First ndege chitima muna USSR: nhoroondo, unhu, mapikicha

Mukutanga '70s pamberi All-Union Scientific Research Institute of railcar (VNIIV) uye Yakovlev Design Bureau basa rakasikwa munhu wechipfuwo yemagetsi zvitima akanunurwa, vaikwanisa aimhanya 200 km / h. Zvisinei, asati achipfuura pamwe Implementation akadaro chinzvimbo chirongwa panguva, vanofanira kunyatsoo- kudzidza zvose zvaidiwa nesungano rengoro engoro uye njanji panguva nokushanda ndokuguma kumusoro aimhanya dzakadaro.

The experimental motokari-chitundumuseremusere

Nokuti chinangwa kuedza uye ndege chitima zvakanzi akasikwa, kuti kunyatsoenderana, motokari-rabhoritari akakomberedzwa nemhepo pamusoro payo injini ndege. zvakagadzirwa akadaro hazvirevi chete kubvumira kuti vabudirire inodiwa nokukurumidza, asi kwakaderedza mukana nokumonyaniswa hwakatangwa ari nemotokari anomonereka, apo kutenderera anomhanyira kubva njanji.

Pfungwa rakasikwa chitima pamwe jeti injini kwaisava yepakutanga, sezvo 60s zvakafanana kuedza chaiitirwa muUnited States uye akanga chaizvo akafukidza pachaunga nyika. Zvakaitika American navo rakashandiswa vagadziri eSoviet vanotevera ose basa gungano iri zvitoro zviri kuKalinin (zvino Tver) chekufambisa Works. Ndiwo apo wokutanga ndege chitima USSR yakatangwa.

chitima jeti

Zvinozivikanwa kuti pakasikwa pakutanga vakaronga kuvaka locomotive chaiyo inosangana zvose zvinodiwa zvinodiwa kuitwa motokari-murabhoritari. Asi nzira basa rakatanga, kwakasarudzwa kuenda ive nyore nzira kwaizvozvi, shandisa nguva dzose yemagetsi motokari musoro ER 22 kugadzirwa nevanhu Riga chekufambisa Works. Zvechokwadi, kuitira kuti Republic chitima wacho ndege chitima, aida kuti pamasikiro zvimwe kuchinja, asi chero zvakadaro zvakanga isingadhuri zvikuru uye dzichimhanya kupfuura kutanga muenzaniso itsva.

Kutora zvakaitika American vanachiremba, vagadziri VNIIV uye Yakovlev Design Bureau Anonzi zvakakodzera kusimbisa pamusoro mberi, vaviri jeti injini. Muchiitiko chino, sezvo iri nyaya imwe locomotive pamberi pavo ari parumananzombe kana ─ afunge chinhu chitsva kana kushandisa akagadzirira akagadzirwa injini inoshandiswa avhiyesheni ano? Pashure pekukurukura mirefu akanga dzakada yechipiri musimboti.

New upenyu decommissioned injini

Zvose ivhu riwanikwe creators ari chitima iri ndege-vachiwana, vakasarudzwa kubva maviri decommissioned injini ndege Yak-40 (mufananidzo wake anoratidzwa munyaya), zvakagadzirirwa kushumira vemo vendege. Zvaakanga neta dzavo kutiza zvekuvaka, vose injini vari chakanakisisa ezvinhu uye yaigona vachiri kushumira pasi. Kushandiswa yavo yakanga yakaderera uye anonzwisisa mhinduro.

Kana rakabudirira kuedza kuisa wavo jeti chitima, zvaigona kugadziriswa mumwe kupfuura zvikuru nokuda National dambudziko upfumi chokuita kuramba kushandiswa kunyorwa-kubvisa ndege injini hazvisi yakanakira ndege, asi zviri zvikuru akakodzera pasi oparesheni. Sezviri mumakore iwayo L. I. Brezhnev: "Upfumi kunge mari."

Simple uye anonzwisisa mhinduro

Mukuita, chitima creators ndege aifanira kugadzirisa dambudziko chinokosha ─ sei kupa musoro motokari chitima aerodynamic ehupfumi hunodiwa akatakura nacho mukuru-nokukurumidza kunovhenekwa. Dambudziko raiva wawo, kwete zvakagadzirirwa kuti kukunda simba motokari wokufema. Zvisinei, muchiitiko ichi, zviri nyore uye vakarongeka mhinduro yakawanikwa.

Pasina kuchinja mureza motokari design, ivo creators chirongwa vakashandisa chaiwo Mapedhi, kufukidza musoro, nomuswe uye undercarriage chikamu. saizi dzavo uye chimiro vave dzaona muna MSU kwakavakirwa Murabhoritari Data vakawana somugumisiro kuedza, umo dzakagadzirirwa anotinhwa pamusoro motokari wokuenzanisira mune mhepo mugero.

Rwakavakwa mhuno, uye nokupisa nemishonga denga

Mushure mainjiniya kwaedzwa Saka 15 experimental yokutevedzera, vakakwanisa kuwana Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri chimiro umo ndege musoro motokari yacho chitima akatonyanya streamlined. Somugumisiro, wakananga mhino yake chinhu kupfuura mundiro akatasva ari nechemberi uye pakusika zvinhu pasi iyo machinists akatarira mberi kuburikidza kaviri magirazi ─ ari fairing uye mberi.

Chimwe chinokosha basa vaiva matanho kudzivirira overheating reimba semubairo yokuwana inopisa magasi kuyerera izvozvo, achapukunyuka jeti injini. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, pamusoro motokari vakanga Akazadzisa kupisa nemishonga simbi machira, izvo akaisa pasi insulating rukoko.

Design mumotokari kuvandudzwa

Uyezve, Soviet ndege chitima, kana kuti, kuti experimental motokari yakanga makazara nemhando dzose midziyo, zvinoita kwete chete kuti kuyerwa zvakafanira panguva kuedza, asi vo nechokwadi vakachengeteka ayo rwokufamba panguva dzakakwirira aimhanya dzakadaro. Zvingava zvakaoma kuva kuwedzeredza kutaura kuti pasina yakakodzera kuvandudzika havasi kusiya hapana zvinoumba mumotokari, nokuti yokunyanyisa ezvinhu kuti anokosha zvinoda kuti zvose hurongwa, kusanganisira zvikurukuru kuti chassis uye mabhureki.

The yose kwezvivako of uchitsanya ─ ndege - chitima rakachinjwa nokuda zvinoverengeka unyanzvi zvikonzero. Zvakakwana kutaura kuti kana pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu injini inobudisa engoro, zvichiita kuti chamupidigori uye, kuvaka pamusoro njanji pamakwara, kwira, ipapo kushandiswa ndege vaise, mavhiri uye njanji kuridza basa kutungamirira zvinhu wakabata motokari mukati akafanorongerwa nzira.

Akamedura uye dambudziko lateral oscillation

Sezvo, maererano Masvomhu ose vagadziri, vana vavo vaiva kusvika nokukurumidza 360 km / h, sezvarinokodzera vainyatsotarisirwa akaputsa gadziriro inokwanisa kumisa achitiza chitima, kana zvichidikanwa. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, hutsva yemashoko dhisiki uye rinobva njanji mabhureki kunge yakatanga.

Kana lateral oscillations wenhumbi kuti vanotozvikuvadza simuka apo motokari pamusoro njanji, vaifungidzira kuti kudzima nokuda gasi ndege zvinobva kuna ndege injini. In tsika, Masvomhu aya zvatatadza.

The-refu akamirirwa debut

Pakupedzisira, rave kwapera ose regadziriro basa, uye muna May 1971 pamusoro Suburban njanji chikamu Golutvin ─ Ozery wokutanga chitima Soviet pamwe ndege injini vakapfuura muedzo. Panguva iyoyo, akanga ane kureba 28 M uye 59,4 mamita pachavo uremu. To ichi anofanira kuwedzerwa kurema matani 4 ─ maviri ndege michini, uye 7.2 M ─ avhiyesheni reparafini, vakashumira kwavo huni.

Mumwedzi yokutanga kushanyira zvakanzi wakaiswa kumhanya 180 km / h ─ yakakwirira zvakakwana panguva, asi zviri kure dzaona 360 km / h. Chikonzero Migumisiro murombo kwakadaro hakuna zvekushandisa nezvikanganiso, uye vazhinji curved zvikamu njanji pairi, nezvikonzero pachena, aifanira kumboderera.

Kunyange zvakadaro, pakuonekwa wokutanga mumhuri ndege chitima, yakanga munyaya venhau ave chiitiko chinokosha. Nyaya inotevera inopa kavha akakurumbira magazini "Technology of Youth", uyo akatsaurira ake nechido nyaya.

anoongororwazve

Kuti kubvisa zvinogona zvipingamupinyi, zvinotevera nemiedzo kuitwa munguva makore 1971─1975., Vachimunyengeterera pamusoro chikamu yakarurama pamusoro njanji hunde Dnieper njanji pakati nhepfenyuro uye Novomoskovsk Dneprodzerzhinsk. Zvaiva imomo February 1972 turbojet chitima kubva Soviet Union akaisa nyika rekodhi nokukurumidza pamusoro njanji 1520 neMM, zvinosvika 250 km / h. Nhasi, ava chinhu chitsva, asi mumakore iwayo, yakafanana mugumisiro aiva muenzaniso kubudirira.

Akadaro akanaka mugumisiro kunotipa tariro kuti mumakore kuuya, nyika ichatanga vakawanda kugadzirwa mukuru-nokukurumidza njanji zvitima, dzinofambiswa yejeti vaise. Mainjiniya mukusika rokutanga vakabudirira vakapfuura pakuongororwa mharidzo, vakanga vakagadzirira kutanga kukura mukuru-nokukurumidza trohvagonnogo sezvamunoita. Zvisinei, zviroto zvavo uye kwaifanira kuva chokwadi.

Nzira, kukodzera kuti mukuru-nokukurumidza nezvitima

Nei turbojet injini pamwe vaise haina vanobatanidzwa vakawanda kugadzirwa mashoma. Pakati pavo, rinokosha basa reDare inertia uye nenungo yeSoviet zvoupfumi. Asi kunze kuti, paiva chinokosha chaizvo chinangwa zvikonzero kwakatadzisa utsanzi ichi.

Huru chipingamupinyi akazviratidza njanji Soviet kuvakwa maererano hwokugadzira zvinodiwa makore akawanda apfuura. The radii pamusoro curvature vavo vakanga kwakarongwa vagadziri bedzi maererano topographical ezvinhu uye Nzvimbo vakawanda pavanenge zvakaitika zvaida nokukurumidza rutapudzo 80 km / h kana yakaderera. Kuisa kushanda mukuru-nokukurumidza nezvitima aizofanira kuvaka itsva nzira kuti zvinoda zvinokosha Investments, kana kuderedza kuti curvature pamusoro wekare, akabvuma kuti va neudhadha. Hapana nzira izvi zvakazivikanwa sezvo vaizotibata muna USSR.

Reactive matambudziko chitima mushandi

Zvinobudirira vakapfuura miedzo kuzivikanwa panguva ino ine nhamba matambudziko chokuita njanji kwezvivako. Muchiitiko ichi tiri kutaura pamusoro rakashama chiteshi platforms dziri vakapakata nyika dzose pasina chaakasiya zvechitima. Train whizzing apfuura kwavari ari kumhanya 250 km / h, anokwanisa pave mhepo wave achatsvaira kure mune nekubwaira kweziso zvose vanhu pachikuva. Saka, kuti tive nechokwadi kuti zvakakwana kuchengeteka kunodiwa kwakapararira mazuvaano, izviwo zvinoda mari yakakura.

Pakati matambudziko akanga akadaro sezviduku chinhu, sezvimedu kuti kufukidza njanji zvose muna USSR. Dzidzisai pamusoro ndege chebasa, zvekare nhepfenyuro uye njanji kuyambuka, yakaumbwa kumativi aerodynamic chokubuda mhepo vanotozvikuvadza akakurira guru mari hombe zvinhu, akatendeuka kuva nezvimedu yakaisvonaka nokutyaira kufanana shrapnel. Mumwe mhedziso ─ kuti kushandisa yeimwe zvakadaro aifanira concreted makwara zvose.

Kumisa kuedza

Ongororo dzakaratidza kuti mumakore 70 vakawanda njanji akabvumira Soviet Union kukudziridza kwavari pamusoro kumhanya 140 km / h. Chete mune dzimwe nzvimbo waigona ngazviwedzerwe 200 km / h pasina kuwedzera ngozi. Saka, mamwe kuwedzera aimhanya rinopfungaira ndiri kwave kuchizivikanwa panguva iyoyo dzisingashandi nekuti kunotozongoita zvinoda upfumi makuru.

Kusvikira nokumhanya mumotokari-rabhoritari, panguva pakuguma kuedza muna 1975 akatumirwa kuguta kuKalinin fekitari. Pachishandiswa zvabuda vakawana mukufamba basa kuitwa, takasikwa kuti akakodzera STRUCTURAL kuchinja itsva fekitari zviitiko zvakadai RT 200 locomotive uye chitima ER 200.

The inosuruvarisa kukwegura

Kuti azadzise basa rayo, uye hapana munhu akabva zvaaida, motokari-ndege kwemakore gumi akanga akasiyana fekitari sidings, rusting, uye pasi zvaibiwa kwakaenderera. Pakupedzisira, nepakati 80s enterprising vana kubva YCL Committee dzomunzvimbo vakwira pamwe pfungwa kuti kuva mufashoni mumakore iwayo, mavhidhiyo nzvimbo, kushandisa kuti chinangwa ichi muviri rakatarira kujairika akatasva aine injini.

Yaiti ─ Zvaitwa. Abandoned motokari azvuzvurudzirwa kubva sump kusvika fekitari pasi, uye patsva maererano ake basa idzva. Ose akare stuffing ndokupfura maari, uye pamusoro vasunungurwa nzvimbo isingachinji kuona midziyo uye nezvigaro kuti vaoni. In akare mberi uye pedyo berere akaronga nomuzariro. Pamusoro zvose akabvisa rokunze nengura uye dzakapendwa ake ndege mavhidhiyo mukamuri zvitema uye chena zvenzwi.

Zvinoita sokuti, pano uye vanotanga upenyu hwake hutsva, asi zvebhizimisi mashoko Koshanda akanyahwaira yezvinongoerekana dambudziko ─ vakatadza kubvumirana dzemo zvikwata zvomumigwagwa pamusoro zvinogamuchirika yakawanda pullback kubva kwemari. Akadzokera kuna motokari yake kutambura akafa magumo, apo akapedza mamwe makore 20, pakupedzisira ava rakadeurwa mavhiri.

Ndakayeuka nezvazvo chete muna 2008, apo kugadzirira kupemberera 110th gore hwomuti. Its streamlined uye yakasimbiswa kamwe kwenguva dzose mitemo aerodynamics ane mhino akachekwa, kucheneswa, kupendwa uye akashandisa kusika rusvingo chirangaridzo, ndakagadza pedyo fekitari nesuo. mufananidzo wake rinopedzisa nyaya yedu.