Utano, Mushonga
Egyptian mushonga wekare China uye India. History wemishonga
Zvirwere kuvapo zvikuru uye vanhu, izvo zvinoreva kuti nguva dzose vanhu vanoda rubatsiro kune ruzivo nyanzvi. mushonga Ancient yakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma uye kwapfuura refu nzira, izere zvikanganiso guru uye inotya kutongwa, dzimwe nguva kwakavakirwa chete chitendero. Shomanana kurema vekare vanhu vaigona kutiza kuziva kwedu ngurwa nokusaziva uye kuti mupe vanhu guru matongo mune zvokurapa, inorondedzerwa akadhindwa, maenisaikoropidhiya, papyri.
mushonga reIjipiti Ancient
mushonga reIjipiti Ancient wava paucheche wokuziva kuti vanachiremba veRoma yekare, Africa uye kuMiddle East, asi yakatangira vari muMesopotamia, riri kare mugore 4000 BC, akanga dzavo Varapi. mushonga Ancient muIjipiti, anosanganisa zvitendero zvaanorumbidza dzemuviri. Chiremba wokutanga uye muvambi Imgotepa vanotenda, kunyange Egyptologists uchangobva akaratidza chokwadi chokuvapo kwayo (2630-2611 BCE ...) Kwemazana emakore akawanda zvaionekwa mwari wenhema. Murume aiva shasha nguva yake, Leonardo da Vinci kuMiddle Ages. Basic zivo yevanhu maumbirwo wavaEgipita kuburikidza Kuomesa vakafa - kunyange ipapo vakaziva kuti mwoyo uye uropi zvinokosha zvomukati.
zvirwere zvose mukurapa yekare muIjipita vakanga vakakamurwa kuva mapoka maviri: zvepanyama uye zvemadhimoni (remweya). chikamu chokutanga zvinosanganisira zvirwere chokuita kukuvara ake, murombo muviri uye unhu mvura murombo, intestinal tupukanana, kana mamiriro rwakashata ekunze. Kunyatsomuteerera rwakabhadharwa kuna muviri utsanana nemurairo, mumwe munhu aifanira kupfuura ose mitatu nzira washing zvomudumbu ino (enemas, emetics uye laxatives).
Supernatural zvinokonzera vaionekwa vakagarwa nomweya yakaipa, madhimoni, uye kupindira wavanamwari: nzira mweya yakaipa pakati dzakaderera strata vokuparidzira iri kudiwa zvikuru uye ikoko nokuda vapristi. Akashandisawo dzakasiyana-siyana Quick vane nemiriwo inovava - zvakanzi vaidavira kuti inobvisa midzimu. Total nachiremba yekare zvokurapa zvombo oda 700, uye vanoda kuva vose zvavo vaiva rwokuzvarwa mavambo:
- miriwo: hanyanisi, misi, mazambiringa, mutamba, Poppy, lotus;
- chicherwa sarufa, ivhu, kutungamirira, nitrate uye namavara akanaka;
- mativi mhuka: miswe yawo, nzeve, mapfupa grated nemarunda, mumasero, dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa nezvipembenene.
Atova kuzivikanwa semushonga pamusoro gavakava uye mafuta Castor, mafuta Mufurakisi mbeu uye Aloe.
Vanonyanya kupa kuti vekare vekuIjipiti zvokurapa pemipumburu vaiona tsvakurudzo, zvakanyorwa pamusoro mapiramidhi uye sarcophagi, mummies vanhu nemhuka. Tisati nguva yedu vokutanga ezvinhu akachengetedzwa vanoverengeka pemipumburu wemishonga:
- Papyrus Brugsch - ndiye mukuru remanyoro Pediatrics. Zvinosanganisira kudzidzisa, achiudza utano vana, vakadzi, uye nzira yokurapa zvirwere.
- Papyrus Ebers - rinotaura pamusoro zvirwere zvakasiyana nhengo, asi rine mienzaniso yakawanda minyengetero kwokurangana (vanopfuura 900 Quick kubva zvomudumbu zvirwere, kufema uye kweropa gadziriro, zvirwere ziso uye nzeve). basa iri kwesayenzi refu zvakurukurwa yokurapa Encyclopedia varapi vekare.
- Kahunsky enhokwe - rinosanganisira bhuku iri Gynecology uye mushonga wemhuka, muchiitiko ichi, kusafanana nedzimwe mipumburu, chaizvoizvo isina nechimiro chokureva dzechitendero.
- Papyrus Smith - vanyori Its tenda Imgotepa. Rinotsanangura 48 zvekuchipatara zviitiko mupfungwa. Information yakasiyana - kubva zviratidzo uye nzira kutsvakurudza kurapwa audzwa.
In mushonga yekare muIjipiti vaishandisa scalpels vokutanga uye tweezers, girazi uye uterine catheters. Izvi zvinoratidza refu azvipire uye professionalism vanachiremba-vanachiremba vanovhiya, kunyange zvazvo vari vaduku vari unyanzvi Indian varapi.
Huru mushonga Indian
Indian mushonga wekare vaivimba maviri anonyatsozivikanwa tsime: bumbiro nemitemo Manu uye sayenzi Ayurveda, iyo yakatanga kubva vedas - mukuru matsvene magwaro ari Sanskrit. The yakarurama uye kwakakwana kupfuura retelling pamusoro bepa rakanyorwa chinhu Indian chiremba Sushruta. Mariri vanotsanangurwa zvinokonzera zvirwere (doshas matatu kusaenzana uye modes kuti vanoumba muviri womunhu), kurumbidza kuti kurapwa zvirwere anopfuura 150 akasiyana-siyana, mukuwedzera, vanenge 780 akatsanangura yemakwati uye zvinomera, rinopa mashoko kushanda kwavo.
Indian chinyakare mushonga vaiita zvose zvinoreva dzimwe zvinokonzerwa dzavo muviri:
- kurutsa uye laxatives;
- nekurukurirano uye kunonyaradza;
- sweatshops;
- kukurudzira kugaya;
- zvinodhaka (kushandiswa rufimbi iri kuvhiyiwa).
Anatomical ruzivo varapi vakanga insufficiently yakatanga, asi vanachiremba vakaparadzana nevanhu muviri 500 tsandanyama 24 tsinga mapfupa 300 uye 40 kutungamirira midziyo, akavapindurawo, rakakamurwa matavi 700, 107 rwakashodoka yeimwe uye anopfuura 900 nemarunda. A yakawanda nzeve yakanga akabhadharawo kune epfungwa wevarwere - Ayurveda inokurukura kuti ruzhinji zvirwere zvose zvinobva atadze kushanda zvakanaka pakati tsinga. Saka zvakawanda ruzivo - vaviri yekare mushonga of India - akaita varapi munyika iyi yakakurumbira zvikuru kunze.
Development wemishonga mu China yekare
mushonga Ancient Eastern dzakatangira remakore rechina BC, mumwe rokutanga akadhindwa ari zvirwere vaiona "Huang Di Nei Jing", uye Huang - ndiro zita muvambi Chinese negwara mushonga. The Chinese, kufanana maIndia, vakatenda kuti murume rinoumbwa nezvinhu shanu, kuti kusaenzana izvo kunotungamirira zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana, ndizvo hwakadzama zvikuru uye kwave akaudza mu "Nei Jing", izvo rechi8 remakore Van Bin kutevedzerwa.
лунь», повествующего о методах лечения лихорадок различного типа, а Хуа То – хирург, начавший использовать швы в полостных операциях и анестезию опием, аконитом и коноплей. Chzhan Chzhun Jing - chiremba Chinese, munyori bhuku "Shang Han Lun tsza remarara", nyaya nzira dambudziko-siyana fivha, uye Hua Tuo - chiremba, akatanga kushandisa sutures mu abdominal akavhiyiwa uye yokutindivadza chinodhaka, aconite uye Cannabis.
Nokuti kurapa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana vanachiremba atoshandisa camphor, gariki, Ginger uye lemongrass, chicherwa dombo kunyanya aigamuchira sarufa mekuri, magnesium uye namavara akanaka. Asi panzvimbo yokutanga yakanga Chokwadi, Ginseng - pamudzi ichi kunamatwa uye dzikabereka pamusoro wayo hwaro dzinoverengeka zvinodhaka zvakasiyana.
Special kudada Chinese vanachiremba akanga kupomba chirwere: Kupararira yakawedzera kwemwoyo zvichiratidza chaizvo tsinga, uye nekusiyana, akapupura simba uye inoratidza pamusoro nokushayiwa yake yebasa. vanachiremba Chinese kusiyanisa marudzi anopfuura 20 kufamba kweropa. Vakasvika pakugumisa kuti ose nhengo dzose kwacho mumuviri zvinoratidzwa kurova kwemwoyo, uye kuchinja wokupedzisira shoma dzinokosha, haugoni chete havatsananguri chirwere kwevanhu, asi kufanotaura zvaizoitika kwayo. Wang Shu-Iye akanyora "bhuku iri kupomba 'zvakawanda inorondedzerwa zvose.
Sezvo China - iri nzvimbo yechizvarirwo kuti jekiseni uye moxibustion pfungwa. Historical magwaro nezvazvo varapi Bian-kwakabva uye Fu Wen, munyori ane bhuku iri nzira idzi. Mumabasa avo tsanangura mazana pakugadzira vanoshingaira pfungwa pamusoro womunhu, bata ndiani anogona kurapa zvachose chero chirwere.
The chete kubatana simba yekare Chinese mushonga - iri kuvhiyiwa. In hweKudenga Empire kushanda kushandiswa nzira Mabatirwo kutsemuka (ronda nzvimbo nyore wakaiswa pakati maviri yematanda slats) asina tsika cupping uye kudimurwa.
baba mushonga
Vaya vaiona kuva Hippocrates (muchiGiriki. Ippokratis), vekare wechiGiriki chiremba rechi17 zera, vaigara 460 BC uye chakaratidza kutanga kukura mushonga muRoma yekare. Zvokurapa Chipikirwa akakurumbira asati kuzvitutumadza hofisi - "Hippocratic Oath" - iri brainchild ake. Baba chiremba mukuru Heraclides aivawo chinoshamisa musayendisiti uye Fenareta mai aiva nyamukuta. Vabereki vangu vakaita zvose zvavaigona kuti makore makumi maviri mwanakomana wavo aiva kubwinya chiremba zvakanaka, uye akagamuchira kudzidziswa kupinda vapristi, pasina iro muitiro yakanaka zvokurapa aigona kuva mubvunzo.
Hippocrates kundotsvaka siyana vakabudirira kurapwa kunge akafamba nyika vokuMabvazuva zhinji, uye pashure achidzokera kumba, akavamba chikoro yokutanga zvokurapa, kuisa nechemberi nesayenzi, kwete chitendero.
The rokusika nhaka shasha iyi zvokuti zvachose muparidzi mabasa ake Charterius akapedza-mana kudhinda ake (!) Makore. Vanodarika zana mabasa ake aunganidzwa mu chete "Hippocratic Collection" uye ake "Aphorisms" achiri kudiwa kukuru.
Vanachiremba inozivikanwa kwazvo nyika yekare
A yakawanda n'anga mushonga mukuru wekare uyu sayenzi chinhu yavo, kupa madzitateguru avo mazano kufungisisa, zvatinoona uye tsvakurudzo.
1. Dioscorides, Greek chiremba 50 remakore AD. e., munyori wacho bhuku "Materia Medica" ndiyo anotungamirira bhuku iri pharmacology kusvikira remakore rechi16.
2. Klavdiy Galen - Roman dzinongoitika musayendisiti, munyori dzakawanda mabasa ari makwenzi, nzira yavo kushandisa uye kugadzirwa gadziriro izvi. All mvura uye doro neiya inoiswa muzvinwiwa zvinodhaka, decoctions uye atakatora miti yakasiyana-siyana vachiri nezita "mishonga". Ndiye akatanga kuita bvunzo mhuka.
3. Aroni al-Rashid - mutongi Arab, wokutanga kuvaka chipatara paruzhinji muna Baghdad.
4. Paracelsus (1493-1541) - chiremba Swiss, anonzi muvambi ano namakemikari mushonga. Kutsoropodza Galen vose vekare somushonga rose, tichifunga izvozvo isashande.
5. Li Shizhen - nyanzvi mune zvokurapa Yekare East, mashoko Chinese chiremba kwezana remakore rechi16, munyori "kunyatsogona Pharmacology." Basa rine mavhoriyamu 52, anenge 2000 rinotsanangura medicaments, kunyanya pamusoro chirimwa mavambo. Munyori anoshora zvakasimba kushandisa mapiritsi nemekiyuri anotsanangura.
6. Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Rāzī (865-925) - musayendisiti muPezhiya, zvakasikwa, iye anonzi piyona mumunda wepfungwa uye zvepfungwa. Vakanyora chiremba kunoshamisa ichi chinofanira yakakurumbira "Al-Hawi" - misoro bhuku iri mushonga, izvo anovhura nyika zvinokosha ophthalmology, Gynecology uye Obstetrics. Rāzī yakaratidza kuti tembiricha - maitiro kuti chirwere.
7. Avicenna (Ibn Sina) - iri shasha nguva yake. Pakutanga kubva Uzbekistan, munyori mukuru "Canon of Medicine" - enisaikoropidhiya, iro mashomanana emakore, vamwe vanachiremba vakadzidziswa zvokurapa unyanzvi. Aidavira kuti chero chirwere chinogona kurapwa kwete kudya zvinovaka muviri uye zvine mwero mararamiro.
8. Asclepiades weBhitiniya - chiremba Greek aigara 1st remakore BC. Muvambi panyama kurapa (physiotherapy, masaja) uye Dietetics, akadana vakararama uye vatsivi kuramba pakati nepakati hutano muviri uye mweya. Akatora wokutanga matanho ari samolecular mushonga, nokuti nguva yava chinhu zvakazonaka.
9. Sun Simiao - Chinese chiremba Tian youmambo, akanyora 30 mavhoriyumu basa. "Mambo zvinodhaka" - zita shasha anenge aita rakakura chitange zvokurapa zvenyika. Akataura kuti kukosha zvinovaka muviri uye rworudyi kunovhengana mishonga. Nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa gunpowder - zviri kuna ake chikwereti.
Sezvaiitwa kare pane zvakaipa
Medicine zvenyika yekare, pasinei ose shasha vanachiremba nomukurumbira zvave anotyisa zvakanaka. Zvisinei, kutonga woga. Hezvino zvishomanana zvinonakidza zvinhu nezvenzira kurapwa:
1. Method tyisa uye kusemeswa chirwere vachishingaira kwaiitwa muBhabhironi rekare, kuti hosha akasiya murume, akadyiswa uye akanwisa isingawanzowanikwi marara, mate, uye akapa hand cuffs. Izvi "kurapwa" kunotungamirira chirwere itsva (ndiro hazvishamisi).
2. muIjipiti apo Mambo Hammurabi mushonga raiva bhizimisi zvikuru ngozi, sezvo imwe mitemo yamambo Inorapa akavimbisa rufu kana murwere kwake akafa patafura uchishandisa. Naizvozvo zvitsinga vashandiswe uye minyengetero kuti akatsanangurwa musi 40 Mahwendefa evhu.
3. Vapristi veIjipiti akasiya murwere kurara mutemberi, mwari aifanira kuzviratidza muchiroto kwaari uye kunozivisa nzira kurapwa, uyewo chivi iro airangwa chirwere.
4. No zvishoma chaizvo uye kuvhiya Ancient Greece. Pano isu kufanorongwa hurukuro yose kushandiswa, umo chiremba vanoratidzwa mwari yakazonyorwa mishonga Asclepius. Dzimwe ari nezvaaiita, varwere vakafa - vakawanda kubva refu bombastic tirades pane kubva kushaya kugona kugomo chiremba.
5. Nokuzivikanwa kupararira "pfari" chirwere akaitira dope, bleached uye unovava.
6. In Ijipiti neMesopotamiya kazhinji akachera mumakomba dehenya (dzimwe nguva kunyange zvakawanda) kuti tipedze murwere kuti migraine kunokonzerwa nomweya wakaipa.
7. Tibhii ikarapwa zvinodhaka, yakagadzirwa chiedza gava uye nyoka nyama, akanyatisa mu chinodhaka.
8. mushonga vaiona theriac (chinwiwa 70 zvinoriumba) uye ibwe dzouzivi.
Middle Ages: kuderera zvokurapa
Rinonyatsooneka pfuma wemishonga muMiddle Ages raiva kutanga ebasa rezinesi achaporesa; mutemo wekutanga ndokutora mambo kweSisiri, Roger II, uye gare gare vakanonga England, akaumba muzana remakore rechi15 neboka revanhu vaipfura vanovhiya uye vageri (uyo kazhinji akaita Kubudisa ropa varwere) uye France pamwe College of St. Como. Takatanga kubuda pachena uye chimiro dzidziso zvirwere uye zvoutano tsika. GI De Sholyak, ichiitirwa chiremba ari rechi14, ave achishingaira akatsigira kudzivirira "nevanyengeri" kurapa vanhu, iye zvinganaka nzira itsva mukubata mitswe (traction nokurema, kushandiswa chipfuramabwe mabhandeji, suturing kumicheto maronda yakazaruka).
KuMiddle Ages vaiziva kugara nzara, murombo zvirimwa, kumanikidza vanhu kuti vadye raparadzwa kwezvokudya "kunamatwa kwakachena muviri" aiva doghouse. Izvi zviviri vakabatsira kuti pave zvirwere: nefivha, denda uye chibhokisi, tiibhii uye maperembudzi. Hwakasimba kudavira kuporesa ehupfumi ari "hallows" uye cantrip (sezvamakaropafadzwa Vanorapa ruzivo akararama akaramba zvachose) Penina mukuru pokumuka zvirwere kuti akaedza kubata dzechitendero mudungwe uye mharidzo. Mwero wokufa kwevanhu ndiko kanoverengeka kupfuura pakuberekwa mwero uye upenyu anotarisirwa kashoma kupfuura matatu.
Kunamata pamusoro mushonga
In China neIndia, kunyanya kutotenda vanamwari hakurevi kuvhiringidza kukura yezvokurapa zvakanangana: mberi kunobva zvaanorumbidza zvakasikwa munhu, matambudziko miti pamusoro ezvinhu ake, vakanga dzakakurumbira nzira vanoshingaira analytic ruzivo. MuEurope, nekusiyana, mashura, kutya kwaMwari kucheka chipande kuedza zvose masayendisiti uye vanachiremba kuti aponese vanhu kubva pakusaziva.
kutambudzwa Religious, kutuka, uye rutsigiro pamusoro pedzidziso aiva yakakura chikero: musayendisiti uyo akaedza kutaura nyasha chikonzero uye kurwisa kuda yokuporeswa, akatambudzwa uye zvakasiyana-siyana vaiurayiwa (yaiva yainyanya kupararira Motokari) - kutyisidzira vanhuwo. Kudzidza yakaitwa kwevanhu kwainzi chivi zvinouraya iro chirango chakanga vaifungidzira.
Uyewo, mumwe drawback guru raiva nzira yepamusoro kurapa uye kudzidzisa muzvikoro zvisingawanzoitiki zvokurapa: abstracts All zvinofanira mirawo kugamuchirwa pakutenda, dzimwe nguva vasina pane yakasimba ivhu uye kuramba Kuramba vawana ruzivo uye nekusagona kushandisa pfungwa rinoshanda sei "kwete" kune vazhinji nebudiriro shasha modernity.
Apo vanachiremba vakadzidziswa kare?
Yokutanga zvikoro vezvokurapa vari China dzakabuda chete 6th remakore AD, achiporesa iwe ichi asati zvigopiwa chete kubva mudzidzisi kuti mboni nomuromo. chikoro ehurumende-pamwero kutanga yakavhurwa 1027, kutungamirira mudzidzisi wayo aiva Wang Wei uye.
MuIndia, maverengerwe zvokuudzwa nomuromo kubva mudzidzisi kuti mudzidzi akaramba kusvikira muzana remakore rechi18, kusarudzwa nzira vainyanya kuomesa chaizvo: chiremba aifanira vamuratidze muenzaniso mararamiro utano uye yakakwirira yakati sandara yenjere, ziva zvakakwana biology uye kemisitiri, Zvakanakisa atungamirirwe makwenzi uye gadziriro nzira potions anofanira emulated. Utsanana uye tidiness munzvimbo yokutanga.
MuIjipiti, bata vapristi vakarovedzwa mutemberi, apo aiwanzoshandisa koporo chirango vasina hanya vadzidzi. In kufanana mushonga aienda achidzidza calligraphy uye zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe, mumwe mudzidzi chiremba aiva imwe vanhu vakaderera uye nekereke, iyo vakagamuchira muripo weUS mune ramangwana mishonga murwere.
Misa mushonga Kurovedza pamwero rakatanga muna Greece yekare uye rakakamurwa pamatavi maviri:
1. Croton zvokurapa chikoro. pfungwa Its chikuru chaiva zvinotevera chinyorwa: Health - ichi pakuenzanisa zvakapesana, uye chirwere kubatwa chezvematongerwe zvakasiyana (zvinovava - zvinozipa, kutonhora - kudziya). Mumwe vadzidzi pachikoro ichi raiva Akmeon, vakaona nyika nzeve Canal uye optic tsinga.
2. Chikoro kuKinidho. ruzivo Its huru dzakanga dzakafanana dzidziso Ayurveda: muviri rinoumbwa zvakawanda okunze, imwe kusaenzana inotungamirira zvirwere. The chikoro akaramba kuvandudza uchishandisa nguva vanachiremba muEgipita, saka vakaumba dzidziso zviratidzo uye nechirwere. Evrifon, mumwe mboni chikoro ichi, akararama panguva imwe chete Hippocrates.
chiremba Oath
Kokutanga mhiko rakanyorwa pamusoro bepa iri 3rd remakore BC kubudikidza Hippocrates, uye asati kwenguva refu zvitange nomuromo kubva kumarudzi namarudzi nguva. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti yaro yokutanga akati Asclepius.
Modern Hippocratic Oath runhambo kubva pakutanga: mashoko ake kakawanda zvakachinja zvichienderana nenguva uye nyika, nguva Pakupedzisira akavhiringika zvikuru muna 1848, apo Geneva zvakaziviswa itsva shanduro kutaura. Chinenge hafu chinyorwa rangoitika:
- vimbiso kumbobvira kuita pamuviri uye castration kurapa;
- pasi hapana ezvinhu regai euthanasia;
- Vimbiso kumbobvira kuti arare murwere;
- Under hapana ezvinhu vanofanira inodonha kwavo chiremera, nokurega zviito pamutemo;
- chikamu yavanotambira kuti upenyu kupa mudzidzisi kana chikoro, vakadzidziswa chiremba nyaya.
Zvinhu izvi zvinoratidza kuti mushonga yemazuva ano akaderedza tsika uye zvetsika zvine pakapuranga nokuti chiremba somunhu zvikuru pakunamata, kusiya chete dzinokosha mashandiro - kubatsira vanoshayiwa.
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