye "animalic" iriko (kunyange vari "yekudyidzana shoma" pane kuva nevanhu) uye kuti ivo generality vega, uye chokwadi.

rakasiyana dzidziso

Zvakaoma categorically kubvuma pfungwa yokuti akatungamirira Ioann Duns Skot; prices, akachengetedzwa chepakutanga zvinyorwa nokupeta vanoratidza kuti zvimwe chokwadi (semuenzaniso, genera uye mhando) maonero ake vane zvishoma pane kubatana quantitative. Saizvozvowo, muzivi proposes chine nharo vachida mhedziso kuti havasi vose kubatana chaiko ari kubatana uwandu. Akasimba nharo iye akasimbisa kuti kana zvinhu chaizvo zvakashandurwa, kuti zvose zviri kusiyana chaiko vaizoumba kusiyana kusanganiswa. Zvisinei, chero vaviri dzisakarurama quantitatively zvinhu zvakasiyana mumwe zvakaenzana. Mhedzisiro ndeyekuti Socrates ari vakasiyana Plato sei zviri akasiyana geometric zvitarisiko. Panyaya iyi, vanhu pfungwa haakwanisi kuwana chinhu zvakafanana pakati Socrates naPlato. Zvakaratidza kuti pokushandisa nokudenga pfungwa "munhu" kuti unhu maviri, munhu anoshandisa nyore azoshandiswa pfungwa dzake. Izvi penga mhedziso anoratidza kuti kusiyana quantitative haasi akasiyana, asi nokuti panguva imwecheteyo ndiyo guru, saka pane vamwe zvishoma pane quantitative, iyo siyana uye unoenderana kuvatumwa quantitative kubatana.

Mumwe nharo mamota pasi chokuti pasina yenjere, vaikwanisa zvishande pfungwa, murazvo moto vachange kubudisa murazvo itsva. moto uye rimi vakaumba Achigadzira achava kubatana chaiko zvitarisiko - kubatana kwakadaro, uko kunoratidza kuti nyaya muenzaniso imwe inonzwisisika causation. Two Mhando womoto ndizvo novimba mukuru hunhu yenjere pamwe kubatana, duku pane quantitative.

indifferentsii dambudziko

matambudziko aya nokunyatsodzidza mukupera scholastics. Duns Scotus aidavira kuti mukuru hunhu vari pachavo kwete nevanhu, akazvimiririra dzakabatana, sezvo kwavo kubatana zvishoma pane nhamba. Panyaya iyi, vakawanda zvisikwa uye haisi pahunosiya. Zvichitevera Mitsara Aristotle, Scotus anobvuma kuti nokudenga rinorondedzera mumwe zhinji uye rinoreva zvinhu zvakawanda. How kunzwisisa pfungwa iyi imwe Ages anofunga, Universal F anofanira kuva hanya, saka kuti inogona kushanda vose mumwe F kuitira kuti waifarirwa neimwe yayo yoga zvinhu zvakanga zvakafanana. Mumashoko nyore, waifarirwa F rinorondedzera mumwe nomumwe F zvakaenzana zvakanaka. Scott anobvuma kuti ari mupfungwa iyi, kana mukuru zvisikwa havagoni kuva pasi nokudenga, kunyange kunoratidzwa imwe chizvarwa indifferentsii: mukuru zvisikwa haagoni kuva zvakafanana ehupfumi kune dzimwe zvakajairika mhando chokuita imwe mhando zvisikwa uye zvinhu. Similar mhedziso zvishoma nezvishoma auya zvose mukupera scholastics; Duns Scotus, Uilyam Okkam nemamwe nevafungi vari kuedza kuratidza kuvapo ndaisagona kupatsanura.

Basa njere

Kunyange zvazvo pakutanga Scot akati musiyano pakati universals uye zvayo hunhu, anoswedera kurudziro kubva yakakurumbira shoko Avicenna kuti bhiza - chiri bhiza. How kunzwisisa mashoko aya Duns, mukuru hunhu hanya kune wacho kana nokudenga. Kunyange zvazvo chokwadi hahugoni kuvapo pasina individualization uye universalization, avo vakawanda hunhu, havasi pachavo kana avo zvimwe. Zvichitevera pfungwa iyi, Duns Scotus anorondedzera yose sezvakaita uye munhu akazvimiririra sezvo netsaona zviri mukuru hunhu, saka - ivo vanoda kururamiswa. pfungwa dzakadaro kwakasiyana, zvose mukupera scholastics; Duns Scotus, Uilyam Okkam nevamwe vazivi uye vafundisi kupa basa rinokosha kuti pfungwa dzevanhu. Kuti chinoita zvachose akachenjera hunhu kuva nokudenga, kumanikidza kwake aende kupatsanura yakadaro, zvinoitika kuti mune quantitative mashoko, ndiye pfungwa chingava mashoko kunozivisa vanhu vazhinji.

Kuvapo Mwari

Kunyange zvazvo Mwari haasi pasi dzisiri, zvisinei rinomiririra chinangwa sayenzi ichi; Metaphysics anotsvaka kuratidza ivepo uye remweya hunhu. Scott anopa shanduro dzakawanda uchapupu nokuvapo rokumusoro njere; Mabasa ose aya akafanana panyaya rondedzero hunhu, maumbirwo uye nzira. Duns Scotus wakasika chinonetsa kuratidza kuvapo kwaMwari yose yepamusoro uzivi. pfungwa dzake dzinokudziridzwa mumatanho mana:

• Pane dzinde kunopfuura kuva pervoitog.
• mumwe zvakasikwa chete wokutanga dzose matatu nyaya.
• Natura ndiro rokutanga chero nyaya kukurukurwa, hazviperi.
• Pane chimwe chete haaperi hwakanaka.

Kuti ndiratidze kutaura wokutanga, iye anotaura zvinokonzera non-modal nharo:

• Zvinoita sangano X.

Saka:

• X zvakasikwa nedzimwe sangano Y.
• Kana Y ndiwo mudzi chikonzero, kana izvozvo anosika wechitatu ari mhando.
• The dzakatevedzana akasikwa kubudikidza creators havagoni kuramba nokusingaperi.

Nokudaro, nyaya inoguma honzeri - asina kusikwa munhu uyo anogona kubereka, zvisinei zvimwewo.

Achirifananidza modalities

Duns Scotus, ane Biography ine chete yatinenge kudzidzira basa uye kudzidza nharo izvi hazvirevi kubva mirayiridzo inokosha yepamusoro uzivi kuMiddle Ages. It anopawo modal shanduro yake nharo:

• Zvinogoneka kuti pane chose chokutanga simba causal simba.
• Kana pane A haagoni kuitika kubva mumwe munhu, zvino, kana A ariko, zviri yakazvimirira.
• Absolutely wokutanga causal simba simba hazvigoni kuitika kubva mumwe munhu.
• Saka, chaizvoizvo yokutanga simba causal simba iri yakazvimirira.

Kana Mhedziso mudzi chikonzero hakuwaniki, saka hapana mukana chaiyo ivepo. Pakupedzisira, kana chiri chokwadi pakutanga, hazvibviri kuvimba chero zvikonzero. Sezvo pane mukana chaiwo ivepo, zvinoreva kuti aripo vayo.

Dzidziso yokusiyana

Duns Scotus mupiro uzivi nyika kunokosha. Kamwe musayendisiti anotanga kutaura mune zvaakanyora kuti nyaya metaphysics kuva vakadaro, ichiri pfungwa, nharo kuti pfungwa anofanira pachena chokuita zvose zviri kudzidzwa metaphysics. Kana mashoko aya ichokwadi chete mumwe boka zvinhu, chinhu hakusi kubatana vaifanira kukwanisa kudzidza sayenzi iyi nyaya. Maererano Duns, muenzaniso - chiri chimiro yokuenzana. Kana pfungwa yacho chaizvoizvo pakutsvaga siyana vanovengwa metaphysics chete nomuenzaniso, sayenzi haagoni dzibatane.

Duns Scotus rinopa mbiri mamiriro nokuti kuzivikanwa zvakavapo unequivocal:

• Kusimbiswa uye negation zvakafanana chokwadi pamusoro wacho nyaya akaumba kupokana;
• pfungwa Fani iyi inogona kuva pakati izwi nokuda syllogism.

Somuenzaniso, pasina kupokana tinogona kutaura kuti Karen akanga aripo pakati jurors pachavo (nekuti iye aisva kuenda kudare pane kubhadhara faindi), uye panguva imwe chete pamusoro zvaanoda (nekuti ndakanzwa kumanikidzwa manzwiro chechetere). Panyaya iyi, kuti kupikisana hazvibviri, sezvo pfungwa "pachezvake 'uchitsanangura. Asiwo, kune syllogism "zvinhu zvisina upenyu zvisingagoni kufunga. Vamwe scanners vanofunga zvikuru refu usati kupa mugumisiro. Saka, mamwe scanners vari zvipenyu zvinhu" kunounza musoro mhedziso, sezvo pfungwa "kufunga" kushandisirwa zviri zvakafanana. Munguva chinyakare Mupfungwa, izwi iri rinoshandiswa chete wokutanga mutongo wacho; pamutsara wechipiri, ane zvaanoreva yokufananidzira.

nezvetsika

Pfungwa Mhedziso uchangamire hwaMwari akaisa mavambo positivism, rakapinza kupinda zvose zvinobatanidzwa tsika. Ioann Duns Skot wakaitwa kuti dzidziso inofanira kutsanangura dzichipesana nyaya ezvinamato; Akaongorora Nzira itsva kudzidza Bhaibheri, kwakavakirwa ndiro rine chokwadi naMwari. Muenzaniso pfungwa yakakodzerwa: tsika uye zvetsika zvine chokuita uye zviito zvevanhu vari kuonekwa sevanhu vakakodzera kana kukodzerwa Mwari mubayiro. pfungwa Scott akashanda ari kururamiswa kuti dzidziso itsva yokufanorongerwa.

Muzivi runowanzotaurwa nezvarwo nenhungamiro voluntarism - muitiro mutsva kukosha kwaMwari uye rusununguko yevanhu mibvunzo zvose yokungotaura.

Dzidziso tsvinda Conception

Kana dzidziso, rinonyatsooneka budiriro yose Duns vaiona achizvidzivirira pamusoro tsvinda Conception wemhandara Mariya. KuMiddle Ages zvakanzi vakazvipira nezvenyaya iyi vakawanda zvouMwari kukakavadzana. By nhoroondo zvose, Mary aigona kuva mhandara panguva kuberekwa kwaKristu, asi magwaro yemubhaibheri, vatsvakurudzi havana kunzwisisa sei kugadzirisa dambudziko inotevera: chete pashure pokufa Muponesi naye vakasimuka kure rusarura chivi chokutanga.

Vazivi Great uye vafundisi kunyika dzokuMadokero vakakamurwa muzvikwata akawanda, uyewo hatifaniri kukakavadzana nyaya iyi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kunyange Foma Akvinsky akaramba kururama kwemashoko dzidziso, kunyange zvazvo vamwe Thomists havasi rakatogadzirira kutaura ichi. Duns Scotus, uyewo, akapa zvinotevera nharo: Mary yaida rokudzikinura, sezvinoita vanhu vose, asi kuburikidza kunaka kuroverwa kwaKristu, akanyorwa kuMudzidzisi zviitiko asati zvaitika, iye akanyangarika pamwe rusarura chivi chokutanga.

nharo iri dzakapiwa papa kuzivisa dzidziso yacho tsvinda Conception. Pope John XXIII rakarumbidza kuverenga dzidziso Duns Scotus advance vadzidzi.