Wevasungwa weNazi musasa Bergen-Belsen: kare, mapikicha

Mumwe aivhurumuka nokuda kwounyanzvi Yechipiri World War, akava musasa wevasungwa wokuGermany Bergen-Belsen, uyo akanga ari chii zvino Lower Saxony, pakati mumusha Belsen uye guta duku Bergen, iyo akamupa zita rake. Pasinei chokwadi kuti musasa haana vakapakata gasi makamuri, yakava nzvimbo rufu ezviuru vasungwa.

Vasungwa kwomusasa rufu wokutanga

Nyaya kuti aiva Bergen-Belsen - mumusasa wevasungwa, akagamuchira notoriety zvikuru - vanofanira kutanga nhamba. Kubva magwaro makore iwayo zvinoratidza kuti chete nokuti nguva kubva 1943 kusvika 1945, pane vakafa nenzara uye nehosha vanhu vanopfuura zviuru makumi mashanu. In yose, vanopfuura zviuru makumi manomwe kuti yose nguva hondo nhamba yacho vanodzvinyirirwa.

The musi waro pakagadzwa ndiyo 1940. musasa Bergen-Belsen, mufananidzo zviri munyaya ino, yakavakwa yaizogara French uye zveBelgium vasungwa vehondo, izvo uwandu vanhu mazana matanhatu vakava vasungwa vake vokutanga. Zvisinei, pamwe pakutanga remapazi zvechiuto munharaunda yacho USSR, ivo wevashumiri ravarwi navatariri Soviet zviuru makumi maviri vakanga vanozviwana vari nhapwa muvengi. Mugore, zviuru gumi nezvisere vakafa nenzara uye nezvirwere.

Exchange Fund vaNazi

Muna 1943, mukuru chinzvimbo kwomusasa achinja. Yakanga pasisina vasungwa vehondo, uye nzvimbo yavo rakatorwa vasungwa, vakanga vatorwa chizvarwa, izvo zvinogona, pane dzimwe nguva, kuti vaipanana nokuti vagari German wakavharirwa mumisasa akafanana munyika Anti-Hitler mubatanidzwa. The trainload rokutanga vasungwa, kuwira pasi muchikwata ichi vakabva Buchenwald muna April 1943. Nokukurumidza uwandu vanosvika vakabatana vasungwa kubva mumusasa Natzweiler-Struthof, uye kunyange pashure nguva - aine ndima French.

The womukati sangano kwomusasa

musasa Bergen-Belsen, kubvira muna 1943, ane asi zvakaoma kunzwisisa. Raisanganisira mapoka akawanda, mumwe anosiyaniswa neboka contingent vasungwa, uyewo avo kugutsikana. Chinonyanya akanaka ezvinhu akanga ari dzinonzi kwazvakarerekera mumusasa (Neutralenlager).

Vasungwa vakaunzwa pano kubva nyika vairamba vasina kwavakarerekera. Ndivo ainyanya Vagari Portugal, Argentina, Spain uye Turkey. Hurumende kwakanga munyoro kwazvo kupfuura mamwe madhipatimendi. Vasungwa hadzina kumanikidzwa kushanda uye nekaupenyu zvinotonzi yakakodzwa.

Mune imwe kamuri, inonzi "chaiye musasa» (Sonderlager), vaiva vaJudha vaibva Warsaw, Lviv uye Krakow. Wevasungwa Bergen-Belsen akava nzvimbo yevasungwa yavo, nekuti vanhu ava vakanga zvenguva pfupi mapasipoti munyika South American dzakadai Paraguay uye Honduras, uye unonyatsokodzera exchange. Havana kumanikidzwa kushanda, asi akanga akachengetwa kunyatsoteerera nevamwe, sezvo asati asvika pamusasa, vazhinji vavo vakapupurira utsinye chakaitwa SS dzakabatana muPoland.

Zviri mumusasa vaJudha Dutch uye Hungarian

MuBergen-Belsen - wevasungwa munhu anokosha mhando - mune vaJudha 1944. vakaunzwa kubva Holland, vaiva kusvikira zvino mamwe mumisasa. The kwemauto yavakanga vakaramba, akanzi "Star» (Sternlager). zita iri rakapiwa nokuti kuti varipo vasungwa vakapiwa kodzero kupfeka musasa hauna mitsetse nguvo, uye dzake dzose, asi vasati tabbing vake-akanongedza nhanhatu Star raDhavhidhi. Njodzi vaJudha akadzingwa kubva Netherlands panguva Second World War, kwakanga kusina zvishoma Zvinosiririsa pane vazvo kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Zviuru nezviuru gumi nezvitanhatu chete akapukunyuka kusvikira pakuguma hondo.

Muna July 1944, reNazi wevasungwa Bergen-Belsen vakabatana nevaJudha anopfuura chiuru kubva kuHungary. Yokuzvigadzirisa rave dzinounzwa ari oga nzvimbo, inozivikanwa se "musasa Hungarian" (Ungarnlager). Zvichida, kana vari vakafunga kuchinjana wakarovererwa tariro huru, nekuti mamiriro avo vaiva nani zvikuru pane dzimwe mapazi. Pakutanga, musasa Bergen-Belsen akasikirwa maingova varume, asi muna 1944 kwakanga zvakasikwa uye chikamu vakadzi mairi.

Kuchinjwa British mauto musasa

Musasa Bergen-Belsen rufu akava mumwe mashoma mumisasa nokuzvidira Kutamiswa ne vokuGermany sungano mauto. Izvi zvakaitika muna April 1945. Chikonzero chaiva chokuti, apo ndima yayo yaiva pakati pemapoka maviri ehondo - reGermany uye British - mumusasa typhus denda yakatanga, zvichiguma nengozi chaiye kusvibiswa varwi wehondo vose. Uyezve, Himmler akarayira musasa mapfumo pasi, kwete vanoda sei kuti vakasunungurwa nemauto eSoviet.

By April 1945, pakasvika pedyo pamberi mutsetse, mumusasa, paiva vasungwa vanenge zviuru makumi matanhatu. Maererano Geneva Convention, akarambidza wehurumende vasungwa vari Kuhondo Zvisinei, muchiitiko ichi, kuti typhus chekorera akaita zvisingabviri kutama.

Asi kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro zvakanyanyisa, mukuvamba April, uye nemashoko ari Exchange zviuru zvinomwe zvikuru vaizotibata, vasungwa aitumirwa varayirwa Himmler vari kwazvakarerekera mumusasa. Vakanga kunyanya vaJudha vaibva kuPoland uye Hungary vaiva citizenship dzimwe nyika.

Taurirana kuchinjwa mumusasa British

Pasinei nokuti kuti kuchinjwa kuna kuBergen-Belsen chingashamwaridzana mauto vakagamuchira kubva mukuru utariri pamisasa, hurukuro nevanhu vokuBritain kunonoka. The British aisada kutora basa upenyu varwere mapfumbamwe zviuru vaiva mumusasa, vanosangana nematambudziko anokonzerwa nechirwere. Uyezve, nokuti ivo ndiye nengozi chirwere. Kuti British zvikuru ateerere, vokuGermany sechibayiro "roora" kumisasa muvarege pasina kurwa, vaviri zambuko sokuronga zvinokosha.

Terms of chibvumirano

Sezvo akabvuma, pakupedzisira, kuti chibvumirano, nharaunda yakapoteredza Bergen-Belsen, akanzi kwazvakarerekera wenyika. Pamberi kusvika British muchiuto, kuchengeteka vasungwa akaramba kuitwa vechiuto vari Wehrmacht, izvo akavimbisa mune ramangwana nyore kuwana nzvimbo zvikamu zvavo.

Maererano chibvumirano yakasvika, asati kuchinjirwa kumusasa yeBritain, vaNazi vaifanira kudzorera kuti ikoko, uye Chikurukuru, kunoviga vakafa zvitunha. Iri akaoma basa, sezvo zviuru nepogrebonnyh miviri yakasiyana siyana pasi mundima. Vaifanira kuvigwa zvakadzama pemigero akacherwa asiri kure nemisasa fenzi.

kuratidza Apocalypse

Kubva netsamba ane German musoja ubatanidzwe izvi zviitiko Rudolf Kyustermeyera anozivikanwa kuti mumazuva mana vasungwa - zviuru zviviri vasungwa, mumwe wevaya vakanga vachiri kumira netsoka dzangu, - akakwevera mitumbi dzaiva siyana zvokukura manyowa. Mhepo yakazara kwazvo kunhuwa.

Basa kubvira mangwanani kusvikira pakati pousiku. Pasina runodiwa nhamba stretchers vaishandisa tarps evapambi, mabhandi, kana tambo akasungirirwa maoko uye makumbo nezvitunha. Zvakaoma kutenda, asi nehero chiseko aine manzwi maviri akaramba reDare kwaya vaiumba uyewo vasungwa. Asi, kana zvakanga yokupedzisira musasa yedzimudzangara nguva, uye akatotanga apinda British muchiuto, kuramba nharaunda zvitunha nepogrebonnyh anopfuura zviuru gumi avete rakashama.

Information pachena domai

British mukuru Derrick Sington, anotakura 15 April 1945 musasa mabiko, akazonyora bhuku nezvazvo. Mariri anoti kuti pakarepo pashure kupinda mumusasa British vasungwa vairwara vakanga pakarepo kune imwe zvikuru vakagadzirira munda chipatara, asi pasinei nezvakanakisisa zvingaedzwa vanachiremba namatatu zviuru vanhu vakafa.

Yakanga rokutanga rufu mumisasa, mashoko iyo yakava enzvimbo American uye British paruzhinji. Chikonzero ndechokuti akauya pasi British kuzvidzora, uye pamusoro munharaunda yayo pakarepo kwakaonekwa venhau kuzivisa zvose kuti vakaona, akashanyira misasa kuBergen-Belsen. Photos zvinoitwa navo zvinogona kuoneka pamapeji mapepanhau akawanda uye magazini.

chitarafu

Panoperera mumusasa hondo mudonzvo kwaisanganisira vanhu makumi masere uye rinotungamirirwa ari commandant Yozefom Kramerom. Vakanga pakarepo vakasungwa uye zvadaro, kunze maviri, akafa somugumisiro chirwere pamwe typhus, pamberi rechiuto dare British akagara muguta wokuGermany Lüneburg. Yakanga yavasina hondo vemhosva.

Pasinei nokuti kupomerwa akambomisa zvinzvimbo siyana ari mamiriro pemisasa, vose vave mhosva zvachose mhosva yokuuraya uye nemaune kwoutsinye vasungwa, izvo vakatakura naro mhosva pasi nyaya kuMudzidzisi dzakawanda.

Ivo azvibaye zvinoverengeka chisimba pamutemo mabasa zvazova migumisiro nzvimbo yavo simba marongerwo wemisasa. Maererano mutongo vaipomerwa sere, kusanganisira commandant kwomusasa, vakatongerwa rufu kupfurikidza uye vamwe kuti mujeri siyana. Zvinhu chokuita mhosva vaNazi mumusasa, uyewo anoratidzwa yakakurumbira muNuremberg miedzo.