Middle Ages: unhu uye peculiarities

The Middle Ages uye Renaissance - chakajeka nguva iri munhoroondo yevanhu. Vanoyeuka zviitiko siyana uye kuchinja. Next, funga zvikuru kunyanya Ages.

tsananguro

Middle Ages iri zvakakwana yakareba. Mukati kwayo framework ndiye chidzoke uye haizopereri paumbwe European yebudiriro wayo kushanduka - yezwi imwe nguva itsva. Middle Ages chinobva kuwa Western Roman (476), Zvisinei, maererano nenyanzvi ano, zvimwe wakanaka kuwedzera kumuganhu asati 6 - kuguma rechi8 remakore, mushure nechisimba Lombards kuItaly. It rinopedzisa romuMiddle nguva pakati pezana remakore rechi17-. Chakagamuchirwa rakagara richidudzirwa aionekwa pakuguma nguva yacho Bourgeois chimurenga muEngland. Zvisinei, zvinokosha kuziva kuti remakore yokupedzisira iri kure akasiyana Ages hunhu. Vatsvakurudzi vanowanzotevedzera kuparadzaniswa epakati rechi16 - mangwanani muzana remakore rechi17. Izvi "yakazvimirira" zvokungoitawo chidimbu waimiririra nguva vokutanga Middle Ages. Asi, kuti ichi kuti rapfuura periodization iri nani kwakajairika.

Zvinoitwa Middle Ages

Panguva iyi, kwaiva inotungamirwa European budiriro. Panguva ino, hunotanga dungwerungwe nesayenzi uye nenzvimbo matongo, zviratidzo ane yegutsaruzhinji ano rokutanga - parliamentarism. Vatsvakurudzi Russian, achisiya kududzirwa Ages nguva sezvo nguva "obscurantism" uye "mazera erima", tsvaka kusimbisa Chiitiko uye zviitiko kuti vakachinja Europe kuva nebudiriro hutsva, sezvo chinangwa sezvinobvira. Ivo kukuisa matambudziko shoma. Mumwe wavo ari tsanangudzo huru zveupfumi zvechadenga feudal budiriro. Mukuwedzera, vatsvakurudzi kuedza kupa zvakazara nyika yechiKristu kuMiddle Ages.

Public mamiriro

Yaiva nguva, izvo dzaitongwa feudal kwadzinoita kugadzirwa rokurima maatomu akafanana. Izvi zvinonyanya yo nguva yokutanga. Society akanga hunomirirwa zvakananga nenzira:

• Estate. Pano muridzi kugutsa kupfuura zvavo zvokunyama kuburikidza nebasa nemataundi vanhu.
• Yemamongi. Kubva wemunda aikudzwa ndechokuti kubvira nguva nenguva pano vakasangana vanhu vakadzidza vaiziva sei kunyora mabhuku uye vaitofanira nguva yokuita kudaro.
• Royal Court. Iye akabva nenzvimbo uye vakarongeka utariri uye upenyu vachitevera muenzaniso zvinowanzoitwa Estates.

polity

It yakaumbwa mumatanho maviri. Yokutanga yakanga dzinoratidzwa kubudikidza coexistence yeRoma uye eGermany dzakachinja paruzhinji masangano enyika hurongwa muchimiro "umambo fuza". Panguva 2nd Danho wehurumende uye feudal vanhu vanonyanya hurongwa. Nokufamba evanhu stratification uye kuwedzera simba pamusoro aburuka vakakwirira pakati nyika Varidzi - vanhu uye madzishe vakasimuka ukama kuzviisa pasi uye kutonga. Middle Ages kunoratidzwa kuvapo wemunda-yemakambani yakarongeka, kunobva kudiwa yoga evanhu mapoka. Basa rinokosha akanga reDare kupfungwa ehurumende. It anodzivirira chavagari kubva feudal freemen uye kwokunze vanotyisidzirwa. Panguva iyo mamiriro aiva mumwe chikuru Vadzvinyiriri vanhu, nokuti rinomiririra zvido zvikurukuru nemakirasi mutongo.

chechipiri kumwedzi

Pashure okuguma mangwanani Middle Ages rave chinokosha kumhanyisa pamusoro shanduka munzanga. basa kwakadaro kwaiva kuchikonzerwa kukura usapinde ukama uye kupanana chinokosha kugadzirwa. Anopfuurira kuwedzera ukoshi muguta, yokutanga nguva akanga achiri enyika uye administrative simba mu Seniors - Estates, uye ideologically - kumonasitiri. Zvadaro, rayo kukura gwara chokuita paumbwe pamutemo wemuTesitamende New Times. Izvi zvichaita kuonekwa somugumisiro pakasikwa mumadhorobha munharaunda, achidzivirira rusununguko mukurwisa raitonga ishe. Panguva iyoyo yokutanga zvinhu nevanhu yeruramisiro akatanga kutora chimiro. Zvisinei, vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanodavira kuti hazvina chaizvo kodzero kutsvaka kwakatangira pamutemo Dzidziso modernity chete mumaguta zvakatipoteredza. Zvikuru vaimiririra mamwe makirasi. Somuenzaniso, nokuumbwa pfungwa pamusoro pachake chiremera kuenda vanhu vakaderera feudal kuziva uye pakutanga akanga revatongi hunhu. Kubva ichi tinogona kugumisa kuti democratic rusununguko kunge wakashanduka-shanduka kubva volnolyubiya repamusoro makirasi.

Basa chechi

Religious muuzivi Ages vaiva izere nechinangwa. Church uye kutenda izere chose noupenyu hwevanhu - kubva pakuzvarwa kusvikira pakufa. Chitendero kwakauraya basa wekambani, akaita mabasa mazhinji, ipapo akapfuura hurumende. Church of nguva rakarongwa pamusoro kuzviomesera hierarchical canons. Panguva musoro aiva papa - the Roman papa. Yaiva yayo mamiriro muCentral Italy. Munyika dzose European, pasi papa vaiva nevatariri archbishops. Vose vakanga kukuru feudal madzishe vakatora umambo hwose. Yakanga muromo feudal muvanhu. Achifuridzirwa chitendero akasiyana pazvinoitwa evanhu: sainzi, dzidzo uye tsika Ages. simba guru kusimbiswa mumaoko chechi. Lords uye madzimambo, vaida rubatsiro uye rutsigiro wake, kugeza vake zvipo, neropafadzo, kuedza kutenga wake kubatsira uye nzvimbo. Panguva iyoyowo echitendero muuzivi kuMiddle Ages waiva vanhu inoita kuti zvinhu zvidzikame. The Church akatsvaka chechetere pamusoro nemagakava evanhu, vachidanidzira kuti nyasha kusaziva uye vanomanikidzwa, pakuparadzirwa zvipo kuvarombo uye kudzora mutemo.

Kunamata pamusoro pokumuka yebudiriro

Church hwaidzorwa racho mabhuku uye dzidzo. Nokuda simba chiKristu muzana remakore rechi9, nzanga kwakasimbiswa vangasimudzira itsva mafungiro uye kunzwisisa muchato uye mhuri. In mangwanani Ages vaiva neshamwari zvakajairika pakati pedyo nehama dzaiva chaizvo kwakajairika uye vakawanda vakaroorana. Ndiwo zvose vakarwa kereke. Chinetso muchato mumwe sakaramende vechiKristu, akava rinenge musoro mukuru vakawanda zvechitendero zvinyorwa. Chimwe chikuru nebudiriro Church pakuti nhoroondo nguva anonzi matrimonial sero inotungamirwa - kunowanzoitika chimiro upenyu hwemhuri huripo nhasi.

zvoupfumi

Maererano nevaongorori vakawanda, zvekushandisa mberi yavewo chokuita kwakapararira kufambiswa dzidziso dzechiKristu. Zvakaguma kuchinja mafungiro evanhu nechisikirwo. Zvikurukuru, ndiko kuramba kubva taboos uye inorambidza kuti zvadzivisa kukura zvokurima. Nature akarega kuva manyuko kutya uye chinhu chinonamatwa. The mamiriro oupfumi, hwokugadzira zvinhu uye zvigadzirwa chakakonzera kuti chinokosha kuvandudza kurarama zvakakwana kugadzikana kwakatora emakore anoverengeka feudal kumwedzi. Middle Ages, saka zvakava zvakakodzera uye zvikuru zvakasikwa padanho inotungamirwa yebudiriro Christian.

Kuumbwa Maonero matsva

Munzanga, vanhu unhu akanga achiatapudzira aikoshesa kupfuura kare. Izvi zvakanga kunyanya nokuti kuti Ages nebudiriro, azadzwa nomudzimu chiKristu, haana kutsvaka govera munhu kubva nharaunda nokuda katsika kunzwisisa nyika. Panyaya iyi, zvingava zvakaipa kutaura nezvazvo, inonzi, chaitadzisa paumbwe unhu muchechi udzvinyiriri pamusoro murume akararama kuMiddle Ages. On the Western mundima chitendero vanowanzotanga kuita kuchinja uye pakudzikamisa basa ichipa akanaka ezvinhu kuti kukura wacho. Hazvibviri kufungidzira kuda munhu zvokunamata panguva iyoyo kunze kereke. Icho kuziva kwezvakatipoteredza uye Mwari, kuti izvo akafuridzira nevatambi dzekereke, izvozvo chamuita kuti siyana, mavara uye yainakidza tsika kuMiddle Ages. Church akaumba zvikoro uye mumayunivhesiti, kurudzira kudhinda uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvechitendero kukakavadzana.

In mhedziso

Yose nemamiriro nzanga kuMiddle Ages inowanzodeedzwa feudalism (se rokuti "feudal" - Award muranda). Uye vanoita izvi pasinei nokuti uyu izwi haripi tsanangudzo dzoga evanhu kumwedzi mudziyo. Huru zvinhu nguva inofanira semhosva:

• wevasungwa mumisha Mhedziso ruzhinji rwevagari;
• ari predominance kuti kurima ;
• chikuru chinzvimbo guru varidzi munharaunda;
• kuparadzana pakati madzimambo uye retainers simba;
• ari kutonga chitendero chechiKristu;
• unfree ezvinhu murimi mudiki Varidzi vari munhu kutsamira pamusoro Ishe;
• kusavapo zvishuwo uye upfumi kuunganidza iri muvanhu.

Chinhu chinokosha yetsika kubatana Europe yakanga Christian. Zvakange munguva pasi review, yava imwe zvitendero zvenyika. The Church Christian kwaibva wekare budiriro, kwete chete vachiramba yekare tsika, asi kududzirazve pavo. Chitendero, upfumi hwayo uye akanyatsorongwa, centralization uye maonero, tsika, mutemo uye magariro - izvi zvose zvinoumba chimwe feudal dzidziso. Kuti chiKristu dzinongoita pakutsvaga musiyano Ages munzanga Europe vamwe munzanga hurongwa vamwe mumakondinendi panguva iyoyo.