Feudal veruzhinji. Kirasi feudal vanhu

Feudal nzanga kwainzi zvinenge nokudenga chehurumende kuti Eurasia. Vazhinji vanhu vakanga vagere pazviri, ndikaenda kubudikidza hurongwa. Next, kunyatsotarisisa, chii munhu feudal muvanhu.

mamiriro

Pasinei zvimwe zvachinja ukama pakati mutengi uye mugadziri, yokupedzisira akaramba ari mhedziso kutsamira rokutanga. Feudal nzanga muranda kwaibva imwe nzira yokuita bhizimisi. Direct mugadziri aiva nepurazi rake. Zvisinei, iye akaramba ari kutsamira somuranda. Kumanikidza kuratidzwa rendi. Aigona kumiririrwa muchimiro corvee (basa-bhodhi), zvakavakodzera (zvigadzirwa) kana kuratidzwa mari. Kukura rendi hwakasimbiswa. Izvi zvakapa zvakananga mugadziri womumwe rusununguko mufambiro wavo basa mabasa. Izvi zviri feudal vanhu zvakanyanya iziviswe panguva yezwi mari zvairayirwa kubhadhara. Panyaya iyi, murimi akasununguka kutaura kukwanisa kutengesa zvigadzirwa zvavo.

Zviratidzo feudal vanhu

Tinogona kusiyanisa zvinoitwa vanhu vakadai:

• ari predominance kuti kurima;
• mubatanidzwa duku murimi mudiki munyika gavhuna uye makuru feudal nyika gavhuna;
• pachako kutsamira zvakananga vaburitsi. Extraeconomic rokumanikidzirwa zvigoverwe chigadzirwa;
• urongwa uye yechinyakare mamiriro unyanzvi;
• kuvapo rendi ukama (rokumanikidzirwa kubhadhara dzakaitwa kushandiswa munyika).

Zvisinei, paiva kuoneka uye zvinhu chaizvo zvechiratidzo feudal vanhu:

• pakudzorwa vechitendero dzematongerwe (iyi nhoroondo nguva wekereke vakaimba rinokosha);
• feudal nzanga ine upamhi kusimudzira yemakambani masangano;
• hierarchical mamiriro ;
• paiva matunhu ose feudal munzanga.

The klassiske womuenzaniso

Most zvakajeka feudal nzanga yakazokudziridzwa muFrance. Zvisinei, ino handichagarizve anoshanda mamiriro, pane zvoupfumi nemamiriro nyika. Zvisinei, zvakanga muFrance Kirasi chaizvo yakajeka pamusoro feudal munzanga. Vakanga vakapa ari pasi pezvikwiriso. upfumi kukosha kwayo akaiswa mujeri iri kumanikidzwa redistribution vachibhadhara pakati akaturikidzana yeboka rinotonga. By sezvakarayirwa suzerain muranda vakaunganidza varwi achizvibhadharira zvaanoda. Aidzivirira miganhu uye raimiririra, tingatoti, mudziyo vasiri zvoupfumi kumanikidza kuti vanhuwo zvavo. Hurongwa akadaro, umo maiva feudal muvanhu, akapa kazhinji abondera. Somugumisiro, France rava chikuva kuti hondo yenyika uye vehurumende. Kunyanya zvakaoma nyika yakanga kuona migumisiro hondo England 14-15 fung emakore. Zvisinei, zviri hondo ichi chave kumhanyisa pakati kusunungurwa vanhuwo zvavo kubva vajairira. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti masoja vamambo kudiwa. Resource nokuti nhau mari hondo atirari, zvinogona kuva akasununguka vanhuwo zvavo. Pasinei pakatanga foreclosure, mamiriro ezvinhu nemataundi vanhu kwoupfumi ukarega hwakavandudzika kubva nemitero uye neruregerero kubhadhara vakatsiva yacho feudal rendi.

Agricultural specialization

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kubudikidza remakore rechi14, France yakakamurwa pamadiro zvikamu zvinoverengeka. Somuenzaniso, nechepakati uye kuchamhembe zvikamu vaiona chikuru dura, kumaodzanyemba - waini chawo. Panguva iyoyo kwakatanga kuratidza ukuru rimwe kumatunhu nenzira yemari. Zvikurukuru muna Northern France kukuremedzai-munda matatu hurongwa.

Zvinoumba kukura upfumi weEngland

Feudal nzanga nyika iyi vaiva kusiyana kubva French hurongwa. KuEngland, centralization management kwainyanya raidudzwa. Izvi zvaiitwa nyika feudal kukunda muna 1066. talk vaverengwe chaiitirwa. Yakaratidza kuti feudal maumbirwo vanhu vane matunhu panguva iyoyo yakavakwa. Zvisinei, kusiyana French, asi Chirungu varidzi vaiva vatongi vari pasi vaMambo zvakananga. Chimwe chinhu, izvo ane Chirungu feudal muvanhu, anouya muzvigadzirwa hwaro Manor. The yakanaka romumhenderekedzo yegungwa ezvinhu vakabatsira kuti basa kukura remakwai maberekero uye kugadzirwa mbishi dzemakwai. Yokupedzisira ndiyo nyaya kudiwa zvikuru munyika Ages Europe. Sale dzemakwai, rakanga raitwa kwete chete madzishe feudal, asi vanhuwo zvavo, serfs vakabatsira basa yokutsiva - mubayiro basa, uye zviwanikwa zvakavakodzera - rents hwemari mazwi (nokuchinja).

The tipping pfungwa

Muna 1381 mumwe akakurumbira kumukira rinotungamirirwa Wat Tyler. Somugumisiro, paiva nokuchinja kutopedza, uye pashure ruregerero feudal zvakavakodzera kubudikidza vanhuwo zvavo ravo. Zvinenge zvose zvaanoda vanhu vava pachake kusununguka remakore rechi15. Vari rakakamurwa mhando mbiri: ruremekedzo uye freeholders. Wokutanga aibhadhara rendi nokuda minda, uye yokupedzisira vaionekwa zvachose vakasununguka yokuisira nyika. Saka akaumba vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata - kwamachinda mutsva - aitungamirira zvoupfumi basa chete mubayiro basa.

Development wegadziriro muGermany

yakaumbwa gare gare pane muFrance uye England munyika ino, sechivako feudal munzanga. Chokwadi chokuti dzimwe nzvimbo Germany yakagurwa kubva mumwe, panyaya iyi, vasina kuroora asina yakatanga. yaikosha zvakafanana shaya necheSalvic nyika feudal nemadzishe German. Izvi zvakaita kuti chinokosha increment pamusoro zvirimwa nzvimbo. Nokufamba kwenguva, izvozvo akatanga kukudziridza zvemukati miganhu Colonisation vanhuwo zvavo munzvimbo kumabvazuva Elbe. Vakapiwa chizivano, uye zvishoma kuvimba feudal madzishe. Zvisinei, muzana remakore rechi15 varidzi Estates okumabvazuva Germany, akabatsirwa kubva aina zviyo England uye Holland kuburikidza kuBaltic zviteshi uye rakatangwa Mhedziso muuranda ropafadzo vanhuwo zvavo. Varidzi ndakasika chaizvo vamurimire uye akatamisira kuti serfdom. Shoko rokuti "nyika mhiri Elbe" yasvika kufananidzira kukura vachangobva feudalism.

Features wegadziriro kukura muJapan

Economy of nyika yakanga yakawanda kusiyana kubva Europe. Chokutanga, muJapan makanga vamurimire hapana tenzi wacho. Somugumisiro, pakanga pasina serfdom, kana serfdom. Chechipiri, emari Japan akaita mukati huripo kuti emakore feudal kusabatana. Munyika dzaitongwa duku murimi mudiki mapurazi, yakavakirwa nhaka yenyika. Iyewo, ari muridzi nokuda feudal madzishe. Sezvo rents akaonekwa zvakasikwa zvakavakodzera muchimiro mupunga. Pamusana feudal kusabatana vakaumba yakawanda zvemisoro. Kana vakapinda servicemen mauto, iro raiva Samurai Knights. Sezvo nekuripira Masoja basa kugadzirirwa kubva mupunga govera Nemachinda. matunhu yavo havana Samurai. Maguta Japanese, umo kwave kune feudal Unit, uyewo Europe. Vavezi vakanga vakabatana muchitoro, vatengesi - iri chikwata. Asi simba wezvokutengeserana yakazokudziridzwa. Kushaya pamusika chete wakakodzera feudal kusabatana. Japan yakavharwa kuti vatorwa. Manufactory munyika iri kwayo mucheche.

Features wegadziriro chikwata kuRussia

Makirasi feudal vanhu dzakaumbwa nekaupenyu kunopera tichienzanisa nedzimwe nyika. Muzana remakore rechi15 paiva nehondo servicemen. Ake akanga Varidzi (nechavakuru). Vaiva varidzi matunhu uye mari yazvo muzhizha ose akaenda pakaita basa. By Mumatsutso vaende kumusha. Kuchinjwa matunhu akanga akatakurwa kubva baba mwanakomana nhaka. Zvinoenderana Council Code pakati 1649, vanhuwo zvavo zvakabatanidzwa zvachose kuti nefuma mundima kwavaigara, vachiva serfs. MuEurope, pakazosvika nguva vazhinji veboka iri vakasununguka. Sezvo mabasa vaiita basa rendi. Muzana remakore rechi17 Barshchina aigona kusvika kusvika 4 Mazuva pavhiki. By yechipiri yezana remakore rechi16 paumbwe guru emunharaunda pamisika, uye nokuda rechi17 Centenary wezvokutengeserana ukama vawana pamwero wenyika. In kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero chikamu ehurumende rakava muzinda Novgorod. Aiva revatongi zvokuvhoterwa, iyo hunodzorwa nemakirasi dzakapfuma vane feudal munzanga. Vamiririri ava, kunyanya zvinosanganisira vatengesi uye varidzi (nechavakuru). Unorema kubva Novgorod vakawanda kwaisanganisira "pevairwara dema" - nyanzvi dzokugadzira. Pakati inokosha misika zvipfuwo panguva iyoyo ndiko kupa Yaroslavl, Vologda, Kazan. The chikuru wokutengesera yose iri Moscow. It vakatengesa mbava, sirika, shinda zvigadzirwa, simbi zvigadzirwa, chingwa, bhekoni nezvimwe zvokudya mudzimba zvinhu.

budiriro chikwereti

Kurima chaiva chikuru chimiro bhizimisi. Izvi zvakasiyana mangwanani feudal vanhu. Capitalist kugadzirwa vakatanga kubuda pahwaro nyore co-oparesheni, uye ipapo fekitari. The Nokuraramisa iri nyore turnover vakava zvaisanganisira mari. Mari idzi zvinobatanidzwa sangano mhindu uye mutengesi guru. mabhanga akatanga kubuda. Pakutanga vakanga muchitoro mari. Kukudziridza bhizimisi mari-kuchinja. Kubvira muzana remakore rechi18, akatanga kuparadzira kubhadhara mutengesi kwema. Nokuda kuwedzera zvinodiwa ehurumende bhajeti akatanga kuumbwa.

musika nomukadzi

Pamusoro pokumuka vavatorwa mudzimba zvokutengeserana zvikuru mumaguta kukura pamusoro West European ndima. Ivo akaumba chikuru pamusika womumusha. Pakanga rwaiitwa wekurukurirano zvibereko mumadhorobha nemaruwa navapfuri vesimbi. Muna 14-15 emakore vakasuwa akatanga kuumba pamusika chete. Zvava mhando zvoupfumi nzvimbo yacho feudal inoti. Pakati kupfuura mutarisise London uye Paris. The womukati tengeserana chaiva underdeveloped. Izvi zvakanga zvakamufanira yepanyama hunhu hwenyika. Uyezve, kukura zvezvipfuwo wezvokutengeserana seiyi nokuda kusabatana, nokuda izvo mabasa unganidzwa panguva imwe Señor. Vatengesi weumwe mhando chigadzirwa vatengesi vakabatana chikwata. Izvi up Kusonganirana waidzora mitemo uye nemamiriro musika turnover.