France mukutanga remakore rechi20: zvinoitwa budiriro

Kuitirwa zvoupfumi uye zvetsika kumutsidzirwa France mukutanga remakore rechi20, mune pfupi, zvakanga mumwe nhamba kwemasimba makuru enyika. In vatorwa mutemo, iye akaenda rapprochement pamwe Britain uye Russia. Muno, muna 1900 - 1914 makore. hwakawanda nokurwisana pakati Socialist uye nemwero. Iri raiva nguva apo pamusoro pachavo kwazvo akazivisa kusagutsikana nokushanda avo ezvinhu. Early remakore rechi20 yakaguma chiziviso World War Vekutanga kuchinja kuti nyika.

upfumi

Kubva zvoupfumi nemaonero, France rechi19 - kwezana remakore rechi20 chinokosha kukura. Zvakanga zvakafanana mune dzakawanda vamwe Europe uye muUnited States. Zvisinei, muFrance izvi awana nemamwe zvinhu. Maindasitiri uye urbanization vaisanyanya zvokudya kuti kiyi vatungamiriri (zvikurukuru muUK), asi akaramba kuva nekubata kirasi uye bourgeoisie vanoramba kusimbisa simba ravo.

Muna 1896-1913 gg. paiva vanonzi "kwemaindasitiri chechipiri". It aizivikanwa veMubatanidzwa nemagetsi uye mota (chero makambani Renault uye Peugeot hama). Aviation akaberekwa. France mukutanga remakore rechi20, pakupedzisira vakawana yose maindasitiri kumatunhu. Rouen, Lyon uye Lille vaiva Whitehead Textile centre, uye Saint Etienne uye Le Creusot - metallurgia nzvimbo. Motor uye kukura chiratidzo akaramba njanji. Kunonatsiridza chokupika samambure yavo. Railways vaiva nomufambi inivhesitimendi chinhu. Kurerutsa exchange kwenhumbi uye kutengeserana kuburikidza modernizing chokufambisa kwakaita kuti imwe maindasitiri kukura.

urbanization

Saved madiki. Zvinenge chetatu vashandi munyika vakashanda kumba (kunyanya tailors). Pausiku World War First, upfumi French kwaibva simba National mari uye anosiyana yemakambani. Panguva iyoyo paivawo kutadza: kumaodzanyemba kumatunhu nyika lagged mumashure maindasitiri kukura kuchamhembe.

Urbanization ari kunetseka kwazvo nenzanga. France mukutanga remakore rechi20 yakanga ichiri nyika umo vanopfuura hafu yevagari (53%) aigara mumusha, asi musha akaramba kuwedzera water drainage. Kubva 1840 kusvika 1913. vanogara zvokuvhoterwa ava kubva vanhu 35 kusvika mamiriyoni 39. Nokuda kufirwa nharaunda yeAlsace naLorraine muhondo pamwe Prussia nokuda emakore yakaramba kuenda kumwe chavagari nharaunda idzi yokumusha kwavo kwenhau.

mumagariro stratification

Life akaramba hachifadzi basa. Zvisinei, sezvo yaiva nyaya mune dzimwe nyika. Muna 1884, mutemo wakadzikwa izvo akabvumira kusika syndicates (dzaishandiswa mibatanidzwa). Muna 1902 makanga yakabatana General Confederation of Labor. Vashandi sangano pachavo, pakati pavo kukura echimurenga kumunetsawo. France mukutanga remakore rechi20 dzaisiyana maererano nemitemo pamwe.

Chiitiko chinokosha chisikwa itsva mitemo evanhu (muna 1910 pakanga mutemo pamusoro pensions vashandi uye vanhuwo zvavo). Zvisinei, hurumende matanho yekudyidzana lagged shure chete yakavakidzana Germany. The maindasitiri Kugadzirwa France mukutanga remakore rechi20 kwakaita kuti vapfume kwenyika, asi kubatsira akatoparadzirwa vanoiswa. Vazhinji vavo vava chero bourgeoisie uye vanhu muParis. Muna 1900 muguta guru Metro yakavhurwa, uye panguva imwecheteyo kwave II ano Olympic Games.

tsika nemagariro

In French, shoko rakagamuchirwa kubva Belle Époque - ". Belle Epoque" Saka akazozivikanwa sezvo nguva kubva pamugumo XIX remakore kusvika 1914 (pakutanga World First War). Akanga kwakaratidzwa kwete chete nokuda kwoupfumi kukura, zvinowanikwa nesayenzi uye mberi, asi tsika maruva kuti ruzivo muFrance. Paris nguva anzi "guta guru munyika."

Voruzhinji akabatwa ne kufarira dzakakurumbira enganonyorwa, Boulevard dzemitambo uye opperetam. Takashanda Impressionists uye Cubists. Pablo Picasso akava nyika yakakurumbira isati hondo. Kunyange zvazvo iye akaberekwa ari Spaniard, vose rake rinoita rokusika upenyu raiwanzobatana Paris.

Russian chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo mufananidzo Sergei Diaghilev yarongwa guru French wegore "Mwaka Russian," izvo akava kutekenyedzwa yose uye ovhurazve yokuRussia kuti vatorwa. Panguva ino muParis vakatengeswa kubva kuratidzwa kwe "The tsika Spring" by Stravinsky, "Shaherazady" by Rimsky-Korsakova I T. D. "Mwaka Russian" Diaghilev revolutionized fashoni. Muna 1903, akafuridzirwa kutamba une mugadziri Paul Poiret asvinudzwa nokukurumidza kuva imba chitendero fashoni. Pamusana naye, corset iri yechinyakare. France rechi19 - kwezana remakore rechi20 rakanga yose sezvo tsika bhikoni.

vatorwa negwaro

Muna 1900, France, pamwe vanoverengeka mamwe masimba enyika munyaya kudzvinyirira of Boxer Vakamukira muna China simba. Zvomuchadenga Empire panguva iyoyo akanga achipfuura zveupfumi dambudziko. The nyika ikazadzwa vatorwa (kusanganisira French), izvo nokushingaira kupindira munyaya dzomunyika upenyu nyika. Vaiva vatengesi uye mamishinari echiKristu. Against ichi nechekumashure, China, uye kwaiva kumukira varombo ( "wetsiva"), akanga akaronga pogroms nepedyo dzavatorwa. The nemhirizhonga dzisabudiswe. Paris akagamuchira 15% of hombe indemnity pakati liang mamiriyoni 450.

France kwaiita vatorwa Mutemo kwezana remakore rechi20 yakanga yakavakirwa wandei zvinotaurwa. Chokutanga, nyika yaiva yaitonga simba rakakura Holdings muna Africa, uye aifanira kudzivirira zvavanofarira munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika. Chechipiri, zvinokosha kuita kuti pakati dzimwe inoti simba European, vachiedza kuwana refu shamwari. France ave rakagara richidudzirwa akanga akasimba Anti-German pfungwa (midzi kukundwa kubudikidza Prussia muhondo 1870-1871.). Somugumisiro, Republic akaenda rapprochement pamwe Britain.

colonialism

Muna 1903, Chirungu King Edward VII akashanya Paris pamusoro nedzenyu kushanya. Zvichitevera kushanya, chibvumirano yakanga yakasainwa, maererano iyo Britain uye France akaparadzanisa mabhora avo vaitonga zvido. Saizvozvo akazviratidza wokutanga chinodiwa yasikwa Entente. Yaitonga chibvumirano akabvumira France ushande MuMorocco, uye United Kingdom - muIjipiti.

VokuGermany vakaedza kudzivisa kupfimbwa kwavavengi vake Africa. Mukupindura, France vakapfuudzira Algiers musangano panguva iyo kodzero yawo zvoupfumi munyika Maghreb anotsigirwa nevanhu England, Russia, Spain uye Italy. Germany kwenguva yakati akagara ega. dzoro kwakadaro zvinhu zvinoenderana zvizere inoenzanirana Anti-German, waiva France mukutanga remakore rechi20. Foreign negwaro akanga kunangana Berlin, uye vose mamiriro ayo takatsunga maererano kweshoko ichi. The French pave protectorate pamusoro Morocco muna 1912. Pashure paizvozvo, paiva kwebope, iyo akakurira mauto pasi General Yubera Liote.

Socialist

Chero hunhu France mukutanga remakore rechi20 kuita pasina kudoma kukura simba pfungwa leftist munzanga kuti. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, nokuda urbanization yacho yakawedzera nhamba yevashandi. Vashandi akabvunza mufananidzo wavo muhurumende. Ivo kuiona nemhaka Socialist.

Muna 1902, kuti wakasiya bloc akunda rakatevera sarudzo kusvika Chamber of vevatariri. Wemasangano itsva akambomisa dzakawanda zvinhu chokuita evanhu kuchengeteka, kushanda ezvinhu uye dzidzo. Zvisingakoshi simbi ranwa. Muna 1904, zasi yose France vakagamuchira ranwa vasingafari nezvaiitika vashandi. Ipapo French Socialist mutungamiri Zhan Zhores akasika akakurumbira pepanhau "L'Humanite". muzivi ichi uye munyori wezvakaitika kwete chete wakarwira kodzero vashandi, asi vaishora colonialism uye chiuto. Vanonyanyisa nationalist enyika akauraya zuva pamberi World War First. Mufananidzo Zhana Zhoresa aiva mumwe huru dzakawanda pacifism uye vanoshuva rugare chiratidzo.

Muna 1905, kuti French Socialist vakaungana uye akasika Section French pakati Workers 'International. Vatungamiri varo chikuru vaiva Jean Jaurès uye Jules Guesde. Socialist vaifanira kubata ane vashandi kuramba kusagutsikana. Muna 1907, mukumukira yakavapo Languedoc vachengeti vasingagutsikane zvichiita kokupata waini Algerian. Hondo, izvo hurumende akazivisa kuti vanomisa nokusagadzikana, akaramba kupfura vanhu.

chitendero

Vazhinji zviri rechiFrench mukuvamba remakore rechi20, zvachose akashandura vanhu French. Somuenzaniso, muna 1905 nayo kushandisa mutemo pamusoro kuparadzana chechi uye mamiriro. Akava kupedza kubata kune Anti-zvevafundisi mitemo makore iwayo.

Murayiro chakagumisa Napoleonic Concordat, rakabudiswa kare muna 1801. Rakanga aifarirwa muzvinhu zvenyika uye inopikira nehana. Hapana mapoka ezvitendero vasisa kuvimba patronage ari mamiriro. Nokukurumidza pashure murayiro paakatsoropodzwa naPapa (ruzhinji French vaiva vaKaturike).

Science and Technology

Zvesayenzi Kugadzirwa France mukutanga remakore rechi20 pakataurwa Nobel Prize muna Physics muna 1903, idzo kuwanikwa rwokuzvarwa radioactivity kuti uranium exchange munyu vakawana Antuan Anri Bekkerl, Per Kyuri uye Marie Sklodowska-Curie (Makore matanhatu gare gare akanga vagamuchirawo Nobel Prize muna Chemistry). Kubudirira achiperekedzwa nokusika itsva Michina ndege wakachenjera. Muna 1909, Louis Bleriot kutanga nendege mhiri Chirungu Channel.

wechitatu Republic

Democratic France mukutanga remakore rechi20 aigara Nguva Third Republic. Panguva iyi mukuru wehurumende akanga mapurezidhendi anoverengeka Emil Lube (1899-1906), Arman Faler (1906-1913) uye Raymon Puankare (1913-1920). Chii ndangariro dzavo, vakasiya munhoroondo France? Emil Lube akauya simba pakati evanhu kunetsana kuti dzakatanga akapoteredza mukuru Profile nyaya Alfreda Dreyfusa. mauto ichi (muJudha sezvo mukuru) akapomerwa mukusora kuti Germany. Loubet kubviswa nyaya uye mumurege aende nenzira yake. France, Zvichakadai, vakaona sefungu Anti-Semitism. Kunyange zvakadaro, Dreyfus mhosva uye rehabilitated.

Arman Faler nokushingaira akasimbisa Entente. Pasi pake France, kufanana navamwe Europe, nokusaziva vachigadzirira hondo kuuya. Raymon Puankare rakaumbwa Anti-German. Akapedza hondo nokubatanidzwazve ikawanda ya upenyu naro maviri matatu.

Entente

Kunyange muna 1907, Great Britain, Russia uye France kunge kunyorwa kwenyaya mubatanidzwa wavo zvechiuto. The Entente yakaumbwa pakupindura nokusimbaradza Germany. VokuGermany, Austrians uye vokuItaly akaumba Triple Alliance muna 1882. Saka, Europe vakakamukana mapoka maviri noutsinye. Mumwe mamiriro zvakadaro kugadzirira hondo, vachitarisira kurishandisa kuti vawedzere nharaunda yavo uye kugadzira yake simba guru hweHIV.

28 July 1914 Serbian gandanga Gavrilo Princip vakaponda muchinda yeAustria uye mugari wenhaka Franz Ferdinand. Sarajevo nenjodzi chakava chikonzero Hondo Yenyika II. Austria akarwisa Serbia, Russia ave akamira pamusoro Serbia uye nokuda kwake mukurwisana vakanwa nhengo Entente, kusanganisira France. Italy, raiumbwa Triple Alliance, akaramba kutsigira Germany uye Habsburg. Akava mutsigiri France uye yose Entente muna 1915. Panguva iyoyo muAustria uye Germany akabatana hweOttoman Empire uye Bulgaria (kubva akaumba Quadruple Alliance). The War World First hwogumisa kuti "Belle Epoque."