The worupo Kuchinja makore 60-70 remakore rechi19 weRussia Empire

Alexander II aiva mambo vose Russias, Mambo Polish uye Grand Duke vomuFinland munguva kubvira 1855 kusvika 1881. Akauya achibva Romanov hwedzinza.

Alexander II rakayeukwa sezvo chinoshamisa innovator, kuitisa worupo kuchinja makore 60-70 remakore rechi19. The chokwadi vakaita nani kana akarwarisa kuti socio-ezvoupfumi uye enyika mamiriro ezvinhu munyika yedu, vanyori vezvakaitika kare vachiri nharo. Asi basa mambo rakaoma kuona. Pasina ari Russian historiography inozivikanwa se Alexander akasunungura. Izvi honorary rokuremekedza aiva mubati abolition pakati serfdom. Alexander II akaurayiwa muna nemagandanga, basa iro akatora kurovedzera ari kufamba "People Kuda".

zvaakatonga nadzurudzo

magwaro anokosha kuti zvikuru zvakachinja kururamisira wemuTesitamende Russia yakabudiswa muna 1864. Asi aipa mutongo usingaperi. Ndiyo apo akarurama kuchinja 60-70s ari XIX remakore akazviratidza wakajeka chaizvo. mutemo uyu waiva hwaro rakabatana dare gadziriro, basa iro zvino aifanira kubva panheyo wakaenzana zvikamu zvose vokuparidzira pamberi mutemo. Zvino musangano, iyo yakanyorerwa zvose vehurumende uye mhosva kuti vava kuruzhinji, uye migumisiro yazvo inofanira yakabudiswa anodhinda nhau. Mapato litigation akazvipiwa kodzero kuti zano pamutemo, pamwe dzakakwirira pamutemo dzidzo uye kwete rehurumende.

Pasinei zvinokosha zvakagadzirwa zvainanga kwokungosimbisa capitalist hurongwa, asi akarurama kuchinja makore 60-70 remakore rechi19 akachengetedzwa zvisaririra serfdom. Kuti varimi rokusika kushandiswa County matare, izvo sechirango aigona kugadza uye kurohwa. Kana tikafunga enyika urongwa, asi yaiona zvaisarudza vakanga chisingadzivisiki, kunyange kana mutongo wakanga nokusunungurwa.

Zemstvo nadzurudzo

Alexander II aiziva kudiwa nokuchinja ezvinhu yeko. Liberal okuchinja 60-70-ies kwakaguma pakusikwa akasarudzwa mitumbi Zemsky. Vaifanira kugadzirisa nyaya chokuita mitero, mishonga, dzidzo chikuru, mari, uye zvichingodaro. D. Sarudzo kudunhu uye Zemstvo mapuranga yaiitwa mumatanho maviri uye zvinopa ruzhinji zvigaro mavari vanokudzwa. Varimi basa zvishoma basa pakugadzirisa vemo nyaya. Izvi vakaramba kusvikira mukunopera kwezana remakore rechi19. A zvishomanana Kuchinja kukura kubudirira kupinda paungano yaJehovha kulaks uye vatengesi, vakabva mumwe murimi mudiki background.

Zemstvos dzinosarudzwa kwemakore mana. Vakanga mubasa nyaya yeko. Muzviitiko zvose, kunokanganisa zvinhu vanhuwo zvavo, chisarudzo chakaitwa tsitsi landlords.

uto nadzurudzo

Tikabata pamusoro kuchinja uye hondo. The worupo Kuchinja makore 60-70 remakore rechi19 vakanga vachikurudzirwa kudiwa kwokukurumidzira mazuvaano rechiuto michina. Akatungamirira kushandurwa D. A. Milyutin. Reform kwakaitika mumatanho dzakawanda. Pakutanga, nyika yose yakanga rakakamurwa uto maruwa. Nokuti ichi yakabudiswa wandei magwaro. Central aiva murau pamusoro kuhondo, wakasainwa mambo muna 1862. Akatsiva kuhondo kuhondo rwevanhu kuunganidza, zvisinei makirasi. The chikuru Chinangwa kuchinja kwaiva yokuderedza uwandu masoja yorunyararo uye kukwanisa kukurumidza unganidza navo nyaya tisingatarisiri yaizotangira utsinye.

Somugumisiro kuchinja izvi zvabuda dzave kubudirira:

1. Akasimbisa chaizvo samambure zvechiuto uye kadheti zvikoro, raisanganisira vamiririri makirasi zvose.
2. Uto nhamba yakanga kuderedzwa 40%.
3. dzimbahwe uye Military District yakatangwa.
4. Varwi yakaguma tsika kuti koporo chirango nokuda kuchangotanga mhosva.
5. Global re.

murimi mudiki nadzurudzo

Serfdom paushe Alexander II yava inenge akararama pacharo. Russian Empire wakaitwa worupo kuchinja 60-70. XIX remakore huru chinangwa kuumba munhu kupfuura yepamusoro uye yakabudirira mamiriro. Zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti varege kukanganisa anokosha bhora evanhu upenyu. Murimi mudiki mhirizhonga kwakatosimba, vakava kunyanya chakasimba pashure uchimhanya kuti Crimean War. Hurumende nyaya chidimbu ichi vokuparidzira kutsigirwa mukurwa. Vanhuwo zvavo vaiva nechokwadi kuti mubayiro uyu uchava kusunungurwa kwavo kubva womunda nehanya, asi zvavaitarisira musango. Kuwedzera mhirizhonga yatanga. Kana muna 1855 kwakanga 56, ipapo muna 1856-M nhamba atopfuura 700.
Alexander II akarayira nokuumba unyanzvi Committee musi murimi mudiki Affairs, yaisanganisira vanhu 11. Muzhizha 1858 ari kuchinja basa yakapiwa. Iye pfungwa kuronga makomiti mumunda, iyo zvaizosanganisira kupfuura chiremera vamiririri revatongi vepamusoro. Vakanga akapa kodzero kurishandura gwaro.

Inokosha pamusoro izvo akarurama kuchinja makore 60-70 remakore rechi19 mune serfdom, aiva kuziva pauzima rusununguko vose vagari reRussia hwacho. Zvisinei, landlords vaiva varidzi dzizere uye varidzi venyika pairi varimi kushanda. Asi kokupedzisira, vakapiwa mukana kudzikinura nyika, iyo vakashanda pamwe outbuildings uye dzokugara. The chirongwa kwakaita sefungu nehasha pamusoro chikamu landlords, uye kubva vanhuwo zvavo. Ekupedzisira dzaiva pamusoro landless kusunungurwa, nharo kuti "chete mhepo haangavi zvizere."

Achityira panova ezvinhu, pamwe chete murimi mudiki kumukira, hurumende iri kuenda kuti chakazvibata zvichemo. The itsva okuchinja chirongwa akanga okunyanyisa. Vanhuwo zvavo vakapiwa rusununguko uye nyika zvachose yavo, zvichiteverwa pfungwa kutenga. Kuti aite izvi, purogiramu yacho concessional anomukweretesa yambokurukurwa.

19/02/1861, Kesari akasaina Manifesto, ndiko rinotema utsanzi. Shure kwaizvozvo akanga akabvuma uye nemirau kuti oudzame akagadzirisa nyaya yomuka mukufamba kuitika zvinhu kupinda tsika. Mushure serfdom yakaguma, zvaigoneka kuita zvinotevera results:

1. Vanhuwo zvavo vakagamuchira pachake rusununguko, uye mano dzokurasa zvose pfuma yavo pachavo.
2. The landlords vaiva akakodzera varidzi venyika yavo, asi ivo vaisungirwa kupa yaimbova serf vamwe Holdings.
3. Nokuti kushandiswa was nyika vanhuwo zvavo aifanira kubhadhara zvakavakodzera, izvo zvakanga zvisingaiti kuramba kwemakore mapfumbamwe.
4. Kukura serfdom uye ndokuisamo chakanyorwa chaiyo zvitupa dziri kupupurirwa nhume miviri.
5. Varimi pamusoro nguva aigona kudzikinura nyika yavo sungano muridzi.

dzidzo nadzurudzo

It hwachinja uye wegadziriro dzidzo. realschule vakasikwa umo kusiyana mureza girama, kusimbiswa kuti taifanira masvomhu uye dzinongoitika nesayenzi. Muna 1868, Moscow yakatanga kushanda chete panguva pemasimba makosi vakadzi, yaiva budiriro guru pachinhu chechikadzi nekuenzana.

vamwe kuchinja

Kuwedzera kune vose pamusoro, kuchinja vakaitwa uye dzimwe nharaunda zvoupenyu zhinji. Saka, yekudyidzana akawedzera kodzero vaJudha. Kuti kufamba takasununguka panyika yose Russia dzakabvumirwa. Kodzero kutama uye basa iri dzakagadzirirwa akawana vakadzidza, vanachiremba, magweta navapfuri vesimbi.

Kudzidza yakatodzama akarurama kunoparirwa 60-70-ies ari XIX remakore, mugwaro 8th of chesekondari.