Dzidzisai - chii ichi? Ndezvipi zvavanofunga

Dzidzisai - mufananidzo chokufambisa rinoshandiswa neZvapupu vagari Kishi kakawanda kana vachifanira kufamba kunze munharaunda yavo. Panguva iyoyowo, vanhu vashoma vanoziva kuti kusati kwatombova munjanji neshoko "chitima" anonzi kumwe zvifambiso. Ngationei kuti chii, uye zvishoma kuzivana munhoroondo zvitima, maonero avo.

Dzidzisai - nayo ...

Nhasi, shoko iri raireva chitima motokari dzakawanda dzakabatana locomotive, zvichiguma yose chitima kufamba. Kazhinji, chitima ndiye "musoro" (kutanga) uye "muswe" (mugumo), mativi uko wanamatira pedyo locomotive. Zvichienderana Ndeupi locomotives zvino yakavhomorwa ngoro, nzvimbo "musoro" uye "muswe" pechiteshi zvinogona kuchinjwa.

Zviya, haasi munhu wose anoziva, asi kunyange locomotive pasina motokari akapindwa muropa kuti asiwo zvinoreva pfungwa "chitima".

Munyaya Kishi, chitima nhamba, kudzivisa kuvhiringidzika. Motokari zvakare kuwana nhamba, uye vanoramba kuchinja kunyange kana yekupindurwa "musoro" yacho chitima.

Chii anonzi "chitima" kare

MuRussia, shoko "chitima" akazviratidza kwokutanga zvikuru kupfuura vanhu vose kwasvika pamwe njanji. Mumazuva ekare aiva zita mudungwe wemabhazi, zvinosanganisira tambo akatevedzana ngoro (mu chando - sleigh). nezvitima izvi akashandiswa kutakura mbuva uye nezvombo zvehondo, uyewo nevatengesi, kuitira kuti anunure nhumbi dzavo kubva nenzvimbo.

With veMubatanidzwa munjanji dzose vanhu Russian Empire, shoko rakatanga kushandiswa sezvo zita zvose locomotive uye iye ari pamwe motokari. Nenzira, motokari pachavo pakutanga akaramba achishevedza zvikwata.

Sezvineiwo, nenzira yakafanana mupfungwa, shoko rokuti "chitima" nhasi chete kushandiswa panguva muchato mitambo. Saka isu danai mudungwe chikomba, vachitevera kutora naye kuhofisi chechi kana yokunyoresa imba mwenga wacho.

Nezvekwakabva shoko rokuti

Rokuti "chitima" - chizvarwa shoko Russian yakatangwa kubva rokuti "vatasvi", uye asati - kubva "vatasvi" pashoko (kutamira tichibatsirwa motokari).

The chaizvo chete rechiito hwaivapo mumutauro Proto-necheSalvic. Nemhaka iyi richiripo muna yechiUkraine ano ( "їzditi"), Belarusian ( "ezdzіts"), Bulgarian ( "yazdya"), Czech (jezdit), Polish (jeździć) nemimwe mitauro necheSalvic.

The njanji wokutanga Russian Empire

MuEurope, wokutanga mutakurwi chitima muna September 1830 Kubatsira vokuEurope yakatanga raparurwa runako yakazoona sei yakakodzera uye rinoshanda, uye chinonyanya kukosha, cheap itsva chimiro chokufambisa, uye nokukurumidza nzvimbo rakange rofukidzwa zvemberi kunyika munjanji mambure.

Makore mashomanana pashure pokunge vokutanga chitima yave atanga, zviri kuda, uye vagari wokuRussia hwacho, uye akatanga basa iri pakusikwa warwo locomotive.

Nechekare muna 1836 kwaiva kuedza kutanga kuisa chitima pamusoro njanji, zvisinei, ipapo panzvimbo hwemvura locomotive kudhonza ngoro imwe chitima mabhiza mahanisi. Pashure miedzo kubudirira 1837 rakavambwa nechitima St. Petersburg - Tsarskoye tiiviste, iyo dzinovangira pamusoro inovakirwa njanji kwaari. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti injini kuti kufamba nezvitima kushandiswa chete pakupera kwevhiki, uye napamusoro mevhiki pachinzvimbo chikamu ngoro sezvechinyakare kudhonzwa yaidhonzwa njanji.

Zvinokosha kutaura kuti wokutanga anobudirira kuratidzwa pechiteshi wayo nezvaanogona vakabatsira kuti kukura kwezvivako izvi muumambo hwose, uye pakutanga kwezana remakore idzva Russia aiva yose richikurukura njanji.

Api nezvitima muna Kishi

Kupatsanura pakati nezvitima akaita pamusoro zvakasiyana chikonzero. Kuti tinzwisise zvinodzidziswa chitima ndezvevanhu icho mhando, unofanira pachena kuziva kwake kumhanya, urefu, uremu, chikuva, nzira uye mhando zvinhu.

• Maererano kumhanya ari chitima ndivo: akawanda (vanopfuura 50 km / h) nokukurumidza (140 km / h), kumhanya (200-250 km / h) uye kumhanyisa (hapana chaiyo nokukurumidza, asi chinoita nokukurumidza uye nokutsanya nokukurumidza, haarambi vanhu) .
• By kureba - kazhinji pasina mazita dlinnosostavnye, vakawedzera urefu uye vakabatana nezvitima wandei.
• By uremu - superheavy ikawanda vakawanda (matani 6000).
• In chikuva - Suburban, distal (150 km), yakananga (achiteverwa mumigwagwa anopfuura maviri), emo (mukati chete mugwagwa chinotevererwa asingasviki 700 km), looping, nenzvimbo (achienda kubva chimwe chiteshi mumwe), zvikwata ( kununura motokari dzemapurisa yakasiyana).
• By mhando nhumbi zvitima vari mutakurwi, nhumbi (trademarks), nhumbi, gruzobagazhnymi, mabha- uye mukwende uye zvechiuto.
• By kakawanda: zhizha, imwe-nguva, gore rose.

"Train" mashoko okuti "yemapurisa": chii kubatana pakati pavo?

Tichitarisa dingindira zvitima, haagoni kufunga chinhu chakadai se "chiteshi". Kunyange kune bhazi pazviteshi, rwizi, gungwa, mhepo (dzendege), kazhinji mupfungwa vagari pfungwa iyi zviri rakada chokuita njanji. Chokwadi kuti vaifamba nechitima nhasi inoramba yakachipa pashiri uye vakawanda nyore kuti vanhu anenge ose nyika apo pane njanji.

Station chinhu chisinganzwisisiki mumwe kana kupfuura zvivako, yakavakwa kuti basa vafambi uye mukwende kufambira. Ivo vanoiswa dzinonetsa pfungwa dzinotevera chokufambisa mu (panyaya kuchiteshi - mumaguta akawanda makuru).

Netsika, nhepfenyuro haagoni kungogara pasi kana kuwana chero chokufambisa, asi kuti awane chitima purogiramu, kutenga tikiti panguva bhokisi kuhofisi, siya mikwende wenyu yaichengeterwa, enda chimbuzi kana kudya munharaunda Datenroku. Uyewo, nhepfenyuro dzakawanda vari vakapakata lounges, nhandaro makamuri (kana hotera), apo mumwe mufambi anogona kumirira chitima yako kana kuzorora uye freshen kumusoro.